PTCB Preparation is a purchased curriculum and adheres to a specified instructional course outline provided by
PassAssured’s Pharmacy Technician Training Program, Pass Assured, LLC; however, this template is being
made available for your personal classroom notes/use.
21st Century Instructional Guide for Career Technical Education
PTCB Preparation
Health Science Education Cluster
Pre-Pharmacy Technician Concentration
Title:
PTCB Preparation (0771)
Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.1
Orientation
Students will demonstrate an understanding in basic pharmacy terms and definitions regarding
certification, licensure, and registration.
How is the dispensing of medications influenced by laws regarding certification, licensure, and
registration of pharmacy personnel?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
differentiate certification, licensure, and
certification
registration.
 process by which a non-governmental
association or agency grants recognition to an
individual who has met certain predetermined
criteria specified by that association or agency
licensure
 process by which a government agency
grants permission to an individual engaged in
a given occupation (i.e. pharmacist) upon
finding that the applicant has attained the
minimal degree of competency necessary to
ensure that the public health, safety, and
welfare will be reasonably well protected
 usually requires written state board
examination
 must be renewed
1
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.1.1

HSE.O.PTCB.1.2
determine certification requirements for the
Pharmacy Technician.
HSE.O.PTCB.1.3
recognize the origin and goal of the
Pharmacy Technician Certification Board
(PTCB).
HSE.O.PTCB.1.4
examine the role of the PTCB.
HSE.O.PTCB.1.5
distinguish professional organizations
related to the field of pharmacy.
continuing education units are required for
most professions
registration
 the process of making a list or being enrolled
in an existing list
Certification is the process by which a nongovernmental association or agency grants
recognition to an individual who has met certain
predetermined qualifications specified by that
association or agency. There are two parts to being
a Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPhT). First,
pharmacy technicians must sit for and pass the
national PTCE. Once a pharmacy technician has
passed the exam, he or she may use the designation
of CPhT. Second, to continue to hold certification, a
CPhT is required to obtain twenty hours of continuing
education for recertification within two years of
original certification or previous recertification.
(www.ptcb.org)
PTCB
 established in January, 1995
 founding organizations – American
Pharmaceutical Assoc., American Society of
Health-Systems Pharmacists, Illinois Council
of Health-System Pharmacists, and Michigan
Pharmacists Assoc.
 goal – creation of one consolidated voluntary
national certification program for pharmacy
technicians
responsible for the development and implementation
of policies related to voluntary national certification
for pharmacy technicians
professional organizations
 American Association of Health-System
2
HSE.O.PTCB.1.6
characterize the functions and
responsibilities of the pharmacy technician.
HSE.O.PTCB.1.7
classify the three areas in which skills will be
measured on the Pharmacy Technician
Certification Exam.
Pharmacists
 American Pharmacy Association
 American College of Clinical Pharmacy
 Association of Colleges of Pharmacy
 Board of Pharmaceutical Specializations
 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
 Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy
A pharmacy technician is defined as individuals
working in a pharmacy, who under the supervision of
a licensed pharmacist, assist in activities not
requiring the professional judgment of a pharmacist
(www.ptcb.org)
Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam
1. Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients –
66% of exam
2. Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control
Systems – 22%
3. Participating in the Administration and
Management of Pharmacy Practice – 12%
(www.ptcb.org)
recertification
 20 contact hours
 must be earned in pharmacy-related subject
matter
 earned within 2 year period
 cannot carry over extra hours
 at least one hour of credit must be in
pharmacy law
HSE.O.PTCB.1.8
determine the requirements and process
needed to maintain certification.
Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.2
Federal Laws
Students will understand legislation that affects the pharmacy industry.
3
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.2.1
Are the legislative rules and mandates impacting the pharmacy industry an asset to the industry?
HSE.O.PTCB.2.2
recognize the importance of the Controlled
Substance Act of 1970 as it relates to the
manufacturing, distribution and dispensing
of controlled substances based on abuse
potential.
HSE.O.PTCB.2.3
differentiate filing procedures, maintaining
Students will
examine laws and legislation affecting the
pharmacy industry.
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
1906: The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA)
1914: The Harrison Narcotic Act
1938: The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDDCA)
1951: The Durham-Humphrey Amendments to the
FFDCA
1962: The Kewfauver-Harris Ammendments to the
FFDCA Hazardous Substances Labeling Act
1970: Poison Prevention Packaging Act
1970: Controlled Substances Act
1990: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
1990: The Anabolic Steroids Control Act
1997: FDA Modernization Act
Have students research each piece of legislation and
determine the significance of each to the industry.
Controlled Substance Act of 1970
 part of a larger piece of legislation –
Comprehensive Drug Abuse, Prevention and
Control Act
 enacted to improve the administration and
regulation of all parties involved in the
manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of
controlled substances
o Schedule I
o Schedule II
o Schedule III
o Schedule IV
o Schedule V
Students should identify the potential for abuse
within each classification and what drugs are within
each.
mandated filing procedures
4
records according to State and Federal
Laws, and drug substitutuion requirements.
HSE.O.PTCB.2.4
evaluate the mission of the Drug
Enforcement Administration.
HSE.O.PTCB.2.5
determine the process by which a doctor
obtains a DEA Number.
HSE.O.PTCB.2.6
establish the purpose of a prescriber DEA
Number.

