Heeren, Fred Show Me God, Vol 1. Day star Pub. Olanthe, Ka. 2004
Meteorites allegedly from Mars were fond in 1961 and later. In 1994 they were studied
by David McKay who argued they had fossils or signs of life. (p5-30). Currently there is
disagreement on whether they are fossils or just mineral and crystal deposits.
There is now a known psychological disorder associated with alien abduction, associated
with ones disillusionment with the present world and seeking deliverance. (P72,77)
Copy p 76 on 12 arguments against there being life on other planets.
The fist cause must be eternal (transcending time) p.91 Ex. 3:14 I am, John 8:58, Ps. 90:2
everlasting God. A finely tuned universe requires a creator with purpose and thus
personhood p.95, Spinoza says first cause, God must be independent, unlimited and all
powerful p.90. Scientists note that ¾ of the universe is hydrogen and ¼ is helium.
However stars burning from the start of the universe would be able to convert only 3% of
the hydrogen to helium; however the initial high density and temperature sate of the big
bang could have created more helium.(p 104) The most distant galaxies appear irregular
and immature and have some quasars. The nearer galaxies have spiral and elliptical
shapes and appear middle aged. (p 104-5) Supporting the big bang or precise expansion is
the smooth microware background radiation in all directions and the Hubble
expansion.(107,111)
According to Einstein’s equations, once matter crunches into a singularity as in a black
hole, mater can never leave and neither can light. (113). This cause a problem for the
universe banging from a singularity. S Hawking says gamma rays come out. An alternate
explanation for observed gamma ray bursts is the merging of 2 neutron stars that
produces bursts(114). Failed supernovae may become black holes. J. Ostriker, a
Princeton cosmologist sated “If you extrapolate backing time, the universe will became
so dense that you will need quantum mechanics. And we know we don’t have a quantum
theory of gravity. At what time does this become a serious problem? At the Plank time.
So we cannot extrapolate back our current theories before Plank time.” Plank time is 10-43
sec. after the big bang.(p 117) This science and space time does not go before the big
bang, only philosophy can. John Mather, NASA’s principal scientist for cosmic
background radiation, stated “We have equations that describe the transformation of one
thing into another, but we have no equation whatever for creating space and time.”(p.119)
Ps. 19:1-4 Three lines of evidence support creation: Thermodynamics, Einstein’s general
theory of relativity, and the observation of astronomy. P.127 the 1st law of thermo.
E=MC2 the conservation of mass and energy. Gen. 2:1 “Thus the heavens and the earth
were completed in all their vast array.” The 2nd law says the contents of the universe are
becoming less ordered and more random. The useful energy will be used up. The entropy
(the amount of disorder) increases with time. The earth magnetic field is decreasing and
its rotation is slowing. Ps. 102:25-26 “In the beginning you laid the foundations of the
earth, and the heavens are the work of your hands. 26 They will perish, but you remain;
they will all wear out like a garment. Like clothing you will change them and they will
be discarded. “Isaiah 34:4 All the heavenly bodies will dissolve. The skies will roll up
like a scroll, and their stars will all wither as leaves wither on the vine, and foliage on the
fig tree.” Isa. 51:6
“There are 2 main points to be made about the theory of general relativity: 1. All the
testable predictions that it makes have been proven correct, and 2. The equations of
general relativity imply that the universe cannot be static, but must be expanding or
contracting.” P.131 Einstein stated that gravity is a consequence of the effect of mass on
space time and that mass curves the space time field. P 133 his equations for this have
been proven true by observations. Large masses can slow down time and curve the path
of light to follow the curved space time field. Einstein originally added a cosmological
constant to his equations, so the universe could be static and the problem of a beginning
avoided. In 1922 A. Friedmann found an algebraic error in the proofs for a static
universe. Independently W. de Sitter found Einstein’s equations required that the
universe be expanding. Later Einstein called his cosmological constant a great blunder
and agreed that the universe was expanding and implied a beginning and God.p.135
Modern science’s most favored theory of beginnings, the big bang theory, describes a
theory that defies atheism and pantheism, but harmonizes in some ways with the Bible.
