Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam II Concept Review - 2008
1. Anterior versus Posterior pituitary - anatomy, control, hormones
2. releasing hormones, tropic hormones, direct acting hormones
3. control of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) secretion, including feedback 4.
control of cortisol secretion, including feedback
5. effects of thyroid hormone and cortisol
6. effects of ADH and oxytocin
7. location and anatomy of the organs of the digestive system
8. control of stomach secretions, gastric pits, chief cells, parietal cells, pepsinogen 9. control
of pancreas and gall bladder (CCK and Secretin) 10. sphincters, esophageal reflux
11. peptic ulcers
12. layers of the intestine
13. absorption of amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, lipids 14.
function of protease, lipase, amylase, nucleotidase
15. villi, microvilli, active transport, endocytosis, lacteal, chylomicra, LDL's and HDL's 16.
mesentery, hepatic portal vessel
17. four functions of the liver
18. cause of diarrhea
19. components of blood: plasma (salts, proteins: albumin, alpha, beta and gamma), erythrocytes, leukocytes
20. roles of erythrocytes, neutrophils, platelets, macrophages, lymphocytes 21.
diapedesis
22. four specific functions of the blood (circulation)
23. steps and processes of blood-clotting: platelets, collagen, fibrinogen 24.
erythropoiesis, erythropoietin, effect of oxygen, anemia, polycythemia 25. life of
erythrocyte, spleen, liver
26. pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, coronary circulation
27. chambers and valves of the heart, blood vessels of the heart, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle
branches, Purkinje fibers
28. waves of the electrocardiogram
29. changes in blood flow during atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole 30. cardiac
output (define and be able to calculate)
31. explain why an athlete has a lower resting heart rate but a higher cardiac output.
32. Control of heart rate: cardiac center, vagus nerve, accelerator nerve, baroreceptors,
proprioceptors, cerebral input, feedback.
33. features of arteries, veins and capillaries
34. Why is it important that the large arteries are elastic? 35.
What features of veins keep blood flowing forward? 36. What
forces are involved with capillary exchange?
37. Explain the role of blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure) and osmosis during capillary exchange. BE SURE TO
SEE MOST RECENT PRACTICE QUIZ
Name ____________________________________________
Anatomy and Physiology Exam 2 - Spring, 2008
1. If a person consumes 48 ounces of water, we would expect the secretion of
________________________________________________ (from the posterior pituitary) to
increase / decrease (circle one).
2. Fill in the Blanks
This hormone is released during moderately long periods of stress __________________________________
The removal of this gland would affect the immune system__________________________________
The hormone from this gland contains iodine ____________________________________
A hormone from this gland cause contraction of the uterus during birthing ______________________________
3. A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells that is carried to the anterior pituitary by portal capillaries is
a
a. releasing hormone. b. direct acting hormone. c. steroid hormone.
d. tropic hormone.
4. If the gall bladder is removed, some patients experience difficulty digesting certain foods. Which foods would be
more difficult to digest? EXPLAIN WHY!! (4 points)
5. If you artificially stimulated the vagus nerve of an experimental animal, you would expect the digestive
tract to respond by
a. increasing the secretion of enzymes from the pancreas.
b. increasing the secretion of bile.
c. increasing stomach motility and secretions. d.
increasing peristalsis.
6. When a bolus of food enters the esophagus it stretches the wall of the esophagus. The stretching causes a local
reflex that leads to contraction of the smooth muscle immediately superior to the bolus.
This process is called _______________________________________________
7. When cholescystokinin (CCK) is secreted, what two organs respond? What do they do? (4 pts. )
8. A student placed nucleic acids, starch, protein and tryglycerides into a test tube. Then she added a
digestive enzyme. After 30 minutes she tested the contents of the tube for amino acids, sugars, fatty
acids and nucleotides. After adding the enzymes she found sugars but no nucleotides, fatty acids, or amino
acids. The enzyme that she added was probably a
a. protease.
b. amylase. c. nucleotidase
d. lipase.
e. ATPase.
9. Both the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct empty into the
______________________________________
(be precise).
10. Why is it important to have villi and microvilli in the digestive tract? Why not just have a smooth inner lining?
11. The mesenteric arteries flow into the hepatic portal vein. Where does the blood flow next? Why is this
important? (4 points)
12. Blood is a mixture of about
a. about 45% erythrocytes, less than 1% leukocytes and 55% plasma. b.
about 55% erythrocytes, less than 1% leukocytes and 45% plasma. c. about
1% erythrocytes, 45% leukocytes and 55% plasma. d. about 1%
erythrocytes, 55% leukocytes and 45% plasma.