log of controlled substances dispensed to be
maintained and signed daily by pharmacist
 DEA number required to prescribe Schedules
II-5
 maintain required records x 2 years
 readily retrievable
 when federal and state laws differ, adhere to
the stricter of the two
 State Board of Pharmacy is the regulating
agency for pharmacists and pharmacies
The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws
and regulations of the United States and bring to the
criminal and civil justice system of the United States,
or any other competent jurisdiction, those
organizations and principal members of
organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture,
or distribution of controlled substances appearing in
or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and
to recommend and support non-enforcement
programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit
controlled substances on the domestic and
international markets.
(www. usdoj.gov/dea/agency/mission.htm)
The DEA Forms listed below are for those applying
to DEA for a controlled substance registration:
 Tax ID number and/or Social Security Number
 State Controlled Substance Registration
Information
 State Medical License Information
purpose
 prescriber DEA number is needed for all
outpatient prescriptions for controlled
substances
5
HSE.O.PTCB.2.7
illustrate the process to determine the
validity of a DEA Number.
HSE.O.PTCB.2.8
distinguish the storage requirements for
Schedule II Drugs.
HSE.O.PTCB.2.9
investigate the four phases of
Investigational Drugs.
John Doe, MD
AD0865937
 Add together the first, third, and fifth digits:
0+6+9=15
 Add together the second, fourth, and sixth
digits and multiply this sum by two:
(8+5+3)x2=32
 Add the result of steps one and two together:
15+32=47
 The last digit of this sum should correspond
with the ninth digit of the DEA registration
number – AD0865937.
 A: identifies type of prescriber
 D: first letter of last name
requirements
 physical inventory annually, within four days
of the anniversary date
 distribution records for in-patient
 locked cabinet or distributed throughout
general stock
Phase I
 initial introduction of drug for human use
(physician must order)
o must sign informed consent
Phase II
establishes effectiveness and relative safety

limited trials

patients are closely monitored
Phase III

specifies effective/indications

more precise definitions of adverse effects
Phase IV
 post-marketing trials
 long term
6


Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.3
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.3.1
no control groups
all remaining drugs should be returned to the
person(s) responsible for the drug
Medication Review
Students will demonstrate knowledge of drug classifications, medication dosage forms, and
administration of medications.
Within the pharmacy industry, where should the parameters be established regarding the
accountability of knowledge expected of Pharmacy personal (i.e. Pharmacist and Pharmacy
Technician)?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
demonstrate basic terms and abbreviations
terms and concepts
used in the pharmacy.
 absorption
o orally
o topically
o rectally
o by inhalation
o parenteral
 distribution
 metabolism
 excretion
 bioavailability
 therapeutic incompatibility
 therapeutic duplication
 adverse effects
 anaphylactic reactions
 side effects
 toxicities
 cross sensitivity
 drug interactions
 possible detrimental effects
 possible beneficial effects
 risk to benefit ratio
 contraindicated
 administrative devices
7
HSE.O.PTCB.3.2
differentiate chemical, generic, and trade
names of drugs.
HSE.O.PTCB.3.3
compare dosage forms of drugs.
 semi-solid dosage forms
 other dosage forms
 liquid dosage forms
 solid dosage forms
 therapeutic classes
 dependence
 addiction
 tolerance
 physiology
Have students define each of the terms and
concepts from Medication Review (doses and
terminology)
Drugs often have several names. When a drug is
first discovered, it is given a chemical name, which
describes the atomic or molecular structure of the
drug. The chemical name is thus usually too complex
and cumbersome for general use. Next, a shorthand
version of the chemical name or a code name (such
as RU 486) is developed for easy reference among
researchers.
When a drug is approved by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA—the government agency
responsible for ensuring that drugs marketed in the
United States are safe and effective), it is given a
generic (official) name and a trade (proprietary or
brand) name. The trade name is developed by the
company requesting approval for the drug and
identifies it as the exclusive property of that
company. For example, phenytoin is the generic
name and Dilantin is a trade name for the same
drug. (www.merck.com)
compare
 semi-solid dosage forms
 other dosage forms
8
 liquid dosage forms
 solid dosage forms
methods of administration
 orally
 topically
 rectally
 by inhalation
 parenteral
see administration devices
HSE.O.PTCB.3.4
investigate methods of administering
medications.
Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.4
Essential
Questions:
Drug Classification
Students will demonstrate a knowledge of the mechanisms of drug actions within the body systems.
Given the expansion of drug research and the development of new drugs, what should be the
accountability standard regarding the depth of knowledge of the mechanisms of drug actions within
the body systems for Pharmacy Technicians?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
examine the basic structure and functions of nervous system
the nervous system.
 structure
o brain
o spinal cord
o nerves
o sense organs
 function
o communication
o integration
o control
o recognition of sensory stimuli
From PassAssured’s PTCB files:
“the CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord,
example: burn your finger, goes to spinal cord to
brain, brain says ‘move finger’.”
“Involved in integrating and deciphering all incoming
messages and sending responses to the organs and
tissues of the body; coordinates muscle movements,
visualization, temperature regulation, pain, and
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.4.1
9
HSE.O.PTCB.4.2
report uses, mechanism of action, side
effects, and examples of the following drug
classifications for CNS drugs:
 Sedative Hypnotics
 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
 Anticonvulsants
 Narcotic Analgesics
 Antipsychotics
 Antidepressants
 Antianxiety Agents
 CNS Stimulants
 Anti-Parkinson’s Agents
 Sympathomimetic Agents
 Sympatholytic Agents
 Parasympathomimetics Agents
 Parasympatholytic Agents
 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
sensation.”
Sedative Hypnotics
uses:
 short-term use (days to a few weeks) for
insomnia, not for long term use
 long term use (months or years); can cause
drug-induced abnormalities in the patient’s
sleep cycle
 antidotes for overdoses of stimulants
 in combination with analgesics in painful
situations
 preoperative anesthetics
mechanism of action:
 not sure, but is thought to reduce the activity
of the brain and spinal cord
side effects:
 drowsiness
 addiction
 tolerance and dependence
 respiratory and cardiac depression (with high
doses)
examples
 benzodiazepines
o Dalmane, Xanax, Ativan, Valium,
Serax, Versed, Restoril, Halcion,
ProSom, Klonopin
 barbiturates
o Seconal, Amytal, Nembutal, Mysoline
 miscellaneous
o Ambien
o Noctec
o alcohol
o diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Compoz,
Nytol, Sominex)
10
o Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
uses
 relieve muscle spasm associated with muscle
inflammation and injury
 useful in neuromuscular disorders, such as
Multiple Sclerosis, and Cerebral Palsy
mechanism of action
 not understood, but may block nerve
response within the spinal column, this has an
effect of reducing muscle tone and relieving
muscle spasm and tension
side effects
 drowsiness
 addiction
 tolerance and dependence
 respiratory and cardiac depression (with high
doses)
examples
 Valium, Flexeril, Robaxin, Lioresal Parafon
Forte, Soma, Skelaxin, Zanaflex, Norflex
Anticonvulsants
uses
epilepsy: seizures accompanied by loss or
disturbance of consciousness and possible abnormal
body movements (convulsions)
 needs to be individualized by dose and
addition of other anticonvulsant agents
 prevent the occurrence of seizures, they do
not cure the disease
mechanism of action
 control the excessive discharge of signals
from the brain (seizures)
side effects
11