p140 George Smoot, leader of the COBE team, stated “There is no doubt that a parallel
exists between the big bang as an event and the Christian notion of creation form
nothing.” Astronomer Vesto Sipher first discovered in 1914 the red shifts and noted that
the faint nebulae had red shifts while the closer stars did not.p141 Dr. Edwin Hubble
studied the red shifts form 1920-1935 at Mt. Wilson observatory. He found that the
universe was expanding and there was a linear relationship between distance and velocity
with a galaxy twice as far away expanding away at twice the velocity.p.142-6 W. De
Sitter found a solution to Einstein’s general relativity equations that implied this velocity
distance relationship. Now the consensus is that the universe exploded and is slightly
decelerating. P147 It is theorized that the Hubble constant, Ho, if known exactly, would
determine the size and age of the universe. The latest estimates are universe is 13.7
billion yrs old and spans 27.4(visible universe) light yrs across. Age estimate range from
8-20 billion yrs as there is some variability in calibrating standards used. P 150 The
precise relationship of distance to velocity in all directions points to common staring
point. The known laws of physics break down at a density of 1096 times that of water and
at the Planck time of 10-43 sec. old.p152 Such a density would be considered a
singularity. G.Lemaitre is credited with being the father of the big bang theory in 1933.
p152 R. Alpher and R. Herman calculated in 1948 that the big bang would leave
microware radiation at temperature of about 50 Kelvin.183 In 1965 two Bell scientists,
A. Penzias and R. Wilson, discovered by accident a microwave background in all
directions of about 30 Kelvin.153 R. Dicke and other scientists had predicted that the big
bang would leave a uniform microwave radiation.154 According to standard cosmology
the temperature in the early bang would be too high for atoms and not until after 300,000
yrs would it decrease to 30000 the atoms could form. If the bang theory was true, the
radiation would come from a blackbody as a perfect heat source. Any source like a star or
supernova with light would not be like a blackbody. The radiation from a blackbody
emits in a specific radiation intensity and wavelength pattern 158 In 1990 NASA’s
COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite made precise measurements and
confirmed an exact blackbody radiation curve in all directions. This supports the idea
that the starting mass-energy was in equilibrium at a single temperature. In 1993 it was
determined that the radiation varied by only .03% and thus accounts for 99.97% of the
universe’s energy. p160 Other stars and universe bodies are not a source of this type of
radiation. This forms a very strong argument for the big bang. The big Bang theory also
predicts that the elements should be 75% hydrogen and about 25% helium and this is
confirmed by spectroscopic measurements. P161 Helium does not form now from stars
in these quantities, but the very hot temperatures of the bang account for the 25% Helium
and small amounts of heavier elements.
Quasars are also termed radio stars and are the most distant and powerful objects. They
may have been created earliest and have a red shift of .16 and contain hydrogen.p162
Recent theories of cosmic background radiation say it should have very small ripples
1/90000. p165 This inhomogeneity is to account for the galaxies and not just uniform
matter. This was found by careful examination of the COBE data and data form a U-2
plane with DMR. These ripples are also called the cosmic seeds or fingerprints of God
which are very finely orchestrated. p 168. The U-2 data also indicated the milky was
galaxy is being pulled throught space at about a million mph towards a great attractor in
the Hydra-Centaurus super cluster. P169 The inflationary model of the big bang was put
for by Alan Guth of MIT in 1979 and appears consistent with all observations. In this
model there are many transformations in seconds and minutes and matter is formed over
years and galaxies over thousand and billions of yrs.p170 Copy pg 171,175 models show
that the COBE(light decoupled from matter) was created 300,000 yrs after the bang and
the stars and galaxies after that. Other inflationary models are being worked on and it is a
developing scinece.p172 Chuck Steidel of Caltech thinks he can see evidence of early
galaxy formation by using different light filters and that the universe it changing. P384-6
Heeren argues that cosmology supports creation of the cosmos over ages.181-93 Some
say that God created the universe with the appearance of age, but this would be
deceptive. Some say that the speed of light changed during creation, but there is no
evidence for this. The stars in the milky galaxy are 100,000 light yrs apart, and the
observable universe must be at least 62 million light yrs across. He does not accept the
ides that God created starlight in transit to give them the appearance of age.p186 C.I.
