Honors Biology
Spring 2012
Final Exam
Honors Biology Review- Final Exam- this is basically a compilation of main ideas from the semester.
Please know that anything we covered 2 nd semester could be in the final exam, even if I inadvertently
left it off this sheet.
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Don’t forget about the main concepts from the first semester
(for vocabulary and application purposes only):
Scientific Method and Characteristics of
 Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolic
Life
Pathways
The Atomic Basis of Life
 Photosynthesis and Respiration
Biochemicals- the four biomolecular
 Cell Division- Mitosis and Meiosis
families
Cell Structure and Function
You will be primarily responsible for the following information:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS:
 Amino acids
 Transcription
 Splicing
 Genetic code
 Translation
 Insertion
 mRNA
 Protein
 Deletion
 tRNA
 Amino acid
 Substitution
 rRNA
 p-site
 Frame shift mutation
 RNA polymerase
 a-site
 Poly-a Tail
 Codon
 exons
 mG Cap
 Anticodon
 introns
 Epigenome
 Point mutation
 nonsense mutation
 missense mutation
 ribosome
 silent mutation
 neutral mutation
The Genetic Code
Genetic Material- differences between
DNA and RNA
Importance of Proteins
GENETICS:
 Heredity
 genetics
 Homozygous
 heterozygous
 phenotype
 genotype
 dominant
 recessive
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Probability
Mendel: the father of modern genetics
Monohybrid crosses
Predicting patterns of inheritance
punnet squares
Heredity patterns in humans
Test crosses
Dihybrid Crosses
Transcription
Making RNA from DNA
RNA processing - cap, tail, splicing
Translation
Mutations
allele
Punnet square
test cross
monohybrid cross
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
dihybrid cross
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incomplete dominance
codominance
pleiotropy
trisomy
polygenic inheritance
autosomal
sex-linked
sex-limited
sex-influenced
Mendel Amendments
Incomplete dominance vs.Codominance
Multiple alleles
Pleitropy
Polygenic inheritance
Environmental influences
Sex and traits- linked, limited,
influenced
Honors Biology
Spring 2012
APPLIED GENETICS:
 Blastocyst
 Cloning
 Differentiated
 DNA ligase
 Ex vivo gene delivery
 Gene enhancement
 Gene treatment
 In vivo gene delivery
 Plasmid
 Recombinant DNA
 Restriction enzyme
 Splicing
 Stem cells
 Transgenic organisms
 Undifferentiated
Final Exam
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Artificial embryo twinning
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
carrier
DNA polymerase
In vitro fertilization
Karyotype
Multipotent
Nucleotides
Pedigrees
Pluripotent
Primers
Reproductive cloning
Sticky ends
Totipotent
Stem cell terminology and technology
Cloning- therapeutic vs reproductive and
SCNT vs. Artificial Embryo Twinning
Gene Therapy- Enhancements vs.
treatments, delivery vectors
Pedigrees
Recombinant DNA molecules
Assembling recombinant DNA
molecules
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Adult stem cells
DNA fingerprinting
DNA probe
Embryonic stem cells
Gene amplification
Gene therapy
GMO/GE
Nondisjunction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP)
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Splicing
Therapeutic cloning
Vector
Amplification of recombinant DNA by
DNA cloning
Expression of eukaryotic gene in a host
cell
Using Recombinant DNA
GMOs
Pros & Cons
PCRSteps
Purpose
Honors Biology
Spring 2012
EVOLUTION & POPULATIONS:
 Species
 Population
 Gene pool
 Allele frequency
 Hardy-Weinberg
 Genetic equilibrium
 Gene flow
 Genetic drift
 Bottleneck
 Founder effect
 Chemical evolution
 Cladograms
Final Exam
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Homologous structures
Disruption selection
Sexual selection
Speciation
Natural selection
stabilizing selection
Directional selection
Coevolution
Extinction
Gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium
Analogous feature
The origin and history of life:
The formation of the earth
Evolution of autotrophs and life
beyond- endosymbiotic hypothesis
The history of evolutionary thought
The mechanism of Evolution
The basis of Evolutionary change
Genetic composition of populations
Factors that cause gene frequencies to
change over time
Hardy-Weinberg Measuring gene frequencies
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Prezygotic Isolating
mechanism
Postzygotic isolating
mechanism
Allopatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Hybridization
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
Parallel evolution
Vestigial structure
Speciation/the origin of species
What are species?
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
Patterns of Evolution- convergent, divergent,
parallel
The pace of evolution- gradualism vs.
punctuated equilibrium
Evidence for Evolution:
Determining evolutionary relationships
Homologous vs. analogous features
Evidence for Evolution
Fossil records
The anatomy of living organisms
Comparative embryology
Biochemistry and molecular biology
INFO FROM PRESENTATIONS See Homework page for information