drowsiness
slurred speech
addiction
tolerance and dependence
respiratory and cardiac depression (with high
doses)
examples
 the anticonvulsant chosen depends on the
type of seizure the patient has (e.g. partial vs.
generalized onset seizures)
 Valium and Ativan are drugs of choice to treat
a life threatening seizure disorder called
Status Epilepticus
 other examples include: Phenobarbital,
Dilantin, Tegretol, Depakene, Depakote,
Neurotin, Lamictal, Klonopin, Tranxene,
Zarontin, Trileptal, Felbatol, Lamicta, Keppra,
Gabitril Filmtabs, Topamax, Mysoline, Tridone
Narcotic Analgesics
uses
 relief of moderate to severe pain
 cough suppressant (antitussive)
o antitussives are often combined with
expectorants to decrease viscosity of
respiratory tract secretions
o expectorants help the patient cough up
phlegm
 severe diarrhea
mechanism of action
 bind to specific receptors within the brain and
depress certain parts of the CNS to cause
pain relief, respiratory depression, decreased
GI motility, and suppression of cough
side effects
12




drowsiness
constipation
nausea/vomiting
addiction, tolerance, physical and
psychological dependence
 overdoses can cause respiratory distress,
profound coma, and pinpoint pupils
 narcotic antagonists are used to treat
overdoses (Narcan)
examples
 single agents: Codeine, Morphine (MS
Contin, Roxanol), Roxicodone, Nubain,
Demerol, Duragesic, Dilaudid, Ultiva, Talwin,
Levo-Dromoran, Darvon, Stadol
 combination products: Tylenol with Codeine,
Tylenol with hydrocodone (Lorcet, Lortab,
Vicodin), Tylenol with propoxyphene
(Darvocet-N, Propacet, Wygesic), Tylenol and
Oxycodone (Percocet, Roxicet), Oxycodone
and ASA (Percodan)
Antipsychotics
uses
 relieve the signs and symptoms of psychoses
(e.g. schizophrenia)
 have a much better effect on the positive
symptoms of psychosis: auditory and visual
hallucinations, agitation, suspiciousness,
feeling of persecution, ideas of reference, and
intrusion of unwanted thoughts
 noncompliance is the leading cause of
recurrent symptoms
 negative symptoms include: emotional
apathy, extreme inattentiveness, and social
withdrawal
13