Scofield proposed the gap theory and that the first creative act refers to a dateless past.
A.H Strong also supports this view in his Systematic Theology and is Encyclopedia of
Bible Difficulties. P187 Gen 2:4 uses the words “these are the generations of the heaven
and earth when they were created.: A few other verses imply ages: Prov. 8:22-31; Ps.
104; Mica 6:3 and Habak. 3:6 He suggests the day age theory or the framework
hypothesis. P189 He notes the symmetry of Days 1 and 4 light and stars, days 2 and 5
sea and sea cratures, and days 3 and 6, land and land creatures. Ps. 19:1-4 says God
speaks to us thru his creation, and Rom. 1:19-20 as in natural revelation. The universe is
expanding: Gen 1 expanse; Ps 19 stretched out; Job 26:7; Isa. 40:22, 42:5, 45:12;
Jerem.10:12; Zech. 12:1 It takes ages for the C,N,O and the heavy elements to develop
from stars.p248 It is a great miracle to move precisely thru the stages of inflation under
God’s control. R. Gange agrees that the bang and inflation process argues for a fine tuned
and guided creation. He is also aware of the space time warp.p388.
p. 199 “The more we discover about how the universe works, the more we understand that
our universe’s laws are set within very narrow, very critical parameters. Without a
combination of the wildest possible coincidences, a universe capable of sustaining
intelligent life would be impossible. Even unbelieving physicists have come to agree with
the Bible’s assertion that our universe has been very precisely prepared for us; they
routinely tell us that the universe’s conditions were very carefully chosen, adjusted or fine
tuned.” Einstein wrote “That the harmony of natural law reveals an intelligence of such
superiority that, compared with it, all the systematic thinking and acting of human beings is
as utterly insignificant reflection.”p201
Evidence of fine tuning: 1. The elements for life like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and
nitrogen are incredibly fine tuned in their resonance and energy states and nuclear
composition to allow life. Also the structure of the water molecule is very fined tuned as is
the percent oxygen in the atmosphere. P205; 2. The ratio of the mass of the proton to the
electron is also very fined tuned to allow molecules and life; 3.The relative strengths of the
four fundamental forces is very fine tuned: gravity, electromagnetism, strong and weak
nuclear force. For example if the strength of the gravitational force varied by one apart
in1040, all stars would be red dwarfs of red giants; also its ratio to the electromagnetic force
is very precise. 4. Several scientists had calculated the odds of random functional protein
formation to be 1040,000 but there are only 1080 subatomic particles in the universe. It was
then concluded that it is extremely unlikely that protein formation could occur by chance.;
5 The pattern of matter and energy and matter distribution in the universe is very fine
tuned. The odds of this occurring by change are one in1030.; 6. The expansion force of our
universe has been precisely balances by the gravitational force with time. If this would
have varied form what occurred by one part in a million the universe would not exist.p.211;
In 1985 at an international Astronomical society meting 59 scientists voted on how close
the universe matched the critical mass that determines if the universe will continue to
expand or collapse. All but 2 said the universe will continue to expand and gave a value
near the 1080 subatomic particles. The ratio of universe actual density to the critical density
is termed Omega Ω. P 214 Observation shows that visible stars give a value of .01 p.216
At Plank time the Ω must have been one. Rotating galaxies provide a clue that there is an
additional up to 5% dark mater in them. This may consist of MACHO’s(massive compact
halo objects), burned out stars, all(baryons): including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
This leaves about 95% unknown matter. This is theorized to be cold dark matter(may
clump into galaxies and attract hydrogen) and hot dark mater(may travel away at the speed
of light).p128 7. When energy converts into mater it forms equal amounts of matter and
antimatter. The opposite of electrons is positrons and there are also antiprotons It was
theorized by S. Weinberg that at the big bang that energy was converted into mater and
antimatter, but there was a very slight excess of matter.(one part in 1010) this also formed a
great amount of photons of light that went onto form the cosmic background radiation.
