ALCOHOL PROVES TO HAVE A PROTECTIVE EFFECT ON HEALTH
MODERATE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND ITS BENEFITS ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
Jasmine L. Hunt
October 2011
Moderate alcohol consumption increases longevity, improves general health, and
decreases risk of heart diseases, stroke, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and other
dementia, arthritis, enlarged prostate, osteoporosis, gallbladder disease, cancer
(including kidney cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and thyroid
cancer), common cold viruses, intermittent claudication, metabolic syndrome, peripheral
artery disease, hepatitis A, kidney stones, macular degeneration, poor physical condition
in the elderly, stress and depression, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and type b
gastritis; and lessens the severity of symptoms of essential tremor and menopause. In
many instances, heavy drinking and even abstinence has a negative effect on physical
and mental health. For certain health issues, beer is more effective than other alcohol
because of certain protective compounds such as silicon and 8-prenylnaringenin.
Note: Much of the following content was compiled via the astute and thorough work of
Charles W. Bamforth, David J. Hanson, and Jay R. Brooks. Their work on health and beer
in particular is extensive, thereby facilitating my collection of such comprehensive data. I
am certain that as future research surfaces in this area, it will be sufficiently examined
and communicated to us with expertise and passion.
CONTENT:
BACKGROUND
MODERATION
LONGEVITY
GENERAL HEALTH
HEART HEALTH
STROKE
DIABETES
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND OTHER DEMENTIA
ARTHRITIS
ENLARGED PROSTATE
OSTEOPOROSIS
GALLBLADDER DISEASE
CANCER (INCLUDING KIDNEY CANCER, NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, HODGKIN LYMPHOMA, THYROID
CANCER, & PANCREATIC CANCER)
COMMON COLD
INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION
METABOLIC SYNDROME
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE
ESSENTIAL TREMOR
HEPATITIS A
KIDNEY STONES
MACULAR DEGENERATION
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
POOR PHYSICAL CONDITION IN THE ELDERLY
STRESS AND DEPRESSION
STOMACH ULCERS, DUODENAL ULCERS, & TYPE B GASTRITIS
INTESTINAL HEALTH
MENOPAUSE
BACKGROUND
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Beer is healthier than wine. Beer contains more nutrients than does wine. Beer contains some
soluble fiber, some B vitamins (notably folate), and a range of antioxidants. It is also the richest
source of silicon; silicon in the diet may help in countering osteoporosis. Wine contains more
antioxidants than beer, but, do they actually get into the body and reach the parts where they
are needed? There are doubts about that; but, it has been shown that the antioxidant ferulic
acid is taken up from beer into the body (more efficiently than from the tomato). (Bamforth,
2011)
One 12-ounce regular beer contributes folate, vitamin B6, niacin, pantothenic acid and
riboflavin. Beer is also a plant source of vitamin B12, supplying about 3 percent of the
recommended daily amount for adults, according to the USDA Nutrient database (although
other sources claim higher B12 contents in beer). See chart below (American Dietetic
Association, 2011).
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According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about 46% of adults (21 years and
older) report that they did not consume any alcohol in the past month and 26% report drinking
once a week or less (U.S. Department of Justice, 2002).
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Bamforth (2004a) examines our drinking habits from a historical perspective citing research
from Wechsler and Isaac (1992) showing an “increase in episodes of drunkenness from 25% to
41% for men and from 14% to 37% for women” after the legal drinking age was raised from 18
to 21 in the United States (p. 20). Bamforth (2004a) posits that the increase of the drinking age
polarized drinking habits and eliminated moderation.
There are numerous benefits of drinking alcohol in moderation on a daily basis (enumerated on
the following pages). There is substantial room for improvement; increasing the number of
people who consume alcohol moderately would have a significant impact on our physical and
mental health.
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MODERATION
Definitions of moderate drinking vary drastically. Many studies use different measures of moderation;
this should be noted when considering results and statistics. More often than not in the studies
presented in this document, moderation includes frequency and errs on the side of regular consumption
(5-7 days a week).
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According to the Federal 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, moderate drinking is defined as
consuming up to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. The Guidelines
define a standard drink as 1.5 fluid ounces of 80-proof (40% alcohol) distilled spirits, 5 fluid
ounces of wine (12% alcohol), or 12 fluid ounces of regular beer (5% alcohol). Each of these
standard drinks contains 0.6 fluid ounces of alcohol (USDA et al., 2010).
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) considers moderate drinking as a
man consuming four drinks on any day and an average of 14 drinks per week. For women, it is
consuming three drinks in any one day and an average of seven drinks per week (Hanson,
2011b).
A standard alcoholic drink is:
 12-ounce can or bottle of regular beer
 5-ounce glass of dinner wine
 1 shot (one and one-half ounces) of 80 proof liquor or spirits such as vodka, tequila, or rum
either straight or in a mixed drink
(Hanson, 2011a).
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Medical researchers generally describe moderation as one to three drinks per day. It appears
that consuming less than about half a drink per day is associated with only very small health
benefits. Four or five drinks may be moderate for large individuals but excessive for small or
light people. Because of their generally smaller size and other biological differences, the typical
woman should generally consume 25 to 30 percent less than the average man (Mulkamal,
2003). And, of course, recovering alcoholics, those with any adverse reactions to alcohol, and
those advised against drinking by their physicians should abstain. (Hanson, 2011a)
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Drinking patterns appear to be as important as the amounts consumed. “The key to healthy,
moderate consumption is a regular, one to three drinks per day pattern” (McDougall, 2004).
However, drinking a "week’s worth" of alcohol over a period of a few hours would be
unhealthful, even dangerous, and clearly to be avoided. (Hanson, 2011a)
LONGEVITY
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The Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirms that moderate alcohol
consumption is a healthy lifestyle behavior that is significantly associated with the reduced risk
of mortality (Ford et al., 2011). Researchers at the CDC analyzed data from 16,958 participants
in the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey III Mortality Study from 1988 to 2006.
“Healthy diet, alcohol intake of greater than 0 grams per day, not currently smoking, and
adequate physical activity” are behaviors that decrease risk of certain causes of mortality such
as coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes of death (Ford et al.,
2011).
A new study conducted at a teaching hospital in the town of Plzen (Pilsen), west Bohemia (in the
Czech Republic) “revealed that the moderate consumption of beer slows aging and reduces the
likelihood of heart attacks and arteriosclerosis.” The amount of beneficial cholesterol in the
men’s blood was increased, the beer improved their organism’s antioxidant protection and
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reduced the amount of free radicals that can damage cells and are believed to accelerate the
progression of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and age-related diseases. (Brooks, 2006a)
Hoffmeister et al. (1999) suggested that if Europeans stopped drinking beer there would be a
decrease in life expectancy of 2 years – and much unhappiness. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 234)
Moderate drinkers tend to live longer than those who either abstain or drink heavily. (Hanson,
2011a)
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2004) has found that the lowest death
rate from all causes occurs at the level of one to two drinks each day. (Hanson, 2011a)
Drinking alcohol in moderation (1-2 drinks per day for women and 2-4 for men) was found to
reduce risk of mortality significantly according to meta-analysis of 34 studies of alcohol and total
mortality among 1,015,835 men and women around the world (Straus, 1979). (Hanson, 2011a)
A Harvard study found the risk of death from all causes to be 21% to 28% lower among men
who drank alcohol moderately, compared with abstainers (Camargo, 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
A large-scale study in China found that middle-aged men who drank moderately had a nearly
20% lower overall mortality compared with abstainers (Yuan, 1995). (Hanson, 2011a)
Harvard's Nurses' Health Study of over 85,000 women found reduced mortality among
moderate drinkers (Fuchs, 1995). (Hanson, 2011a)
A British analysis of 12,000 male physicians found that moderate drinkers had the lowest risk of
death from all causes during the 13 year study (Doll and Peto, 1994). (Hanson, 2011a)
A large study of about 88,000 people conducted over a period of ten years found that moderate
drinkers were about 27% less likely to die during the period than were either abstainers or
heavy drinkers. The superior longevity was largely due to a reduction of such diseases as
coronary heart disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases (Klatsky et al., 1981). (Hanson, 2011a)
A twelve year long prospective study of over 200,000 men found that subjects who had
consumed alcohol in moderation were less likely to die during that period than those who
abstained from alcohol (Boffetta & Garefinkel, 1990). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of more than 40,000 people by the Cancer Research Center in Honolulu found that
“persons with moderate alcohol intake appear to have a significantly lower risk of dying than
nondrinkers.” (Maskarinec, 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
An analysis of the 89,299 men in the Physicians' Health Study over a period of five and one-half
years found that those who drink alcohol in moderation tend to live longer than those who
either abstain or drink heavily (Gaziano, 2000). (Hanson, 2011a)
An Italian study of 1,536 men aged 45-65 found that about two years of life were gained by
moderate drinkers (1-4 drinks per day) in comparison with occasional and heavy drinkers
(Farchi, 2000). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 2,487 adults aged 70-79 years, who were followed for an average period of over five
and one-half years, found that all-cause mortality was significantly lower in light to moderate
drinkers than in abstainers or occasional drinkers (those who drank less than one drink per
week) (Maraldi, 2006). (Hanson, 2011a)
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A large prospective study found that older men consuming up to about three drinks per day and
older women consuming over one drink per day had a dramatically lower risk of dying than did
non-drinkers (McCaul et al., 2010). (Hanson, 2011a)
A large study found that moderate drinkers, even after controlling for or adjusting for numerous
factors, maintain their high longevity or life survival advantage over alcohol abstainers (Lee,
2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
A Danish study of about 12,000 men and women over a period of 20 years found that abstaining
from moderate alcohol consumption is a health and longevity risk factor. Choosing not to drink
alcohol increases the risk of illness, disease and death (Østergaard et al., 2008). (Hanson, 2011a)
A 14-year study of nearly 3,000 residents of an Australian community found that abstainers
were twice as likely to enter a nursing home as people who were moderate drinkers. Drinkers
also spent less time in hospitals and were less likely to die during the period of the study
(McCallum, 2003). (Hanson, 2011a)
A prospective study of middle-aged Chinese men found that the consumption of two drinks per
day was associated with a 19% reduction in mortality risk. This protective effect was not
restricted to a specific type of alcoholic drink (De Groot and Zock, 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
Alcohol prevents more deaths than its abuse causes in the United Kingdom, according to
research from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Dodson, 2004). (Hanson,
2011a)
Scientists at the University of London concluded that light and moderate drinking saves more
lives in England and Wales than are lost through the abuse of alcohol. If everyone abstained
from alcohol, death rates would be significantly higher (Britton and McPherson, 2001). (Hanson,
2011a)
The Cancer Council of New South Wales concludes that “If the net effect of total alcohol
consumption on Australian society is considered, there is a net saving of lives due to the
protective effect of low levels of consumption on cardiovascular disease.” (Cancer Council).
(Hanson, 2011a)
Moderate drinking and exercise appear to slow down the health deterioration that occurs with
aging, according to a study of about 2,500 people aged 65 and older who were followed
regularly for about eight years. Those who drank and exercised regularly had fewer difficulties
with their daily activities and physical functioning (Wang, 2002). (Hanson, 2011a)
GENERAL HEALTH
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The beneficial impact of beer on the body might be through two mechanisms, firstly a direct
dose-response effect on different bodily functions and secondly an indirect effect through the
impact of components of beer (especially alcohol, but speculatively also some of the hop
components, (Cooper, 1994) in boosting the morale and perceived well-being of the drinker
(Baum-Baicker, 1985b; Marmot et al., 1993; Pohorecky, 1990; Vasse et al., 1998). Such a
mellowing influence counters stress-related illnesses (Morrell, 2000). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 231)
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Guallar-Castillon et al. (2001) found a lower incidence of sub-optimal health in daily moderate
drinkers of beer (and wine). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 231)
Hospitalization is less for daily moderate drinkers (Longnecker and MacMahon, 1988).
(Bamforth, 2004b, p. 231)
Moderate drinkers tend to enjoy better health than do either abstainers or heavy drinkers.
(Hanson, 2011a)
A nation-wide survey in the U.S. revealed that daily moderate drinkers experienced significantly
less acute hospitalization (Longnecker and MacMahon, 1988). (Hanson, 2011a)
A nine year study of indicators of good health found moderate alcohol consumption to be
associated with the most favorable health scores (Wiley and Comacho, 1980). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study that examined nearly 10,000 men and women at age 23 and again at age 33 found that
the moderate drinkers experience lower levels of poor general health, long-term illness, and
psychological distress when compared to abstainers and heavy drinkers (Power, 1998). (Hanson,
2011a)
A study of nearly 20,000 Spaniards found that moderate consumption of any alcohol -- beer,
wine, or spirits -- was linked to better overall health, compared to abstinence from alcohol
(Rodriguez-Artalejo, 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
A nation-wide Canadian study found that moderate drinkers who consumed alcohol daily had
15% less disability than the general population (Richman and Warren, 1985). (Hanson, 2011a)
A Dutch study found that moderate drinkers under stress were less likely to be absent from
work than were either abstainers or heavy drinkers. The investigators concluded that
"abstinence is at least as unhealthy as excessive drinking." (Vasse, 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 3,803 individuals age 18 to 101 found that lifelong teetotalers as well as former
drinkers are consistently less healthy than light to moderate drinkers (those who consume up to
60 drinks per month). The health superiority of light and moderate drinkers extends to both
physical and mental health (Green and Polen, 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
A review of the research reports that moderate drinking appears to reduce the risk of numerous
diseases. "These include duodenal ulcer, gallstones, entric infections, rheumatoid arthritis,
osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus (type II). Compared with abstainers, moderate drinkers
exhibit improved mental status characterized by decreased stress and depression, lower
abstenteeism from work, and decreased dementia (including Alzheimer's disease)." (Power and
Goldberg, 1999). (Hanson, 2011a)
Women who drank a moderate amount of alcohol more regularly than occasional drinkers
benefited more. Women who drank five to seven days per week (moderately) were nearly 50%
less likely to develop disease than those who drank less regularly (Warner, 2011).
HEART HEALTH
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Moderate drinkers are less likely to suffer coronary heart disease and heart attacks (acute
myocardial infarctions) than are abstainers or heavy drinkers (Hanson, 2011a).
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Pearson and Terry (1994) estimates that if all current consumers of alcohol abstained, another
approximately 80,000 cardiovascular disease-related deaths would occur each year (as cited in
NIAAA, 2003).
Vast data support that alcohol is key to lowering risk of atherosclerosis (blocking of the arteries
by cholesterol) (Bamforth, 2011).
The mechanism by which alcohol counters the risk of atherosclerosis is complex. Alcohol lowers
LDL cholesterol in the blood plasma and stimulates an increased level of HDL cholesterol (HDL 2
and HDL 3) and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II (Clevidence et al., 1995; Goldberg et al., 1995 ;
Jansen et al., 1995 ; Parker et al., 1996). Alcohol also reduces the risk of blood clotting by
lowering the level of fibrinogen in plasma (Stefanick et al., 1995) as well as lessening the
aggregation tendencies of blood platelets (Renaud et al., 1992). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 232)
Mukamal et al. (2003) emphasized that frequency of alcohol consumption is of highest
significance. In a study of 38,077 male health professionals over a 12 year period it was shown
that men who consumed alcohol 3–4 or 5–7 days per week had a decreased risk of myocardial
infarction when compared to those who drank less than once per week. The risk was similar for
men taking 10 g alcohol per day or 30 g or more per day, and whether the beverage was beer,
red wine, white wine, or liquor was irrelevant. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 233)
Gaziano et al. (1999) concluded that beer, wine and liquor are equally advantageous (in
moderation) for countering atherosclerosis, and similar conclusions were drawn by Renaud et al.
(1993), Klatsky (1994), Klatsky et al. (1997), Hein et al. (1996), and Rimm et al. (1996).
(Bamforth, 2004b, pp. 233-234)
Gorinstein et al. (2007) measured an increase in blood antioxidant levels and a favorable change
in lipid and anticoagulant levels after consumption of 330 ml of beer per day for a month.
An exhaustive review of all major heart disease studies found that "alcohol consumption is
related to total mortality in a U-shaped manner, where moderate consumers have a reduced
total mortality compared with total non-consumers and heavy consumers." (La Porte, 1985).
(Hanson, 2011a)
The main antioxidants in alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer are the polyphenols
(Frankel et al., 1993). A major class amongst the polyphenols, the flavanoids, is said to reduce
risk of diseases of the cardiovascular system in humans (Hertog et al., 1993). Alcohol per se
stimulates the uptake of antioxidants into the body (Ghiselli et al., 2000). (Bamforth, 2004b, p.
234)
Moderate consumption of any alcoholic beverage, including beer, has been shown to increase
HDL cholesterol, lower LDL cholesterol and reduce the risk of blood clotting. (American Dietetic
Association, 2011)
A new study conducted at a teaching hospital in the town of Plzen (Pilsen), west Bohemia (in the
Czech Republic) “revealed that the moderate consumption of beer slows aging and reduces the
likelihood of heart attacks and arteriosclerosis.” (Brooks, 2006a)
A Danish study of 50,000 people revealed that “men who drank daily had a 41% reduced risk of
coronary heart disease compared with a 7% drop in men who drank once a week.” Oddly, the
benefits for women were not as dramatic. For them, “the risk of heart disease fell by a third with
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a weekly drink but did not fall further in daily drinkers.” The gender bias is believed to be either
“hormonal or related to the type of alcohol consumed or there may be differences in the way
men and women’s bodies process alcohol.” Lead researcher Professor Morten Gronbaek from
the National Institute of Public Health in Denmark said: “One or two drinks in men, or one drink
a day in women, would be sufficient for heart disease – you wouldn’t get any more beneficial
effects from drinking more.” (Brooks, 2006b)
Lichtenstein (2003) states that 15 million deaths in the late 1990s could be attributed to
cardiovascular disease. The American Heart Association has pointed out that coronary heart
disease and the related cardiovascular disease is the number-one killer in the US, accounting for
almost one in two deaths among Americans and more deaths than are caused by all the forms
of cancer combined. The impact on disability and the attendant economic loss are enormous.
(Bamforth, 2004a)
Medical research has demonstrated a strong relationship between moderate alcohol
consumption and reduction in cardiovascular disease in general and coronary artery disease in
particular (Moore and Pearson, 1986). (Hanson, 2011a)
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism found that moderate drinking is
beneficial to heart health, resulting in a sharp decrease in heart disease risk (40%-60%) (NIAAA,
2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
The Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism wrote that "Numerous
well-designed studies have concluded that moderate drinking is associated with improved
cardiovascular health," and the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association
reported that "The lowest mortality occurs in those who consume one or two drinks per day.
(Pearson, 1996). A World Health Organization Technical Committee on Cardiovascular Disease
asserted that the relationship between moderate alcohol consumption and reduced death from
heart disease can no longer be doubted (Wilkie, 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
Researchers studied volunteers in seven European countries and found that people who have a
daily drink of beer, wine or distilled spirits (whiskey, rum, tequila, etc.) have significantly better
arterial elasticity, a strong indicator of heart health and cardiovascular health, than nondrinkers.
Moderate drinkers also had significantly better pulse rates than those of abstainers from.
(Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 1,795 subjects found that "the risk of extensive coronary calcification was 50% lower
in individuals who consumed one to two alcoholic drinks per day than in nondrinkers”
(Vliegenhart, 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
Research demonstrates that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with better
endothelial function, which contributes to better heart health and lowers risk of atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular disease (Suzuki et al., 2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of over 3,000 men and women found that those who never drank alcohol were at a
greater risk of having high levels of CRP and IL-6 (excellent predictors of heart attack) than were
those who consumed alcoholic beverages in moderation (Price, 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
A National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism review of research studies from at least 20
countries around the world demonstrate a 20- to 40-percent lower coronary heart disease
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(CHD) incidence among drinkers compared to nondrinkers. It asserts that "The totality of
evidence on moderate alcohol and CHD supports a judgment of a cause-effect relationship...
there are cardioprotective benefits associated with responsible, moderate alcohol intake”
(Hennekens, 1996). (Hanson, 2011a)
Harvard researchers have identified the moderate consumption of alcohol as a proven way to
reduce coronary heart disease risk (Manson, 1992). (Hanson, 2011a)
The Harvard Health Professionals Follow-Up Study of over 44,000 men found moderate alcohol
consumption to be associated with a 37% reduction in coronary disease (Rimm et al., 1991).
(Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 18,455 males from the Physicians Health Study revealed that those originally
consuming one drink per week or less who increased their consumption up to six drinks per
week had a 29% reduction in CVD risk compared to those who did not increase their
consumption. Men originally consuming 1-6 drinks per week who increased their consumption
moderately had an additional 15% decrease in CVD risk (Sesso et al., 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
A British study of women found moderate consumption of alcohol to be associated with lower
levels of cardiovascular risk factors (Razay, 1992). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of over 5,000 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus found that coronary heart disease
rates "were significantly lower in women who reported moderate alcohol intake than in those
who reported drinking no alcohol." Women who drank more than 5 grams (about one-third
glass) a day reduced their risk of CHD (fatal or nonfatal) by more than half (Solomon, 2000).
(Hanson, 2011a)
In a study of nearly 88,000 men, researchers found that drinking reduced risk of coronary heart
disease risk among both diabetics and non-diabetics. Weekly consumption of alcohol reduced
CHD risk by one-third (33%) while daily consumption reduced the risk by over half (58%) among
diabetics. For non-diabetics, weekly consumption reduced CHD risk by 18% while daily
consumption reduced the risk by 39% (Ajani, 2000). (Hanson, 2011a)
Light to moderate consumption of alcohol appears to reduce the risk of coronary heart
disease by as much as 80% among individuals with older-onset diabetes, according to a study
published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Valmidrid, 1999). (Hanson,
2011a)
The Honolulu Heart Study found a 49% reduction in coronary heart disease among men who
drank alcohol in moderation (Blackwelder, 1980). (Hanson, 2011a)
Harvard researchers concluded about coronary heart disease that "Consumption of one or two
drinks of beer, wine, or liquor per day has corresponded to a reduction in risk of approximately
20-40%” (Manson, 1996). (Hanson, 2011a)
At a scientific conference, researchers from Korea, Italy, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, and
the United States reported finding striking reductions in death among moderate drinkers, with
heart disease and total mortality rates about one half or less compared to non-drinkers
(Trevisan et al., 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
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After over 6,000 participants in the Framingham Heart Study were followed for a period of six to
ten years, researchers found that "when consumed in moderation, alcohol appears to protect
against congestive heart failure” (Walsh, 2002). (Hanson, 2011a)
The American Heart Association, based on the research evidence, concludes that the
"Consumption of one or two drinks per day is associated with a [CHD] reduction in risk of
approximately 30% to 50%” (Pearson, 1996). (Hanson, 2011a)
After reviewing the research, Dr. David Whitten reported that "The studies that have been done
show pretty clearly that the chances of suffering cardiac death are dramatically reduced by
drinking" one or two drinks a day and asserted that "We don't have any drugs that are as good
as alcohol (Whitten, 1987). (Hanson, 2011a)
Based on the medical evidence, noted investigator Dr. Curtis Ellison asserted that "abstinence
from alcohol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease” (Vin, 1995). (Hanson, 2011a)
The moderate consumption of alcohol increases the survivability of heart attacks (Hanson,
2011a).
Drinking alcohol in moderation throughout the year before a heart attack or acute myocardial
infarction (AMI) has been found to reduce the risk of dying afterward. Moderate drinkers had
the lowest mortality rate, reducing their risk by 32%, compared to abstainers. The health
benefits were virtually identical for beer, distilled spirits, and wine (Mulcamel, 2001). (Hanson,
2011a)
Men who consume two to four drinks of alcohol after a heart attack are less likely to experience
a second heart attack than are abstainers, according to a study of 353 male heart attack
survivors. Researchers found that men who consumed an average of two drinks of alcohol per
day were 59% less likely than non-drinkers to have another heart attack. Those who drank an
average of four drinks per day experienced a risk reduction of 52% compared to abstainers (De
Lorgeril, 2002). (Hanson, 2011a)
Research at the University of Missouri-Columbia found that drinking alcohol (beer, wine, or
distilled spirits) in moderation reduced the damage to effected tissue following a heart attack
(Dayton et al., 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study for a five year period of over 85,000 men who had suffered previous heart attacks found
that "moderate alcohol intake was associated with a significant decrease in total mortality"
compared to nondrinkers (Gaziano, 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
Alcohol abstainers who begin drinking reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease (Hanson,
2011a).
During a ten year study of 7,697 non-drinkers, investigators found that 6% began consuming
alcohol in moderation. After four years of follow-up, new moderate drinkers had a 38% lower
chance of developing cardiovascular disease than did those who continued abstaining. Even
after adjusting for physical activity, Body Mass Index (BMI), demographic and cardiac risk
factors, this difference persisted. This study is important because it provides additional strong
evidence that the reduced risk of cardiovascular disease among moderate drinkers is a result of
the alcohol itself rather than any differences in lifestyle, genetics, or other factors (King et al.,
2008). (Hanson, 2011a)
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A study of men with high blood pressure found that those who averaged one to six drinks per
week has a 39% lower risk of death from cardiovascular causes than were abstainers. Those who
averaged more (one or two drinks each day) were 44% less likely to experience such death
(Malinski et al., 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
In a study of nearly 88,000 men, researchers found reductions in coronary heart disease risk
with increasing frequency of drinking alcohol for both diabetics and non- diabetics. Weekly
consumption of alcohol reduced CHD risk by one-third (33%) while daily consumption reduced
the risk by over half (58%) among diabetics. For non-diabetics, weekly consumption reduced
CHD risk by 18% while daily consumption reduced the risk by 39% (Anani, 2000). (Hanson,
2011a)
Exercising can't replace benefits of drinking in moderation (Hanson, 2011a).
Researchers at the National Institute of Public Health in Denmark studied about 12,000 men and
women over a period of 20 years. The investigators found:
 The lowest risk of fatal heart disease occurred among those who both drank moderately
and exercised. They had a 50% reduced risk compared to non-drinkers who didn't
exercise. (Moderate drinking was defined as consuming an average of up to two drinks
per day for both men and women. This is twice as high as the US federal
recommendation for women.)
 A higher risk was found among (a) those who abstained from alcohol but exercised and
(b) those who drank in moderation but didn't exercise. In both cases the risk of heart