some analgesic, antinausea, and
antihistamine effects
mechanism of action
 originally it was proposed that these drugs
block dopamine (a chemical in the brain)
receptors in the brain
 chemically effects unknown
side effects
 sedation
 extrapyramidal symptoms (abnormal body
movements)
 anticholinergic symptoms
 orthostatic hypotension
 arrhythmia’s
examples
 typical
o Haldol, Thorazine, Compazine,
Permitil, Mellaril, Navane, Stelazine
 atypical
o Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Abilify,
Seqroequel
Antidepressants
uses
 treat severe depression
mechanism of action
 exact mechanism unknown
 appear to increase neurotransmitters in the
brain (norepinephrine and serotonin)
 usually takes 3-6 weeks for these drugs to
relieve the depression
side effects
 sedation
 anticholinergic
 abnormal heart rhythm
14
 seizures
examples
 tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Elavil,
Norpramin, Tofranil, Pamelor, Surmontil,
Anafranil, Remeron
 serotonin-reuptake inhibitors: Prozac,
Effexor, Paxil, Zoloft, Luvox, Celexa, Lexapro
 serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitors: Cymbalta
 miscellaneous: Desyrel, Serzone, Wellbutrin,
Lithonate, Lithobid, Eskalith
 monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Nardil,
Parnate
*Important to do a drug interaction check
Manic-Depressive Disorder
periods of elation, followed by periods of depression
uses
 moderate mood swings
examples
 Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith, Lithonate)
Alzheimer Disease
form of dementia, a term used to describe a group of
brain disorders that cause memory loss and a
decline in mental function over time
uses
 treat Alzheimer disease
mechanism of action
 NMDA receptor antagonists
 cholinesterase inhibitors
side effects
 dizziness
 confusion
 insomnia
 nausea
15
 agitation
 coughing
 fatigue
 abnormal thinking
examples
 NMDA receptor antagonists: Namenda
 cholinesterase inhibitors: Cognex, Aricept,
Exelon
Antianxiety Agents
uses
 to relieve nervousness and tension in normal
and neurotic patients
 have muscle-relaxing capabilities
 some have anticonvulsant activity
mechanism of action
 benzodiazepines work by binding and
affecting certain receptors and
neurotransmitters in the brain
 second generation drug, Buspirone, has an
effect at the serotonin and dopamine
receptors
side effects
 drowsiness
 dizziness
 fatigue
 abrupt termination of high doses can cause
coma, convulsions, and death
examples
 benaodiazepines: Xanax, Ativan, Valium,
Serax, Dalmane, Versed
 miscellaneous: BuSpar, Sinequan, Atarax
CNS Stimulants
uses
 to improve mental function, elevate mood,
16
overcome fatigue, and produce a general
feeling of well being
mechanism of action
 amphetamines stimulate activity and are
mediated by the release of norepinephrine
and dopamine in the brain
 Pemoline and Methylphenidate’s action is
unknown
side effects
 dependence
 increased blood pressure
 increased respiratory rate
 stomach upset
examples
 caffeine, Ritalin, Dexadrine, Cylert, Adderall,
Provigil, Focalin
 anorexiants: Didrex, Adipex-P
Anti-Parkinson’s Agents
uses
 to treat the shaking, rigidity, salivation, and
slowing of initial movements
mechanism of action
 disease is characterized by loss of dopamine
manufacturing neurons, creates an imbalance
between acetylcholine (increased) and
dopamine (decreased)
 anticholinergics decrease the amount of CNS
acetylcholine
 levadopa – increases dopamine levels
 amandadine – augments dopamine release
and inhibits dopamine reuptake
side effects
 anticholinergics: dry mouth, blurred vision,
constipation, hallucinations, memory
17
HSE.O.PTCB.4.3
examine the structure and functions of the
peripheral nervous system.
impairment
 amandadine: dizziness, insomnia,
nervousness, irritability, confusion, nausea
and vomiting, constipation
 Levodopa: nausea and vomiting, confusion,
depression, restlessness, postural
hypotension, arrhythmias
examples
 Sinemet, Parlodel, Symmetrel, Permax,
Mirapex, Requip, Eldepryl, Cogentin
*Special note: alcohol and other CNS depressants
can have addictive CNS depressant effects and
concomitant use should be avoided
Students should know both generic and brand name.
*Both may not be listed in the Instructional Guide.
composed of all the nerves outside of the brain and
spinal cord
 these nerves transmit information to and from
the brain via chemical and electrical
messages
 afferent nerves send messages back to the
CNS
 efferent nerves transmit messages from the
CNS to the rest of the body
 sympathetic nerves facilitate mobilization of
the body for quick action
o (fight or flight syndrome)
o chemical messenger is norepinephrine
or epinephrine
o provides sympathetic stimulation of
heart, lungs, blood vessels, GI tract,
and GU tract
 parasympathetic nerves direct restorative and
conservative processes
18
HSE.O.PTCB.4.4
report uses, mechanism of action, side
effects and examples of the follwing drug
classifications for peripheral nervous system
drugs:
 Sympathomimetic Agents
 Sympatholytic (Adrenergic Blocking)
Agents
 Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergic)
Agents
 Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic)
Agents
 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
o (feed and breed syndrome)
o Chemical messenger is acetylcholine
o Provides parasympathetic stimulation
of GI tract, GU tract, heart, blood
vessels, lungs, and eyes
Sympathomimetic Agents
uses
 used to treat hypertension, shock, heart block,
asthma, decongestant, depression
mechanism of action
 direct acting
o enhance actions of the sympathetic
nervous system
o examples – Neosynephrine, Catapress,
Dobutrex, Brethine, Maxair, Xopenex,
o Serevent
o Proventil, Ventolin, Adrenalin,
Levophed, Intropin , Isuprel
 indirect acting
o facilitate the release of norepinephrine
or block the reuptake of norepinephrine
in the neuronal membrane
o example – Amphetamines, increase
release of norepinephrine
o example – tricyclic antidepressants,
block re-uptake of norepinephrine
side effects
 high blood pressure
 increased heart rate
 depends on the recepton site where drugs
exert effects
Sympatholytic (Adrenergic Blocking) Agents
uses
 hypertension, heart disease, migraine
headaches
19
mechanism of action
 oppose the action of the natural messengers
– epinephrine and norepinephrine, as their
receptor sites
side effects
 dizziness
 fainting
 nasal stuffiness
examples
 Beta Blockers – Inderal, Tenormin, Lopressor,
Corgard, Blocadren
 Alpha Blockers – Ergotamine, Minipress,
Hytrin, Dibenzyline, Cardura, Floxax,
Uroxatral
 Alpha/Beta Blockers – Trandate, Coreg,
Parasympathomimetics (Cholinergic) Agents
uses
 glaucoma
 bladder problems
 GI problems
 Alzheimer’s disease
mechanism of action
 salivation, lacrimation, urination, defefaction
 mimics actions of acetylcholine, enhances
actions of parasympathetic nervous sytem,
opposes effects of sympathetic nervous
system, may be direct action on cholinergic
receptors or an indirect action through
inhibition of enzymes that destroy
acetylcholine
side effects
 diarrhea
 bradycardia
 miosis
20
 decreased blood pressure
 bronchoconstriction
 sweating
examples
 Pilocar, Urecholine, Tensilon, Antilirium,
Miostat, Acetylcholine, Aricept, Prostigmin,
Mestinon, Cognex, Exelonj
Parasympatholytic (Anticholinergic) Agents
uses
 anti-spasmodics
 anti-Parkinsonism
 bronchial disorders
 eye exams
 motion sickness
mechanism of action
 inhibit or reverse the actions of the
parasympathetic nervous system
 bind with the cholinergic receptors and
prevent binding of acetylcholine (they are
antagonists)
side effects
 urinary retention
 tachycardia
 dry mouth
 constipation
 mydriasis
examples
 Atropine, Cogentin, Transderm-Scop,
Cyclogyl, Anaspaz, Levbid, Levsin, Atrovent,
Kemadrin, Pro-Banthine, Artane
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
uses
 properative skeletal muscle reaction
mechanism of action
21