P221 G. Smoot noted 20-25 parameters that all look fine tuned. When you multiply the
probabilities together, you find that it’s extremely unlikely that random chance could do
this. P223
Omega Lambda form Wikipedia
“In lieu of the cosmological constant itself, cosmologists often refer to the ratio between
the energy density due to the cosmological constant and the critical density of the
universe. This ratio is usually denoted ΩΛ. In a flat universe ΩΛ corresponds to the
fraction of the energy density of the Universe due to the cosmological constant. Note that
this definition is tied to the critical density of the present cosmological era: the critical
density changes with cosmological time, but the energy density due to the cosmological
constant remains unchanged throughout the history of the universe.” A positive vacuum
energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative pressure, and
vice versa. If the energy density is positive, the associated negative pressure will drive an
accelerated expansion of empty space. (See dark energy and cosmic inflation for details.)
Observations announced in 1998 of distance–redshift relation for Type Ia supernovae[3][4]
indicated that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. When combined with
measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation these implied a value of
,[5] a result which has been supported and refined by more recent
measurements. There are other possible causes of an accelerating universe, such as
quintessence, but the cosmological constant is in most respects the most parsimonious
solution. Thus, the current standard model of cosmology, the Lambda-CDM model,
includes the cosmological constant, which is measured to be on the order of 10−35 s−2, or
10−47 GeV4, or 10−29 g/cm3,[6] or about 10−120 in reduced Planck units.
In physical cosmology, astronomy and celestial mechanics, dark energy is a hypothetical
form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of
the universe.[1] Dark energy is the most popular way to explain recent observations and
experiments that the universe appears to be expanding at an accelerating rate. In the
standard model of cosmology, dark energy currently accounts for 74% of the total massenergy of the universe.[2]
In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from
gravitational effects on visible matter and background radiation, but is undetectable by
emitted or scattered electromagnetic radiation.[1] Its existence was hypothesized to
account for discrepancies between measurements of the mass of galaxies, clusters of
galaxies and the entire universe made through dynamical and general relativistic means,
and measurements based on the mass of the visible "luminous" matter these objects
contain: stars and the gas and dust of the interstellar and intergalactic media. According
to observations of structures larger than galaxies, as well as Big Bang cosmology
interpreted under the "Friedmann equations" and the "FLRW metric", dark matter
accounts for 23% of the mass-energy density of the observable universe, while the
ordinary matter accounts for only 4.6% (the remainder is attributed to dark energy).[2]
From these figures, dark matter constitutes 80% of the matter in the universe, while
ordinary matter makes up only 20%.