disease dropped about 30% compared to abstaining non-exercisers.
 The highest risk was found among those who neither drank nor exercised. Their risk of
dying from heart disease was twice as high as those who drank moderately and
exercised.
Moderate drinking and exercise are cumulative in their positive effects on the cardiovascular
system. Doing one is better than nothing, but doing both is the best choice of all and
dramatically reduces the risk death from heart attack. The same is also found for all-cause
mortality (Pedersen et al., 2008). (Hanson, 2011a)
The moderate consumption of alcohol appears to be more effective than most other lifestyle
changes that are used to lower the risk of heart and other diseases. For example, the average
person would need to follow a very strict low-fat diet, exercise vigorously on a regular basis,
eliminate salt from the diet, lose a substantial amount of weight, and probably begin medication
in order to lower cholesterol by 30 points or blood pressure by 20 points. But medical research
suggests that alcohol can have a greater impact on heart disease than even these hard-won
reductions in cholesterol levels or blood pressure. Only cessation of smoking is more effective.
Additionally, other medical research suggests that adding alcohol to a healthful diet is more
effective than just following the diet alone (Ellison, 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
The moderate consumption of alcohol promotes good heart health in a number of ways,
including the following:
Alcohol improves blood lipid profile (LaPorte et al., 1980)
 It increases HDL ("good") cholesterol (Ernst et al., 1980)
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It decreases LDL ("bad") cholesterol (Castelli, 1977)
It improves cholesterol (both HDL and LDL) particle size (Mukamal, 2007)
Alcohol decreases thrombosis (blood clotting)
 It reduces platelet aggregation (Meade et al., 1985)
 It reduces fibrinogen (a blood clotter) (Mennen, 1999)
 It increases fibrinolysis (the process by which clots dissolve) (Sumi et al., 1988)
Alcohol acts in additional ways (Ellison, 1993)
 It reduces coronary artery spasm in response to stress
 It increases coronary blood flow (Israel et al., 1994)
 It reduces blood pressure (MacMahon, 1987)
 It reduces blood insulin level (Facchini et al., 1994)
 It increases estrogen levels (Vliegenthart, 2004)
STROKE
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Hypertension is a significant risk factor for stroke. Heavy drinking has been linked to increased
blood pressure. In addition, non-drinkers have slightly higher blood pressure than those who are
light drinkers, consuming 10 - 20g alcohol per day (Van Gijn et al., 1993). It has been observed
that there is a reduced risk of stroke for light to moderate drinkers (Berger et al., 1999; Gill et
al., 1988; Palomaeki et al., 1993; Rodgers et al., 1993; Sacco et al., 1999; Stampfer et al., 1988).
It is only when drinking is heavy (>6 drinks per day) or at a binge level that the risk of stroke is
significant (Hillbom et al., 1999; Juvela et al., 1995; Wannamethee and Shaper, 1996).
(Bamforth, 2004b, p. 235)
Thadhani et al. (2002) state that low or moderate alcohol intake leads to a lesser incidence of
hypertension in women, irrespective of the alcoholic beverage type. Truelsen et al. (1998) insist
that wine is better than beer in this context. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 235)
A systematic review and meta-analysis of 26 research studies (cohort or case-control) found that
consuming two drinks per day is associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke (Patra et al.,
2010). (Hanson, 2011a)
The National Stroke Association states that alcohol is “reported in some studies to have a
protective effect against stroke because it raises levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
cholesterol, often called “good” cholesterol. Studies now show that drinking up to two alcoholic
drinks per day can reduce your risk for stroke by about half” (National Stroke Association,2011).
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that consuming one
or two drinks a day can reduce the risk of stroke by about half. It also found the protective
effects of alcohol to occur among white, African- American, and Hispanic populations and
among both men and women. The investigators concluded that their findings support the
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National Stroke Association Stroke Prevention Guidelines regarding the beneficial effects of
moderate alcohol consumption (Sacco, 1999). (Hanson, 2011a)
Research has found that HDL ("good" cholesterol) is protective against stroke and that drinking
alcohol in moderation is one of the ways that HDL can be increased (Sacco, 2001). (Hanson,
2011a)
A study of over 22,000 men found that light and moderate alcohol consumption significantly
reduces the overall risk of stroke (Berger, 1999). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study published in the American Heart Association's journal found abstainers' risk of stroke to
be double that of moderate drinkers (Rodger, 1993). (Hanson, 2011a)
The American Heart Association also reports that moderate consumption of alcohol is
associated with dramatically decreased risk of stroke among both men and women, regardless
of age or ethnicity (American Heart Association, 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
The chart below (measuring risk for stoke) shows that abstainers have a much higher risk of
stroke than drinkers (Rodgers, 1993). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that consuming one
or two drinks a day can reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by about half. Its findings support the
National Stroke Association Stroke Prevention Guidelines regarding the beneficial effects of
moderate alcohol consumption (Sacco et al., 1999). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 944 residents of a Spanish city found that consumption of up to two alcoholics per
day reduced the risk of strokes by 42% (Caicoya, 1999). (Hanson, 2011a)
DIABETES
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Moderate drinking reduces the risk of developing diabetes (Bamforth, 2011).
Alcohol attenuates the increase in blood glucose concentration in subjects given a glucose load
by increasing the sensitivity of susceptible cells to insulin (Facchini et al., 1994). This in turn
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reduces demand on the pancreas. Moderate drinkers displayed a reduced risk of developing
non-insulin dependent diabetes (Perry et al., 1995). Stampfer et al. (1988) found a lower
incidence of noninsulin dependent diabetes in moderate drinkers. Rimm et al. (1995) reported
that moderate alcohol consumption by healthy people could be associated with increased
insulin sensitivity and a reduced risk of diabetes. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 236)
Components of beer, including quercetin and the iso-α-acids, inhibit aldose reductase (Shindo et
al., 2002). This enzyme is important for removing sorbitol produced from glucose accumulating
in diabetics and which causes damage to eyes and kidneys. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 236)
Researchers examined the results of 15 different studies and found that moderate drinkers are
less likely to have type 2 diabetes than are abstainers. Teetotalers and heavy drinkers have
equally high risk of the disease. The 15 studies were conducted in the U.S., Japan, Finland,
Korea, the Netherlands, Germany and the UK and followed a total of 369,862 men and women
for an average of 12 years. Moderate drinkers (those who drank between about a half a drink to
four drinks per day) were found to be 30% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than abstainers
or heavy drinkers. Whether drinkers consume beer, wine or distilled spirits makes little
difference, but the pattern of consumption does. It's much better to consume frequently (such
as daily) rather than infrequently for maximum health benefits (Kopper et al., 2005). (Hanson,
2011a)
An analysis of 13 studies found that "The results of these studies are consistent with regard to
moderate alcohol consumption, indicating a protective effect in the order of 30%." There was no
evidence that high consumption of alcohol increased risk of diabetes (Carlsson et al., 2005).
(Hanson, 2011a)
An analysis of 32 studies found that “Compared with no alcohol use, moderate consumption
(one to 3 drinks/d) is associated with a 33% to 56% lower incidence of diabetes and a 34% to
55% lower incidence of diabetes-related coronary heart disease” (Howard et al., 2005). (Hanson,
2011a)
An analysis of 20 cohort studies found that, compared with lifetime abstainers, a U-shaped
pattern exists between alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. The researchers
concluded that “Our analysis confirms previous research findings that moderate alcohol
consumption is protective for type 2 diabetes in men and women” (Baliunas et al., 2009).
(Hanson, 2011a)
The American Diabetes Association reports that “In people with diabetes, light-to-moderate
amounts of alcohol are associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, probably because
alcohol raises HDL cholesterol, the so-called 'good cholesterol” (Wheeler et al., 2003). (Hanson,
2011a)
An analysis of pairs of twins with different drinking patterns found that those who consumed
alcohol in moderation had half the risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who
consumed less alcohol. The study involved nearly 23,000 Finnish twins (Carlsson et al., 2003).
(Hanson, 2011a)
A prospective study of 85,051 women found that the risk of diabetes decreased as the
consumption of alcohol increased. Compared with non-drinkers, those who consumed one-third
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to one drink per day had a 20% reduction in risk and those who consumed over one drink per
day had a 40% reduced risk of developing diabetes (Stampfer et al., 1988). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of almost 21,000 physicians for over 12 years has found that men who are light to
moderate drinkers have a decreased risk of Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus
(Umed et al., 2000). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 8,663 men over a period of as long as 25 years found that the incidence of type 2
diabetes was significantly lower among moderate drinkers than among either abstainers or
heavy drinkers. These findings persisted after adjusting for age, smoking, blood pressure, HDL
cholesterol, waist circumference, parental diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, body mass index
(BMI), serum triglyceride concentration, and cardio-respiratory fitness (Wei et al., 2000).
(Hanson, 2011a)
Pre-menstrual women who consume a daily drink of beer, wine or distilled spirits (whiskey, rum,
tequila, etc.) have a much lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes than abstainers, according to
a study that duplicated similar findings in men. The Harvard study involved about 110,000
women age 25 to 42 over a ten-year period. Dramatic reductions (about 60%) occurred among
women who drank between 1/2 and two drinks daily compared with abstainers. The reduction
of risk was lower for those who drank less (Tanner, 2003). (Hanson, 2011a)
Drinking alcohol (beer, wine, or distilled spirits) in moderation was associated with a lower risk
of developing type 2 diabetes among women age 40-70 in a large study in the Netherlands that
followed them for an average of over six years. The authors wrote that the “findings support the
evidence of a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes with moderate alcohol consumption and expand
this to a population of older women” (Beulens et al., 2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
Research conducted at the University of Padova Medical School in Italy found that consuming
alcohol directly improved the action of insulin in both healthy diabetics. Alcohol also improved
fatty acid levels (Avogaro et al., 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 5,221 men in Britain that followed them for almost 17 years found that that the risk
of developing diabetes was lowest for light and moderate drinkers (Wannamethee et al., 2002).
And the list of research evidence about the positive effects of moderate drinking on diabetes
continues, for example: Rimm et al., (1995) and Cordain et al., (1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND OTHER DEMENTIA
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Moderate alcohol consumption may be associated with better cognitive function in the elderly
(Cervilla et al., 2000; Dufouil et al., 1997). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 239)
Ruitenberg et al. (2002) found that light to moderate drinking (1–3 alcoholic drinks of any type
per day) is significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia in those aged 55 years and
above. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 239)
Regular consumption of alcohol lowered the risk of incurring Alzheimer’s disease (Cupples et al.,
2000). Although there is now some doubt about the significance of aluminum as an agent
promoting Alzheimer’s disease (Roberts et al., 1998), silicon, present in abundance in beer, is
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believed to be a key agent in eliminating aluminum from the body (Bellia et al., 1996).
(Bamforth, 2004b, p. 239)
Drinking alcohol primes certain areas of our brain to learn and remember better, says a new
study from the Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research at The University of Texas
at Austin. "Alcohol diminishes our ability to hold on to pieces of information like your
colleague's name, or the definition of a word, or where you parked your car this morning. But
our subconscious is learning and remembering too, and alcohol may actually increase our
capacity to learn, or 'conditionability,' at that level" (MedicalXpress.com, 2011).
A study in France found moderate drinkers to have a 75% lower risk for Alzheimer's disease and
an 80% lower risk for senile dementia (Orogozo et al., 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
Research on 7,460 women age 65 and older found that those who consumed up to three drinks
per day scored significantly better than non-drinkers on global cognitive function, including such
things as concentration, memory, abstract reasoning, and language. The investigators adjusted
or controlled for such factors as educational level and income that might affect the results, but
the significant positive relationships remained (Espeland et al., 2006). (Hanson, 2011a)
Researchers in Australia studied 7,485 people age 20 to 64 years. They found that moderate
drinkers performed better than abstainers on all measures of cognitive ability. Sex, race,
education and extroversion-introversion failed to account for the findings (Rodgers et al., 2005).
(Hanson, 2011a)
Older people who drink in moderation generally suffer less mental decline than do abstainers,
another study finds. Over one thousand persons age 65 and older were studied over a period of
seven years. Overall, light and moderate drinkers experienced less mental decline than did nondrinkers (Ganguli et al., 2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
Women who consume alcohol (beer, wine or distilled spirits) moderately on a daily basis are
about 20% less likely than abstainers to experience poor memory and decreased thinking
abilities, according to data from 12,480 women age 70 to 81 who participated in the long-term
study (Stampfer et al., 2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of about 6,000 people age 65 and older found that moderate drinkers have a 54% lower
chance of developing dementia than abstainers. The type of alcohol beverage consumed (wine,
spirits, or beer) didn't make a difference in the protective effects of drinking in moderation
(Mulkamal et al., 2003). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 7,983 people aged 55 of age or older in The Netherlands over an average period of six
years found that those who consumed one to three drinks of alcohol (beer, wine, or distilled
spirits) per day had a significantly lower risk of dementia (including Alzheimer's) than did
abstainers (Ruitenberg et al., 2002). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of over 400 people at least 75 years old who were followed for a period of six years
found that drinkers were only half as likely to develop dementia (including Alzheimer's disease)
as similarly-aged abstainers from alcohol. Abstainers were defined as people who consumed less
than one drink of alcohol per week (Huang et al., 2002). (Hanson, 2011a)
Moderate drinking among older women can benefit memory according to research funded by
the National Institutes of Health. Moderate drinkers performed better on instrumental everyday
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tasks, had stronger memory self-efficacy and improved memory performance." The
performance memory tests include such topics as remembering a story, route, hidden objects,
future intentions and connecting random numbers and letters. In all cases, the group who drank
scored better than those who did not drink. Women who drank alcohol in moderation (defined
as consuming up to two drinks of beer, wine or spirits per day) also performed better on
attention, concentration, psychomotor skills, verbal-associative capacities and oral fluency
(McDougall, 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of over 6,000 people in the U.K. found that those who consume as little as a single drink
of alcoholic beverage per week have significantly greater cognitive functioning than teetotalers.
Abstainers were twice as likely as occasional drinkers to receive the lowest cognitive functioning
test scores. The beneficial mental effects of alcohol were found when a person drinks up to
about 30 drinks per week, and increased with consumption. The researchers did not test the
effects of higher levels of alcohol drinking. The research team suggests that alcohol (beer, wine,
or liquor) improves mental functioning because it increases blood flow to the brain (Matthews,
2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
Moderate alcohol consumption protects older persons from the development of cognitive
impairment, according to a study of 15,807 Italian men and women 65 years of age and older.
Among the drinkers only 19% showed signs of mental impairment compared to 29% of the
abstainers. The relationship continued even when other factors in cognitive impairment, such as
age, education, and health problems were considered (Zuccala et al., 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
An 18-year study of Japanese-American men found "a positive association between moderate
alcohol intake among middle-aged men and subsequent cognitive performance in later life."
Moderate drinkers scored significantly higher on the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument
(CASI), which includes tests of attention, concentration, orientation, memory, and language.
Both non-drinkers and heavy drinkers had the lowest CASI scores (Galanis et al., 2000). (Hanson,
2011a)
The moderate consumption of alcohol was associated with superior mental function among
older women compared to abstainers in a study of 9,000 women aged 70 to 79 over a period of
15 years. The women's mental function was assessed with seven different tests. After adjusting
for other factors that might affect mental function, the researchers found that the women who
drank in moderation performed significantly better on five of seven tests. They also performed
significantly better on a global score that combined all seven tests. The researchers found that
the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive functioning was the equivalent of
being one to two years younger (Harrison, 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
Drinking alcohol (beer, wine or liquor) in moderation is one of the strategies that can reduce the
risk of cognitive decline and dementia in later life according to a review of research conducted
by scholars from the School of Aging Studies at the University of South Florida and the
University of Alabama at Birmingham. They systematically analyzed the existing research to
identify how dementia can be reduced. Abstaining from alcohol and abusing alcohol are both
risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia (Andel et al., 2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
ARTHRITIS
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A recent study found that alcohol consumption is associated with a significantly reduced risk of
developing arthritic conditions including Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), reactive
arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and spondylarthropathy (European League Against Rheumatism,
2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
A large study in Sweden found that the risk of developing arthritis decreased as the
consumption of alcohol increased from light to moderate levels (Turesson, 2007). (Hanson,
2011a)
Data from two other research studies in Scandinavia show that drinking alcohol is associated
with a reduction in the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Two independent case-control studies of
rheumatoid arthritis were used. The Swedish study used 1,204 cases and 871 controls and the
Danish study used 444 cases and 533 controls. Among alcohol consumers, the quarter with the
highest consumption levels had a decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis of 40-50% compared to
the half with the lowest alcohol consumption (Kallberg et al., 2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 1,877 men and women found that drinking alcohol reduced both the risk and severity
of rheumatoid arthritis. Non-drinkers were four times more likely to develop rheumatoid
arthritis than people who drank alcohol on more than ten days a month. The risk of developing
rheumatoid arthritis decreased according to the frequency of alcohol consumption (Maxwell et
al., 2010). (Hanson, 2011a)
Analysis of data from 1,666 patients in Finland indicates that alcohol consumption significantly
reduces the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (Myllykangas-Lusojarvi et al., 2000).
(Hanson, 2011a)
ENLARGED PROSTATE (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA OR BPH)
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Harris and colleagues (2003) report that PSA (an antigen that is diagnostic of prostate problems)
was proportionately decreased by an increase in a man’s beer intake. “However Albertsen and
Gronbaek (2002) and Tavani et al. (1994) say that there is no link between alcohol consumption
(of any type) and prostate cancer.” (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 241)
8-Prenylnaringenin (a unique polyphenol compound found in hops and beer which impart
chemo-preventative properties) inhibits enzymes involved in the development of prostate
cancer and also blocks the development of new blood vessels needed for tumor growth (De
Keukeleire et al., 2001). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 241)
According to Emily Ho, a professor and researcher at Oregon State’s Linus Pauling Institute,
“xanthohumol, a compound found in hops, inhibits NF-kappaB protein in cells along the surface
of the prostate gland.” The bad news — or good, depending how you look at it — is you’ll have
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to drink seventeen 12-oz. beers to get the amount of xanthohumol that the study showed to be
beneficial in fighting prostate problems. (Brooks, 2006c)
An analysis of 19 published studies that included over 120,000 men found that drinking two or
more drinks a day was associated with a 35% decrease in risk of developing benign prostate
enlargement (Parsons et al., 2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
A dietary study found that men who consume two or more alcoholic drinks per day are 33% less
likely to develop BPH than are teetotalers or alcohol abstainers (Kristal et al., 2008). (Hanson,
2011a)
A study of 29,386 men age 40-75 for a period of eight years found that moderate drinkers
consuming up to about 3.3 drinks per day experienced a 41% reduction in risk of enlarged
prostate (Platz et al., 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 882 men (aged 65, 70, 75 and 80 years) found that increased alcohol consumption
was strongly associated with decreased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (Gass, 2002).
(Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 6,581 Japanese-American men for 17 years found that alcohol consumption reduced
the risk of obstructive uropathy caused by enlarged prostate. Men who drank an average of 1.3
drinks of alcohol per day experienced a 36% lower risk compared with alcohol abstainers (Chyou
et al., 1993). (Hanson, 2011a)
An investigation of 1,369 men in Italy younger than age 75 found that, compared with
abstainers, those who consumed fewer than three drinks per day had a 12% lower risk and
those who consumed seven or more drinks per day had a 35% lower risk of developing benign
prostatic hyperplasia. The patterns of risk reduction were similar for beer, wine, and spirits
(Crispo et al., 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
A population based case-control study of 100 Chinese patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
who were over 60 years of age and a control group of the same size found that men who
consumed alcohol experienced a 35% reduction in risk of developing BPH compared with nondrinkers (Ning et al., 2006). (Hanson, 2011a)
In a prospective study a total of 142 patients who were admitted to an outpatient clinic with
lower urinary tract symptoms were examined and 68.3% were diagnosed with clinical BPH. Over
twice the proportion of patients without clinical BPH were alcohol drinkers, leading the
researchers to conclude that consuming alcohol is a protective factor for clinical BPH (Tarcan et
al., 2006). (Hanson, 2011a)
Data from 34,694 participants in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer
Screening Trial were analyzed. Researchers found that greater alcohol consumption was
strongly associated with decreased risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (Kang et al., 2004).
(Hanson, 2011a)
A case-control study of Chinese men found that those who consumed about two to three drinks
per day had a 35% reduction in risk and those who consumed over four drinks per day had a
38% reduction in risk of developing an enlarged prostate (Zhi-quan et al., 2007). (Hanson,
2011a)
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A study of 2,797 men age 60 or older participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES III) found that those who drank alcohol daily had a 41% lower
chance of lower urinary tract symptoms than non-drinkers (Rohrmann et al., 2005). (Hanson,
2011a)
The development of benign prostatic hyperplasia among 2,036 volunteers was studied by
following individual participants for a period of from 12 to 21 years. The results demonstrated
that the risk of developing BPH dropped as the level of alcohol consumption increased (Glynn,
1985). (Hanson, 2011a)
This case-control study of 910 Rhode Islanders, plus 2,003 men who served as controls, found
that alcohol reduced the risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (Morrison, 1992).
(Hanson, 2011a)
Researchers followed, for a mean of nine years, 1,700 men who were part of the populationbased Massachusetts Male Aging Study. They examined numerous physical, medical, and
behavioral characteristics but found that virtually none, including alcohol intake, was a risk
factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (Meigs et al., 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
A community-based cross-sectional epidemiological study of 514 men in Korea found that a
lower risk of developing an enlarged prostate was associated with an increasing daily
consumption of alcohol (Lee et al., 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
An analysis of 14,897 men who were members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program
found that those who consumed three or more drinks per day had a 25% lower risk of BPH than
non-drinkers (Sidney et al., 1991). (Hanson, 2011a)
OSTEOPOROSIS
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Rico et al. (2000) suggest that silicon is readily absorbed from beer, thereby protecting against
osteoporosis. The hop component 8-prenylnaringenin is claimed to counter osteoporosis
(Miyamoto et al., 1998). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 240)
Mukherjee and Sorrell (2000) show that moderate alcohol consumption has positive effects on
bone mineral density in elderly women, and say that this is probably mediated by a decrease in
bone remodeling. Xanthohumol and humulone inhibit bone resorption (Tobe et al., 1997;
Honma et al., 1998). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 240)
Powell (n.d.) reported that beer contains high levels of absorbable silicon, which enhances bone
and connective tissue formation and ethanol (alcohol) itself inhibits bone loss by blocking
circulating homocysteine, which increases fracture risk. The hop component humulone, is
known to be able to fight the process of bone resorption as well (Powell, n.d.).
Researchers examined the evidence from 33 studies and found that alcohol consumption
increased neck bone density for each drink per day over the range of 0-3 drinks per day;
reduced the risk for hip fracture with increasing quantities consumed; and was generally
associated with reduced bone loss over time, compared with abstention from alcohol (Berg et
al., 2008). (Hanson, 2011a)
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A study was conducted using identical female twins, in which one twin drank very little and the
other twin drank moderately (one or two drinks each day). Twins were used because they are
genetic clones. Because they have the same genes and grew up in the same environment, it's
easier to control for any other possible confounding factors. The study found that moderate
drinkers had significantly denser bones than the control group of twins consisting of very light
drinkers (Williams et al., 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
The National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment followed over 200,000 postmenopausal women in
the U.S. with no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis who were seen at doctors' offices, with no
previous diagnosis of osteoporosis. As a result of screening, the study found that 39.6% had
osteopenia or low bone density and 7% had osteoporosis. The study found that drinking alcohol
reduced the chances of developing osteoporosis (Siris, 2001). (Hanson, 2011a)
Analyses using data from 13,512 persons ages 20 or older found that bone density was higher in
men and postmenopausal women compared with those who do not drink (Woise et al., 2007).
(Hanson, 2011a)
A population-based cohort study of 5,865 adults aged 65 years and older from four U.S.
communities found that moderate drinking was associated with a significant decrease in risk of
hip fracture. Compared with long-term abstainers, moderate drinkers of beer, wine or spirits
had a 22% lower chance of developing osteoporosis. Alcohol consumption was also associated
with bone mineral density of the total hip and femoral neck in a stepwise manner, with
approximately 5% higher bone density among consumers of 14 or more drinks per week than
among abstainers (Mulkamal et al., 2007). (Hanson, 2011a)
GALLBLADDER DISEASE (GALLSTONES OR CHOLELITHIASIS)
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Those consuming alcohol in moderation—and especially daily—develop fewer gallstones.
(Bamforth, 2011)
Alcohol speeds up the rate of emptying and filling of the gall bladder and so people with
moderate alcohol intake develop fewer gallstones (Leitzmann et al., 1999). Again it appears that
frequency of intake is an important factor, with daily intake of alcohol having the most benefit.
(Bamforth, 2004b, p. 236)
A prospective study of 1,290,413 United Kingdom women followed them for an average of over
six years. Drinking alcohol was found to decrease the risk of developing gallstone disease.
Women who drank 15 or more units of alcohol per week has a 41% reduced risk compared with
those who drank one to two units per week. A unit equals ten mL of absolute alcohol (Liu et al.,
2008). (Hanson, 2011a)
Information on 58,462 adults age 25 years and over who were randomly selected for the Italian
National Health survey was analyzed. After controlling for age sex and other variables,
researchers found that those who consumed up to about 1.3 glasses of alcohol each day
experienced a 17% decrease, those who consumed from 1.3 to 2.8 glasses daily had a 33%