HSE.O.PTCB.4.5
chart the location of the major endocrine
glands and their hormone secretion.
blocks the transmission of nerve impulses to
skeletal muscles resulting in paralysis of
skeletal muscles
 has a narrow therapeutic index – must have
respiratory support equipment available
side effects
 allergy
examples
 used mainly in hospitals
o Nimbex, Anectine, Pavulon, Norcuron,
Mivacron, Zemuron
local anesthetic
uses
 minor surgery
mechanism of action
 block conduction of impulses along nerves
and prevents the sensation of pain from
reaching the brain
side effects
 allergy
examples
 Xylocaine, Anbesol, Benzodent, Lanacane,
Orajel, Solarcaine, Pontocaine, Marcaine,
Cocaine, Nupercainal
endocrine system
 structure
o pituitary gland
o pineal gland
o hypothalamus gland
o thyroid gland
o parathyroid gland
o thymus glands
o adrenal glands
o pancreas
22
HSE.O.PTCB.4.6
differentiate between local and systemic
hormones.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.7
differentiate histamine and prostaglandins.
o ovaries
o testes
 function
o secretion of hormones
 growth
 metabolism
 reproduction
 fluid/electrolyte balance
o communication
o integration
o control
Have students develop a chart listing the endocrines
glands and their hormones. Label the glands and
their hormones on a pictorial representation of the
human body.
local hormones
 synthesized in various tissue types
 are released and act locally
 exert profound changes in the body
system hormones
 produced by one specific gland
 act throughout the body
 have a regulatory effect
histamine
 local hormone found in all tissues of the body
 causes bronchial constriction, stomach acid
secretion, blood vessel dilation, and local
edema, pain, and itching
prostaglandins
 group of local hormones that cause a variety
of local reactions
 causes uterine and bronchial contractions and
relaxation, decreased gastric secretions, pain,
and inflammation
23
HSE.O.PTCB.4.8
report uses, mechanism of action, side
effects, and examples of the following
systemic hormones:
 Androgens
 Estrogens
 Progestins
 Corticosteroids
 Insulin
 Oral Hypoglycemics
 Oxytocics
 Thyroid hormones
 Anti-Thyroid Hormones
Androgens
 male hormones, which are secreted by the
testes
 responsible for characteristic sexual changes
in men
uses
 testosterone deficiency
 muscle wasting
mechanism of action
 hormone replacement
side effects
 masculinizing effects
examples
 Halotestin, Durabolin, Androderm, Depotest,
Methyltestosterone
Estrogens
 female hormones, which are secreted by the
ovaries
 responsible for development of characteristic
sexual changes in women
uses
 hormone replacement (menopause)
 decrease heart problems
 prevent osteoporosis
 contraception
 cancer chemotherapy
mechanism of action
 hormone replacement
side effects
 headaches, blood clots
examples
hormone replacement
 Premarin, Estinyl, Ogen
oral contraceptives
24