A small proportion of dark matter may be baryonic dark matter, astronomical bodies
(such as massive compact halo objects) that are composed of ordinary matter, but which
emit little or no electromagnetic radiation. However, the vast majority of the dark matter
in the universe is believed to be nonbaryonic, and thus not formed out of atoms. It is also
believed not to interact with ordinary matter via electromagnetic forces. The nonbaryonic
dark matter includes neutrinos, and possibly hypothetical entities such as axions, or
supersymmetric particles. Unlike baryonic dark matter, nonbaryonic dark matter does not
contribute to the formation of the elements in the early universe ("big bang
nucleosynthesis") and so its presence is revealed only via its gravitational attraction. In
addition, if the particles of which it is composed are supersymmetric, they can undergo
annihilation interactions with themselves resulting in observable by-products such as
photons and neutrinos ("indirect detection").[4]
Nonbaryonic dark matter is classified in terms of the mass of the particle(s) that is
assumed to make it up, and/or the typical velocity dispersion of those particles (since
more massive particles move more slowly). There are three prominent hypotheses on
nonbaryonic dark matter, called Hot Dark Matter (HDM), Warm Dark Matter (WDM),
and Cold Dark Matter (CDM);
Isa. 40:25; 49:13-16 The Anthropic Principle- claims that we ourselves have somehow
caused the universe to take the necessary form for our existence.p234 Multiple universes
are proposed because our universe doesn’t offer enough time for thing to develop.p235
P330-60 Describe 50 godly scientists that made very great discoveries, greatly shaping
and affecting our present scinece. Francis Bacon, the father of the scientific method.260
Recent discoveries: p.367 In 1967 A. Sakharov proposed the big bang theory with gust
the right amount of mater over antimatter, resulting in the annihilation of antimatter, and
forming the universe we see today. In 1970’s R Drake and J. Peebles say that Omega
must be near one. In 2003 the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe views the
universe’s early background radiation. They then say the age of the universe is 13.7
billion yrs. Data appear to support inflation and the universe composition of: 4% ordinary
matter, 23% cold dark mater, and 73%dark energy ( this provides the energy for the
expansion of the universe during the past 7 billion yrs.p368 J. Ostriker states the best
way to measure the mass in the universe is by using gravity and Newton’s laws. The
orbits of planets and galaxies tell us a lot. R Gange talks about possible time dilation
p.389
time dilation
A phenomenon
predicted by the special
theory of relativity in which
the passage of time in the
frame of reference of a
moving object slows down as
the object approaches the
speed of light. Effectively,
this makes it possible to
spend energy to buy time.
Time dilation has been
experimentally confirmed
using cesium clocks that can
measure extremely small
periods of time
A potentially important
consequence follows for future interstellar flight. Simply by traveling fast enough, an
astronaut can reach any destination within a specified amount of (shipboard) time. The
table below gives the travel times, as measured by onboard clocks, to Arcturus, located
36 light-years (11 parsecs) from the Sun, for a spacecraft traveling at various speeds (given
as fractions of the speed of light, c).
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.daviddarling.info/images/time_dilation.gif&img
refurl=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/timedilation.html&usg=___2Gzharw3RUEXcbKFi0QOGWXFs=&h=284&w=403&sz=5&hl=en&start=1&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbn
id=pPKXjbZWSdPN
Shipboard travel times to Arcturus at various speeds
Speed
0.1c
0.5c
0.9c
0.99c
0.999c
Travel time
358.2 years
62.4 years
17.4 years
5.13 years
1.61 years
Relative Velocity Time Dilation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation
When two observers are in relative uniform motion, and far away from any gravitational
mass, the point of view of each will be that the other's (moving) clock is ticking at a
slower rate than the local clock. The faster the relative velocity, the greater the magnitude
of time dilation. This case is sometimes called special relativistic time dilation. It is often
interpreted as time "slowing down" for the other (moving) clock. But that is only true
from the physical point of view of the local observer, and of others at relative rest (i.e. in
the local observer's frame of reference). The point of view of the other observer will be
that again the local clock (this time the other clock) is correct, and it is the distant moving
one that is slow. From a local perspective, time registered by clocks that are at rest with
respect to the local frame of reference (and far from any gravitational mass) always
appears to pass at the same rate.[1]
Clocks which are far from massive bodies (or at higher gravitational potentials) run
faster, and clocks close to massive bodies (or at lower gravitational potentials) run
slower. This is because gravitational time dilation is manifested in accelerated frames of
reference or, by virtue of the equivalence principle, in the gravitational field of massive
objects.