decrease, and those who drank more than 2.8 glasses of alcohol each day enjoyed a 42% drop in
risk for gallstone disease, compared with abstainers (La Vecca et al., 1994). (Hanson, 2011a)
Analysis of data from 88,837 women aged 34 to 59 who were followed for four years after
completing a detailed questionnaire about food and alcohol intake revealed that those who
drank alcohol daily had a 40% decrease in their risk of developing gallbladder disease (Maclure
et al., 1989). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of 29,584 people enrolled in an epidemiological survey of the general population of Italy
found that daily moderate alcohol consumption by men significantly lowered their risk of
developing gallstone disease compared with non-drinkers (Attili et al., 1998). (Hanson, 2011a)
A total of 80,898 women in the U.S. were followed for 20 years, with alcohol consumption being
measured every two to four years. The resulting finding was that alcohol consumption
decreased the risk of developing gallstone disease. As consumption increased, the risk
decreased. Compared with women who did not drink, those who drank an average of up to one
drink per day experienced a 14% decrease in risk whereas those who drank an average of four
or more drinks per day had a 38% reduced risk of developing gallstone disease. In addition, as
frequency of consumption increased risk decreased dramatically. Beer, wine and spirits all
reduced risk (Leitzmann et al., 2003). (Hanson, 2011a)
CANCERS