Lo-Ovral, Demulen, Loestrin, Ovcon, Levlen,
Nordette, Yasmin
 biphasic – Ortho-Novum 10/11, Necon 10/11
 triphasic – Ortho Novum 7/7/7, Triphasil, TriNorinyl, Tri-Levlen, Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Progestins
 female hormones secreted by the corpus
luteum, which cause growth of mammary
ducts and prevention of uterine bleeding
during pregnancy
uses
 hormone replacement
 contraception
mechanism of action
 hormone replacement
side effects
 breast changes, changes in weight
examples
 hormone replacement – Cycrin, Provera,
contraception – Nor-QD, Ovrette
Corticosteroids
 hormones secreted by the adrenal gland
uses
 inflammation, asthma, cancer,
hypoadrenalism
mechanism of action
 hormone replacemtent
side effects
 stomach upset, water retention, increased
appetite, agitation, suppression of the body’s
production of Cortisol
examples
 Deltasone, Orasone, Medrol, Prelone,
Decadron, Hydrocortisone (Anucort – HC,
25
Cortain, Gynecort, Hytone, Locoid,
Proctocream, Cortifoam, Westcort),
Triamcinolone (Aristocort, Azmacort,
Kenalog), Betamethasone (Alphatrex,
Diprolene, Diprosone, Valisone), Cortone
Insulin
 hormone produced by the pancreas
uses
 replace insulin in patients with Type I or II
diabetes
mechanism of action
 facilitates the utilization and storage of
glucose
side effects
 hypoglycemia
examples
 Regular, NPH, Semilente, Ultralente, Lente,
Humalog, Lantus
Oral Hypoglycemics
uses
 manage Type II diabetes
mechanism of action
 promote the release of insulin from the
pancreas’ beta cells
side effects
 hypoglycemia
 photosensitivity
 skin rash
AVOID ALCOHOL
examples
 Micronase, Diabeta, Glucaphage, Rezulin,
Diabinese, Amaryl, Tolinase, Orinase,
Glucatrol
 test for glucose
26
o Glucostix, Chemstrip BG, Clinistix,
Chemstrip K
Oxytocics
 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
 stimulate the contraction of uterine smooth
muscles
uses
 relief from breast enlargement during lactation
 conrol of postpartum bleeding
 migraine headaches
mechanism of action
 hormone replacement
side effects
 nausea and vomiting
 dizziness
 increased blood pressure
 chest pain
examples
 Pitocin, Ergotrate, Methergine
Thyroid hormones
 regulate the rate of many of the body’s
phsiological processes
uses
 treat thyroid hormone deficiency
mechanism of action
 hormone replacement
side effects
 various
examples
 Synthroid, Levothroid, Proloid, Thyroid tablets
Anti-Thyroid Hormones
uses
 treat hyperthyroidism
mechanism of action
27
HSE.O.PTCB.4.9
examine the basic structure and functions of
the Cardiovascular System.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.10
determine the meaning of arrhythmia and
angina.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.11
report uses, mechanism of action, side
effects, and examples of the following drug
classifications for Cardiovascular drugs:
 Cardiac Glycosides
 Antiarrhythmics
 Antianginals
 Vasodilators
 Calcium Channel Blockers
 Angiotensin-Converting
Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
 Angiotensin II Inhibitors
 Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
 Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers
 Antilipidemic Agents
 interferes with thyroid production
side effects (none given)
examples
 Tapazole, PTU, SSKI
cardiovascular system
 structure
o heart
o blood vessels
 function
o transportation
o regulation of body temperature
o immunity
arrhymia
 absence of rhythm, irregular heart beat
angina
 chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the
heart muscle
Cardiac Glycosides
 obtained from the digitalis plant and exert
powerful action on the heart, increasing the
muscle’s contraction and improving irregular
heartbeats
uses
 congestive heart failure
 some arrhythmias
mechanism of action
 unknown, but increase the contraction of the
heart
side effects
 nausea and vomiting
 confusion
 arrhythmias
 yellow/green halos
 low therapeutic index
28
examples
 Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin, Digitex
Antiarrhythmics
uses
 helps to restore and maintain normal heart
rhythms
mechanism of action
 multiple classes have different effects on the
heart to affect its rhythm
side effects
 nausea and vomiting
 confusion
 arrhythmias
examples
 Xylocaine, Procan, Quinidex, Cordarone,
Norpace, Mexitil, Tambocor, Rythmol,
Adenocard, Tikosyn
Antianginals
uses
 angina
mechanism of action
 decrease the amount of blood that returns to
the heart, decreasing the heart rate or
decreasing the resistance to pump, and
decreases the amount of work for the heart
side effects
 headaches
 dizziness
 hypertension
examples
 Nitrostat, Isordil, Imdur, Calcium channel
blockers
Vasodilators
uses
29

peripheral vascular disease caused by
arteriosclerosis and advanced diabetes
mechanism of action
 dilate peripheral blood vessels
 increase blood flow to extremities by relaxing
the smooth muscles of the blood vessels
side effects
 tachycardia
examples
 Apresoline, Nitropress, Pavabid, Vasodilan,
Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Dinitrate
Calcium Channel Blockers
uses
 hypertension
 angina
mechanism of action
 dilate coronary arteries, reduce oxygen
demand on the heart, and decrease heart rate
side effects
 constipation
examples
 Procardia, Calan, Isoptin, Cardizem, Cardene,
Norvasc, Plendil, Sular, Vascor, DynaCirc
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
uses
 hypertension
 congestive heart failure
mechanism of action
 prevents the conversion of Angiotensin I and
Angiotensin II, Note: Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction and fluid retention
side effects
 cough
examples
30

Capoten, Vasotec, Zestril, Lotensin, Monopril,
Accupril, Altace, Univasc, Aceon, Mavik
Angiotensin II Inhibitors
uses
 hypertension
 congestive heart failure
mechanism of action
 inhibits Angiotensin II
 reduces vasoconstriction and blood pressure
side effects
 cough
examples
 Cozaar, Diovan, Avapro, Atacand, Micardis,
Teveten, Benicar
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
uses
 hypertension
 angina
mechanism of action
 inhibits the action at the beta receptors on the
heart
side effects
 hypotension
 bronchoconstriction
 dizziness
examples
 Tenormin, Lopressor, Inderal, Corgard,
Visken, Betapace, Sectral, Normodyne,
Trandate, Blocadren, Timoptic, Zebeta
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
uses
 hypertension
 severe congestive heart failure
mechanism of action
31

HSE.O.PTCB.4.12
examine the basic structure and functions of
the Renal System.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.13
determine the uses and mechanism of
action of diuretics.
inhibits the action at the alpha receptors in the
blood vessels
side effects
 orthostatic hypertension
 dizziness
examples