13. MATCHING
transports lipids and vitamins _____
essential for blood clotting ______
osmotic regulation of blood _____
immunity _____
14. The leukocyte that produces antibodies is a
lymphocyte
d. basophil.
a. albumin
b. fibrinogen
c. alpha and beta globulins
d. gamma globulin
a. erythrocyte. b. neutrophil. c.
15. The cellular fragments that are involved with blood clotting are the _________________________
16. The white blood cells that leave the blood by diapedesis are the __________________________________
17. Why is it necessary to have the coronary circulation?
18. The semilunar valves are located
b. between the atria and the ventricles.
d. at a military base in Germany.
a. at the base of the pulmonary veins and the vena cava.
c. at the base of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
19. The blood vessel carrying the richest supply of oxygen is the
a. aorta.
b. vena cava.
c. pulmonary artery.
d. pulmonary vein.
20. Why would "blood doping" or use of erythropoietin be an advantage for an athlete? 21. The
next three questions refer to the diagram given below.
I. Mark on the diagram the start and the ending of ventricular systole.
II. Circle and name the wave of the EKG that starts at the sinoatrial node.
Ill. Circle and name the wave that corresponds to electrical stimulation of the ventricles. 22. During
diastole of the heart, what maintains the blood pressure? (4 points)
23. If a person is very relaxed and seated, and then suddenly stands up, blood falls rapidly away from the heart and the
pressure in the aorta and carotid artery decreases. I. What change would you expect in the sensory nerves from the
baroreceptors?
II. Because of the information provided from the baroreceptors, we would expect the frequency of action
potentials in the vagus nerve to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. not be affected.
24. If the stroke volume of the heart is 80 m L per beat, and the heart rate is 60 beats per minute, what is the cardiac
output? (SHOW YOUR WORK AND GIVE THE UNITS - 4 points)
25. Explain the difference in the layers and the lining of the arteries and the veins. What are the functional
reasons for these differences? (4 points)
26. A person had her blood lipids analyzed and she found that she had a total blood cholesterol of 202 mg\100ml. She
was hoping to have a
a. low LDL and a high HDL value.
b. high LDL
c. low HDL
d. low HDL and high LDL
27. The force that causes fluids to return to the venule end of the capillaries is a. high
resistance
b. tissue pressure c. hydrostatic (blood pressure) d. current
flow
e. osmosis
28. If a person has exercised for two hours, has not had water to drink, and is hot, we would expect: a. their ADH
levels to be high and their urine concentration to be high b. their ADH levels to be low and their urine concentration
to be high c. their ADH levels to be high and their urine concentration to be low d. their ADH levels to be low and
their urine concentration to be low.
29. If a person has type I diabetes and is not very careful about following his/her treatment plan, what are two
possible long-term consequences? Be precise. (4 points)
30. A person is injected with a drug that blocks the binding of TSH to its receptors. An hour later, a blood sample is
withdrawn from the person. In this blood sample, we would expect to find
a increased
levels of T3 and T4
b. decreased secretion of TSH from the pituitary gland
c. increased secretion
of TRH from the hypothalamus
d. decreased secretion of both TRH and TSH.
31. The most water is reabsorbed from the digestive tract by the: a. vermiform appendix
b. large intestine
c. the duodenum
d. the jejunum
e. the ileum.
32. The primary function of erythrocytes is to:
a. function in phagocytosis;
b. function in immunity;
d. carry oxygen on hemoglobin molecules.
c. transport nutrients and waste;
33. Without fibrinogen, a person would not...(finish the sentence)
34. The most important action of plasma albumins is
A. acting as antibodies of immunity.
B. helping to control bleeding.
C. serving as energy sources.
D. to maintain blood osmotic pressure.
35. Recent research has shown that 90% of people with peptic ulcers may be "cured" with a.
antacid therapy. b. drugs which reduce anxiety. c. drugs which reduce acid secretion d.
antibiotics which kill bacteria.
36. During atrial systole the ______________________________ valves of the heart are open and
valves are closed.
37. The capillaries are not permeable to a. water.
carbon dioxide.
e. urea.
b. salts. c. protein d.
38. Someone with a low erythrocyte count is said to have
a. polycythemia.
b. anemia.
c. hypoglycemia.
d. uremia.
e. ischemia.
39. The blood vessels responsible for dilating and constricting; and thus regulating blood flow into tissues are
the
a. venules.
b. veins with valves.
c. capillaries.
d. arterioles.
40. What happens during circulatory shock and why is this a problem?