Evidence suggests that alcohol consumption needs to be really rather substantial for it to be a
causative factor in cancer. A 1989 report of the Committee on Diet and Health of the National
Academy of Sciences warns against excessive consumption of alcohol, rather than avoidance.
(Bamforth, 2004b, p. 240)
Some research suggests that the consumption of alcoholic beverages (including beer) may
actually lessen the incidence of certain cancers. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 240)
Certain substances found in beer might counter cancer. Several unique polyphenol compounds
have been found in hops and beer and which impart chemo-preventative properties in part by
inhibiting cytochrome P450 (Henderson et al., 2000). The compounds include xanthohumol, 8prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 241)
Hop extracts at very low concentration effi ciently inhibit breast cancer cells (Zava et al.,
1998).However, “Freudenheim et al. (1995) and Zhang et al. (1999) report no relationship
between alcohol consumption and breast cancer, but Ferraroni et al. (1998) say that there is an
increased risk, especially for wine as opposed to beer. Hebert et al. (1998) report an increased
risk of breast cancer recurrence in beer drinkers.” (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 241) However, reports
linking a causal relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer may not have
separated “moderate alcohol consumption” from higher levels of consumption, thus
inaccurately deeming any level of alcohol consumption as increasing risk.
KIDNEY CANCER