Minipress, Hytrin, Cardural, Aldomet
Antilipidemic Agents
uses
 heart disease
 high cholesterol
mechanism of action
 reduce serum lipids and minimize the rate of
new fat deposition
side effects
 diarrhea
 flushing
examples
 Mevacor, Lopid, Questran, Pravachol, Zocor,
Lipitor, Lescol, Colestid, WelChol, Crestor,
Tricor, Zetia, Exetimibe/Simvastatin
urinary system
 structure
o kidneys
o ureters
o urinary bladder
o urethra
 function
o elimination of waste
o electrolyte balance
o acid-base balance
diuretics
 increase urinary output
uses
32
HSE.O.PTCB.4.14
report uses, mechanism of action, side
effects, and examples of types of diuretics:
 Thiazides
 Loop
 Potassium Sparing
 Combination
 Osmotics
 congestive heart failure
 hypertension
 fluid retention
mechanism of action
 alter the body’s electrolyte pattern by
prohibiting or enhancing excretion of
electrolytes
 most diuretics increase potassium excretion,
eat high-potassium foods (bananas, orange
juice), or taking a potassium sparing diuretic
Thiazides
uses
 reduce blood pressure
mechanism of action
 causes kidney to secrete more, decreases
water retention, decreased blood pressure
side effects
 increased urination
 weakness
 muscle cramps
 stomach upset
 dizziness
examples
 Hydodiuril, Diuril, Lozol, Zaroxolyn
Loop
uses
 congestive heart failure
 potent diuretic
side effects
 increased urination
 weakness
 muscle cramps
 stomach upset
 dizziness
33
HSE.O.PTCB.4.15
characterize gout.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.16
report uses, mechanism of action, and side
effects of gout agents:
 Allopurinol
 Probenecid
 Colchicine
examples
 Lasix, Bumex, Edecrin, Demadex
Potassium Sparing Combination Osmotics
uses
 congestive heart failure
 weak diuretics, often used in combination with
other diuretics
Note: no potassium supplement needed
side effects
 increased urination
 weakness
 muscle cramps
 stomach upset
 dizziness
examples
 Aldactone, Dyrenium, Midamor
gout
 disease characterized by overproduction or
insufficient elimination of uric acid within the
body that will crystallize in the joints and
cause pain and inflammation
Allopurinol – Zyloprim
uses
 prevention and treatment of gout attacks
mechanism of action
 inhibits uric acid production
side effect
 rash
Probenecid – Benemid
mechanism of action
 enhance the excretion of uric acid
side effects
 kidney stones
Colchicine
34
HSE.O.PTCB.4.17
compare electrolytes.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.18
examine the uses, side effects, and
examples of electrolytes.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.19
compare bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.20
report uses, mechanism of action, and side
effects of anti-infectives:
 Antibacterials
 Urinary Anti-infectives
 Antibiotics
 Penicillins
 Cephalosporins
 Quinolones
uses
 drug of choice for acute attacks
mechanism of action
 reduces the pain and swelling of gouty flares
side effect
 GI complaints
electrolytes
 salts which are dissolved in body fluids and
are necessary in proper concentration to
maintain normal body functions
Have students research electrolytes and compare
results.
Electrolytes
uses
 replacement of depleted salts
side effects
 stomach upset, constipation, diarrhea
examples
 ammonium, bicarbonate, calcium, chloride,
magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium
bacteriostatic
 allow the natural defense mechanisms to
have time to destroy the microorganisms by
inhibiting bacterial growth
bactericidal
 kills the microorganism
Antibacterials
uses
 unlike antibiotics, antibacterials are not
synthesized from microorganisms
mechanism of action
 usually bacteriostatic
side effects
 photosensitivity
35









Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Antifungals
Antiparasitic Agents
Antihelminthics
Amebicides
Antitubercular Agents
Antiviral Agents
 allergy
examples
 sulfa agents – Sulamyd, Gantanol
 other antibacterials – VoSol, Betadine, Iodine,
pHisoHex
Urinary Anti-infectives
uses
 used to treat UTI
mechanism of action
 concentrated in the urine
side effects
 stomach acid
 Pyridium, may discolor urine
examples
 Macrodantin, Macrobid, Noroxin, Pyridium
Antibiotics
uses
 used to treat bacterial infections
mechanism of action
 synthesized by microorganisms – grown
Patient Information: should be taken for the full
course of therapy
examples
 Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Quinolones,
Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides
Penicillins
side effects
 allergy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
examples
 Pen–VK, Amoxil, Tegopen, Dynapen, Nafcil,
Pipracil, Ticar
Cephalosporins
side effects
 allergy
36
 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
examples
 Keflex, Ceclor, Duricef, Suprax, Ceftin, Cefzil,
Vantin, Fortaz, Ceptaz, Rocephin, Cefotan,
Claforan, Ancef, Omnicef, Zefazone, Mefoxin
Quinolones
side effects
 GI upset, headache
examples
 Cipro, Floxin, noroxin, Levaquin, Penetrex,
Cinobac, NegGram, Tequin, Avelox
Macrolides
side effects
 GI upset, diarrhea
examples
 Erythromycin, Zithromax, Biaxin, Dynabac
Tetracyclines
side effects
 photosensitivity
examples
 Tetracycline (Achromycin, Sumycin), VibraTabs, Minocin, Declomycin
Aminoglycosides (used in hospitals)
side effects
 kidney damage, ototoxicity
examples
 Garamycin, Nebcin, Amikin, Mycifradin
Sulfate, Streptomycin
Miscellaneous
Vancomycin (used in serious infections not treatable
with other antibiotics)
Clindamycin ( use: anaerobes – serious respiratory
or GI infection)
Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra, Cotrim)
37
Imipenem and Cilasttin (Primaxin – for IV use only)
Chloramphenicol
Bacitracin
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Antifungals
uses
 to treat topical and systemic fungal infections
side effects
 kidney damage with systemic antifungals
examples
 Amphotericin B, Nizoral, Monistat, Diflucan,
Mycostatin, Lotrimin, Lamisal
Antiparasitic Agents
uses
 to treat parasitic infections
Antihelminthics (worms)
side effects
 stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea
examples
 Vermox, Antiminth, Albenza, Vermizine
Amebicides (amoeba infections)
side effects
 same as antihelminths
examples
 Flagyl, Aralen (treatment of extraintestinal
amebiasis)
Antitubercular Agents
uses
 to treat tuberculosis
examples
 Rifadin, INH, Myambutol, Pyrazinamide
Antiviral Agents
uses
 to treat viral infections
38
HSE.O.PTCB.4.21
characterize cancer.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.22
characterize Leucovorin.
examples
 Amantadine – Summetrel
o uses: to treat influenza
o side effects: nausea, CNC effects
 Antivirals for Herpes Virus
o Zovirax, Famvif, Valtrex
o side effects: nausea and vomiting
 Antivirals for HIV and AIDS
 Protease inhibitors
o side effects: nausea and vomiting,
muscle weakness
o examples: Crixivan, Viracept, Norvir,
Invirase
 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors
o Viramune
o Rescriptor
 Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
o side effects: nausea, diarrhea,
anemia, headache, insomnia, fatigue,
peripheral neuropathy
o examples: AZT, Retrovir, Videx, Epivir,
Zerit
cancer
 malignant neoplasm
 class of diseases in which group of cells
display uncontrolled growth, invasion of other
tissues, and sometimes metastasis (spread to
other parts of the body)
 difficult to treat because drugs cannot
differentiate between cancer and normal cells,
therefore both normal and cancer cells are
killed
Leucovorin
39