It can also be manifested by any other kind of accelerated reference frame such as an
accelerating dragster or space shuttle. Spinning objects such as merry-go-rounds and
ferris wheels are subjected to gravitational time dilation as an effect of their angular
momentum.
Gravitational Time dilation: This is supported by the general theory of relativity due to
the equivalence principle that states that all accelerated reference frames are physically
equivalent to a gravitational field of the same strength. For example, a person standing on
the surface of the earth experiences the exact same effect as a person standing in a space
ship accelerating at 9.8 N/kg (the gravitational field strength of Earth). According to
general relativity, inertial mass and gravitational mass are the same. Not all gravitational
fields are "curved" or "spherical"; some are flat as in the case of an accelerating dragster
or spacecraft. Any kind of g-load contributes to gravitational time dilation.

In an accelerated box, the equation with respect to an arbitrary base observer is
o
o
o
, where
Td is the total time dilation at a distant position,
g is the acceleration of the box as measured by the base observer, and
h is the "vertical" distance between the observers.
When gh is much smaller than c2, the linear "weak field" approximation Td
+ gh / c2 may also be used.
=1
Outside a non-rotating sphere
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation
A common equation used to determine gravitational time dilation is derived from the
Schwarzschild metric, which describes spacetime in the vicinity of a non-rotating
massive spherically-symmetric object. The equation is:
, where







t0 is the proper time between events A and B for a slow-ticking observer within
the gravitational field,
tf is the coordinate time between events A and B for a fast-ticking observer at an
arbitrarily large distance from the massive object (this assumes the fast-ticking
observer is using Schwarzschild coordinates, a coordinate system where a clock at
infinite distance from the massive sphere would tick at one second per second of
coordinate time, while closer clocks would tick at less than that rate),
G is the gravitational constant,
M is the mass of the object creating the gravitational field,
r is the radial coordinate of the observer (which is analogous to the classical
distance from the center of the object, but is actually a Schwarzschild coordinate),
c is the speed of light, and
r0 = 2GM / c2 is the Schwarzschild radius of M. If a mass collapses so that its
surface lies at less than this radial coordinate (or in other words covers an area of
less than 4πG2M2 / c4), then the object exists within a black hole.
Einstein's Equivalence Principle states that accelerations are equivalent to gravitational
fields. This means that there is no experiment in a fairly small sized room that you can do
to determine which one of the following two circumstances are true:
We imagine we have two clocks, labelled 1
and 2, that are fixed and stationary relative to
the surface of the Earth. We are in a reference
frame that is in free fall towards the surface of
the earth, and we have our own clock,
stationary with respect to us. Note that since
we are in free fall, we are floating.
According to the Equivalence Principle, our
reference frame is inertial, and therefore our
clock can do good measurements of time.
Note that any other clock, stationary relative
to us, at some other location is not necessarily
doing good measurements of time, since the
Equivalence Principle is only true locally.
Thus we will compare the rates of the Earth
clocks to ours only when we pass right by
them.
When we pass by Clock 1, it is moving with
respect to us. Therefore, Special Relativity
tells us that it is running slowly relative to our
clock. Similarly when we pass by Clock 2,
since it is moving with respect to us it will be
running slowly compared to our clock.
The horizon problem is a problem with the standard cosmological model of the Big Bang which
was identified in the 1970s. It points out that different regions of the universe have not "contacted"
each other due to the great distances between them, but nevertheless they have the same
temperature and other physical properties. This should not be possible, given that the exchange of
information (or energy, heat, etc.) can only take place at the speed of light. The horizon problem
may have been answered by inflationary theory, and is one of the reasons for that theory's
formation. Another proposed, though less accepted theory is that the speed of light has changed
over time, called Variable speed of light.[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_problem
When we look at the CMB it comes from 46 billion comoving light years away. However
when the light was emitted the universe was much younger (300,000 years old). In that
time light would have only reached as far as the smaller circles. The two points indicated
on the diagram would not have been able to contact each other because their spheres of
causality do not overlap.