An analysis of data from 12 prospective studies that included 760,044 men and women who
were tracked for seven to 20 years found that moderate drinkers are about 30% less likely to
develop kidney cancer than are abstainers (Lee et al., 2007). (Hanson, 2011a)
A prospective study of 59,237 Swedish women age 40-76 found that those who consumed at
least one drink per week had a 38% lower risk of kidney cancer than did abstainers or those
who drank less. For women over 55, the risk dropped by two-thirds (66%) (Rashidkhani et al.,
2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of a large cohort of Finnish males found that risk of kidney cancer declined as total
consumption of alcohol increased (Abir et al., 2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
Data from 88,759 women who were tracked for 20 years and from 47,828 men who were
observed for 14 years indicate that alcohol reduces the risk of kidney cancer in both men and
women (Lee et al., 2006). (Hanson, 2011a)
Compared with nondrinkers, men who drank one or more drinks per day had a 31% lower
risk of kidney cancer among 161,126 Hawaii–Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort participants
(Setiawan et al., 2007). (Hanson, 2011a)
A study of postmenopausal women in Iowa over a 15-year period found that those who
drank alcohol, compared with nondrinkers, had a significantly lower risk of developing kidney
cancer. This relationship persisted after taking into account many other confounding factors
(Nicodemus et al., 2004). (Hanson, 2011a)
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA



A review of findings from nine international studies demonstrates that drinking alcohol
reduces the risk of non- Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) by 27%. The protective effect of alcohol
did not vary by beer, wine, or distilled spirits consumption (Morton et al., 2005). (Hanson,
2011a)
A prospective study of 473,984 participants (285,079 men and 188,905 women) found that
drinkers had a significantly lower risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma than did
nondrinkers. For example, those who consumed over 28 drinks per week, the risk of
developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma was about 25% lower than among nondrinkers. This
relationship existed for beer, wine and distilled spirits (Lim et al., 2007). (Hanson, 2011a)
A cohort of 35,156 women aged 55-69 years who were studied over a nine-year period found
that alcohol consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing nonHodgkin lymphoma compared with abstaining and the amount of alcohol consumed, rather
than the form (beer, wine, or distilled spirits), appeared to provide the protection against the
cancer (Chiu et al., 1999). (Hanson, 2011a)


In a population-based case-control study of adults from four U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology,
and End Results Study centers, researchers found that those who drank alcohol had a
significantly lower risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma than did nondrinkers (Nelson
et al., 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
In a multi-center case-control study in Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Ireland and Czech
Republic, researchers found that alcohol consumption significantly reduced the risk of
developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma among men and among people living in nonMediterranean countries (Besson et al., 2006). (Hanson, 2011a)
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA





A multi-center case-control study of subjects in Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Ireland and the
Czech Republic found results “consistent with previous studies, suggesting a protective effect
of alcohol on HL” (Besson et al., 2006).
Alcohol reduced the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) for both men and women, but more so
for men, whose risk was lowered by 53% in a population-based case-control study was
conducted in Germany (Nieters et al., 2005). (Hanson, 2011a)
A protective effect of alcohol consumption on risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma among nonsmokers in Italy was reported in a population-based case-control study (Gorini et al., 2007).
(Hanson, 2011a)
Drinking alcohol reduced the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma among both smokers and nonsmokers in an analysis of data from a series of case-control studies in northern Italy
(Deandrea et al., 2007). (Hanson, 2011a)
A common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is pain in the lymph nodes (Mayo Foundation for
Medical Education and Research (MFMER), 2011). This is reduced following the consumption
of alcohol.
THYROID CANCER



A prospective study of over one and one-quarter million (1,280,296) women in the U.K.
confirmed the finding that drinking alcohol significantly reduces the risk of developing of
thyroid cancer (Allen et al., 2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
Data from almost one-half million (490,000) men and women in the U.S. found that increased
alcohol consumption decreased the risk of thyroid cancer (Meinhold et al., 2009). (Hanson,
2011a)
A country-wide population-based case-control study in New Caledonia found that the
incidence of thyroid cancer was negatively associated with drinking alcohol among both men
and women (Guignard et al., 2007). That is, consuming alcohol was found to be associated
with a lower risk of developing thyroid cancer. (Hanson, 2011a)