Inflationary theory allows for a solution to the problem (along with several others such as
the flatness problem) by positing a short 10 − 32 second period of exponential expansion
(dubbed "inflation") within the first minute or so of the history of the universe. During
inflation, the universe would have increased in size by an enormous factor.
If the Universe is only 14 billion years old, how can we see objects that are now 47
billion light years away? http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmology_faq.html#DN
When talking about the distance of a moving object, we mean the spatial separation
NOW, with the positions of both objects specified at the current time. In an expanding
Universe this distance NOW is larger than the speed of light times the light travel time
due to the increase of separations between objects as the Universe expands. This is not
due to any change in the units of space and time, but just caused by things being farther
apart now than they used to be.
What is the distance NOW to the most distant thing we can see? Let's take the age of the
Universe to be 14 billion years. In that time light travels 14 billion light years, and some
people stop here. But the distance has grown since the light traveled. The average time
when the light was traveling was 7 billion years ago. For the critical density case, the
scale factor for the Universe goes like the 2/3 power of the time since the Big Bang, so
the Universe has grown by a factor of 22/3 = 1.59 since the midpoint of the light's trip. But
the size of the Universe changes continuously, so we should divide the light's trip into
short intervals. First take two intervals: 7 billion years at an average time 10.5 billion
years after the Big Bang, which gives 7 billion light years that have grown by a factor of
1/(0.75)2/3 = 1.21, plus another 7 billion light years at an average time 3.5 billion years
after the Big Bang, which has grown by a factor of 42/3 = 2.52. Thus with 1 interval we
got 1.59*14 = 22.3 billion light years, while with two intervals we get 7*(1.21+2.52) =
26.1 billion light years. With 8192 intervals we get 41 billion light years. In the limit of
very many time intervals we get 42 billion light years. With calculus this whole
paragraph reduces to this.
Another way of seeing this is to consider a photon and a galaxy 42 billion light years
away from us now, 14 billion years after the Big Bang. The distance of this photon
satisfies D = 3ct. If we wait for 0.1 billion years, the Universe will grow by a factor of
(14.1/14)2/3 = 1.0048, so the galaxy will be 1.0048*42 = 42.2 billion light years away.
But the light will have traveled 0.1 billion light years further than the galaxy because it
moves at the speed of light relative to the matter in its vicinity and will thus be at D =
42.3 billion light years, so D = 3ct is still satisfied.
If the Universe does not have the critical density then the distance is different, and for the
low densities that are more likely the distance NOW to the most distant object we can see
is bigger than 3 times the speed of light times the age of the Universe. The current best fit
model which has an accelerating expansion gives a maximum distance we can see of 47
billion light years.
H. Ross; A Beginner's-and Expert's-guide to the Big Bang: Sifting Facts From Fictions
http://www.reasons.org/astronomy/astronomy-and-bible
Wisdom reposes in the heart of the discerning and even among fools
she lets herself be known. Proverbs 14:33
“Proverbs 1:7 indicates that knowledge begins with respectful submission to the biblical
God and that rejection of wisdom and biblical instructions inevitably to irrationality – to
foolishness” (40).
20For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—his eternal power and
divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made,
so that men are without excuse.
21For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to
him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened.
22Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools 23and exchanged the glory of
the immortal God for images made to look like mortal man and birds and animals
and reptiles. Rom. 1:20-23 New Internat.
20
From the creation of the world (A) His invisible attributes, that is, His eternal power and
divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what He has made. (B) As
a result, people [a] are without excuse. 21 For though they knew God, they did not glorify
Him as God or show gratitude. Instead, their thinking became nonsense, and their
senseless minds [b] were darkened. (C) 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools (D) 23 and
exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man, birds, fourfooted animals, and reptiles. (E) Holman Bible