A study of women identified through the Cancer Surveillance System (CSS), a populationbased cancer registry in Washington State, found that higher levels of alcohol consumption
were associated with lower risk of developing thyroid cancer (Rossing et al., 2000). (Hanson,
2011a)
“According to the American Cancer society, pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of
cancer death in the United States and has a very low five year survival rate. Cancer of the
pancreas is about 96% to 100% fatal” (Hanson, 2011b).
“Drinking alcohol is not a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer. On the other hand, the
moderate consumption of alcohol is associated with better health and greater longevity than
is either abstaining from alcohol or drinking abusively” (Hanson, 2011b).
Michaud et al. (2001) found no significant association between alcohol intake and risk of
pancreatic cancer.
Schmidt (1991) showed that the drinking of distilled spirits, (but not wine or beer) is a risk
factor for pancreatitis. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 236)
COMMON COLD

Research has found moderate drinkers to be more resistant than abstainers to five strains of the
common cold virus. Those who consumed two to three drinks daily had an 85% greater
resistance. Those drinking one to two drinks daily had a 65% lower risk and those who drank less
than daily had a 30% lower risk than abstainers (Cohen et al., 1993). (Hanson, 2011a)
INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION (IC)

In a study of 18,339 observations, researchers found that drinking alcohol in moderation
significantly reduces the risk of intermittent claudication. IC is associated with a two- to fourfold increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease (Djousse et al., 2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
METABOLIC SYNDROME

To examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome, a metaanalysis was conducted of seven studies with 22,000 participants. Metabolic syndrome is a
dangerous cluster of risk factors that increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and
type 2 diabetes. The analysis found that drinking alcohol in moderation significantly reduced the
prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The positive effects existed among men who consumed up
to a little over three drink per day and among women who consumed up to one and one-half
drinks each day (Alkerwi et al., 2009). (Hanson, 2011a)
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE

Harvard researchers found moderate drinkers to be almost 1/3 less likely to suffer Peripheral
Artery Disease (a significant cause of death among the elderly) than those consuming less than
one drink per week (Camargo et al., 1997). (Hanson, 2011a)
ESSENTIAL TREMOR

Boecker et al. (1996) found that for those who have essential tremor, alcohol consumption
suppressed the amplitude of tremors (but not the frequency).
HEPATITIS A

Desenclos et al. (1994) examined the effect of consuming alcohol and food contaminated with
Hepatitis A (specifically from contaminated oysters). High concentrations of alcohol may inhibit
the absorption of hepatitis A by membranes. Their research also suggests that alcohol,
especially high-alcohol concentration beverages, increases gastric acid and may inactivate
Salmonella and Shigella.
KIDNEY STONES




Approximately 12 percent of the US population will form a stone at some time; furthermore, 3050 percent of men develop another stone within 5 years of their first kidney stone (Curhan et
al., 1996).
Beer is superior to water alone in “flushing out” the kidneys, thereby protecting the kidney
against stones (Curhan et al., 1996, 1998; Krieger et al., 1996; Shuster et al., 1985). Hirvonen et
al. (1999) report that every bottle of beer consumed per day reduces risk of kidney stones by
40%. (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 239)
“Beer specifically has been associated with additional health outcomes, including lowering the
risk of kidney stones in men compared to other alcoholic beverages, possibly due to its high
water content and diuretic effect,” …“Compounds in hops may also slow the release of calcium
from bone that is implicated in kidney stones. Additionally, beer drinkers seem to have a more
protective effect towards greater bone mineral density due to the high content of silicone in
beer.” (American Dietetic Association, 2011)
In a study by Curhan et al. (1996), male patients with kidney stones, 40-75 years of age, were
observed over a 6 year span. Risk of developing kidney stones was significantly more predictable
considering consumption of specific beverages. “The risk of stone formation decreased by… 21%



for beer and 39% for wine,” for each 240-ml (8-oz) serving consumed daily (Curhan et al., 1996).
Beverage type, not just additional fluid intake alone, has a preventative effect on kidney stone
formation.
In another study, Curhan et al. (1998) examined the association between consumption of
specific beverages and risk for kidney stones in women, 40-65 years of age. Beer and alcohol
were associated with reduced risk of developing kidney stones; wine had an even greater
benefit (decreasing risk by 59%) for each 240-ml (8-oz) serving consumed daily (Curhan et al.,
1998).
Soucie et al. (1996) suggest that the regional differences in occurrence of kidney stones may be
related to consumption of alcohol. For example, residents of Utah have a higher prevalence of
kidney stones than residents of neighboring states. State-specific differences, also seen in
southeastern states, may be linked to reduced consumption of alcohol in these areas (Soucie et
al., 1996).
Hirvonen et al. (1999) studied a group of Finnish male smokers (aged 50-69 years) and the
associations between their diet and risk of kidney stones. “Beer consumption was inversely
associated with risk of kidney stones; each bottle of beer consumed per day was estimated to
reduce risk by 40%” (Hirvonen et al., 1999).
MACULAR DEGENERATION

Moderate consumption of wine and beer reduces the incidence of macular degeneration
(Obisean et al., 1998).
PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Hellenbrand et al. (1996) suggest that intake of beer and spirits is not associated with the
development of Parkinson’s disease.
POOR PHYSICAL CONDITION IN THE ELDERLY



Nelson et al. (1994) found that white women, 65 years or older who currently consume a
moderate amount of alcohol, have better physical function (muscle strength, agility,
coordination, gait and balance) compared with nondrinkers.
Moderate drinking and exercise appear to slow down the health deterioration that occurs with
aging, according to a study of about 2,500 people aged 65 and older who were followed
regularly for about eight years. Those who drank and exercised regularly had fewer difficulties
with their daily activities and physical functioning (Wang, 2002). (Hanson, 2011a)
Moderate consumption of beer stimulates appetite and promotes bowel function in the elderly
(Dufour et al., 1992). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 239)
STRESS AND DEPRESSION



Lipton (1994) found that light-moderate and moderate drinkers had less depression in the
presence of stress than those who were light or heavy drinkers. Lipton (1994) suggests that
moderate alcohol use may suppress the effects of stress.
Moderate drinkers are said to be more outgoing and enthusiastic about life, less stressed,
perform some tasks better after a drink, enjoy fewer incidences of depression, and fare better
when elderly, including better cognitive function (Baum-Baicker, 1985).
In a study assessing whether alcohol consumption reduces anxiety and panic, Kushner et al.
(1996) found that subjects who consumed a moderate dose of alcohol reported a significantly
reduced state of anxiety and panic. However, this effect often causes those with panic disorder
to abuse alcohol in an effort to increase the benefit.
STOMACH ULCERS, DUODENAL ULCERS, AND TYPE B GASTRITIS


The bacterium that induces stomach and duodenal ulcers and can lead to type B gastritis,
Helicobacter pylori, is inhibited by alcohol so there are reports of reduced chance of ulcers and
gastritis through moderate drinking. (Bamforth, 2011)
Alcohol consumption has a protective effect against active infection with Helicobacter pylori.
(Brenner et al., 1997, 1999, 2001; Ogihara et al., 2000). The hop β -acid lupulone inhibits growth
of H. pylori (Ohsugi et al., 1997). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 236)
INTESTINAL HEALTH

Water-soluble melanoidins from roasted malt promote the activity of detoxifying enzymes
(NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and glutathione S transferase) in intestinal cells (Faist et al.,
2002). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 236)
MENOPAUSE

Hops (as opposed to beer per se) are more effective than other widely used plant preparations
in alleviating post-menopausal symptoms (Dixon-Shanies and Shaikh, 1999). Hop extracts
suppress menopausal hot flushes (Goetz, 1990). (Bamforth, 2004b, p. 237)
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American Dietetic Association. (2011). The Buzz on Beer: A Toast to Good Health during American Heart
Month. ADA Times, February 10.
Bamforth, C. W. (2004a). Beer: Health and Nutrition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
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Unpublished at the time.
Bamforth, C. W. (2011). The Goodness of Beer. Retrieved 2011, from Craft Beer:
http://www.craftbeer.com/pages/stories/craft-beer-muses/show?title=the-goodness-of-beer
Baum-Baicker, C. (1985). The psychological benefits of moderate alcohol consumption: A review of the
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Plasticity of NMDA Receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area. The Journal of Neuroscience, 52055212.
Boecker, H., et al. (1996). The effect of ethanol on alcoholic-responsive essential tremor: a positron
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Brooks, J. (2006a, February 9). New Study Confirms Beer Drinkers Age Slower. Retrieved 2011, from
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Curhan, G. C., et al. (1996). Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. American
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Curhan, G., et al. (1998). Beverage use and risk for kidney stones in women. Annals of Internal Medicine,
128(7), 534-540.
Desenclos, J-C., et al. (1994). The protective effect of alcohol on the occurrence of epidemic oyster
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Kushner, M., et al. (1996). The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state
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