HSE.O.PTCB.4.23
report uses, mechanism of action, and side
effects of chemotherapy drugs:
 Antimetabolites
 Alkylating Agents
 Hormones
 Vinca Alkaloids
 Asparaginase
 Antibiotics
also referred to as folinic acid
used to protect healthy cells from chemotherapy
or to enhance the anticancer effect of
chemotherapy
 called rescue therapy
Antimetabolites
mechanism of action
 mimics a necessary nutrient or blocks a
reaction, which synthesizes a necessary
nutrients
side effects
 bone marrow depression, hepatotoxicity,
immunosuppression, anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, oral and anal ulcers, fever, rash, hair
loss
examples
 5-FU, Efudex, 6-MP, Mexate, Ara-C, Cytosar, 6TG, Fludara, Alimta, Xeloda
Alkylating Agents
uses
 to treat leukemia, testicular and ovarian cancers,
and bladder cancers
mechanism of action
 bind to DNA and prevent its relocation
side effects
 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, testicular atrophy,
impotence, bone marrow suppression,
hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, rash, loss of taste
and hearing, seizures, mental cloudiness,
depression
examples
 BCNU, Myleran, Leukeran, Nitrogen Mustard,
Cytoxan, Ifex, Paraplatin, CeeNU, DTIC-Dome
Hormones
40
uses
 used to treat hormone dependent cancers such
as breast cancers
side effects
 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hot flashes,
insomnia
examples
 Nolvadex, Lupron, Depo-Provera, Megace,
DES, Teslac, Depo-Testosterone, Arimidex,
Emcyt, Casodex, Eulexin, Nilandron
unclassified:
Vinca Alkaloids (Velban, Oncovin, Navelbine)
mechanism of action
 arrests mitotic division at the metaphase of cell
division
side effects;
 bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting,
hair loss
Asparaginase (Elspar)
mechanism of action
 blocks asparagines dependent protein synthesis
in tumor
side effects
 hypersensitivity, bone marrow suppression,
bleeding, depression, nausea/vomiting
Antibiotics
mechanism of action
 inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
examples and side effects
 Bleomycin (pulmonary fibrosis, fever, chills,
nausea/vomiting)
 Doxorubicin (myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity,
nausea/vomiting)
 Mitomycin (bone marrow toxicity,
41

hep
examine the composition and functions of
blood.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.25
determine the treatment for Iron Deficiency
Anemia.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.26
determine the treatment for Megaloblastic
Anemia.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.27
report uses, mechanism of action, and side
effects of agents used in blood disorders:
 Anticoagulants
 Hemostatics
 Antithrombotics
 Thrombolytics
 Hemorrheologic Agents
 Antianemics
nausea/vomiting)
Cosmegen, Idamycin, Novantrone, Hycamtin,
Mithracin
blood
 connective tissue composed of a liquid medium
called plasma, in which solid components are
suspended
 solid components include erythrocytes,
leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets)
 55% total volume is in form of plasma
 function varies: RBC transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide, WBC fight infection and aid in
tissue repair, platelet provide mechanisms for
blood coagulation
iron deficiency anemia
 most common type of anemia worldwide
 results from inadequate dietary intake of iron
megaloblastic anemia
 anemia due to increased circulation of immature
abnormal red blood cells resulting in decreased
delivery of oxygen to body tissues
Anticoagulants
uses
 deep vein thrombosis
 pulmonary emboli
 atrial fibrillation with embolism
 prophylaxis of systemic emboli after MI
mechanism of action
 stop of slow the normal clotting process
side effects
 excess bleeding
examples
 Coumadin, Heparin, Lovenox, Orgaran,
Fragmin, Miradon, Dicumarol
42
Hemostatics
uses
 treatment of excessive bleeding
mechanism of action
 affects the clotting process
examples
 Gelfoam, Thrombinar, Amicar, Vitamin K,
Monoclate, Trasylol, Cyklokapron
Antithrombotics
uses
 to decrease platelet aggregation (stickiness) and
to decrease unwanted clot formation
examples
 Aspirin, Persantine, Plavix, Ticlid
Thrombolytics
uses
 dissolve existing blood clots
 decrease the muscle damage associated with
heart attacks
 to treat pulmonary emboli
side effects
 excessive bleeding
examples
 TPA (Alteplase), Streptokinase, Eminase,
Activase, Retevase, Abbokinase
Hemorrheologic Agents
uses
 intermittent claudication – severe cramping in
legs
mechanism of action
 decrease blood viscosity and help to increase
blood flow to areas of need
side effects
 nausea and vomiting
43
HSE.O.PTCB.4.28
characterize vitamins.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.29
determine examples and uses of fat-soluble
vitamins.
HSE.O.PTCB.4.30
determine examples and uses of watersoluble vitamins.
 dizziness
examples
 Trental
Antianemics
uses
 to treat anemia caused by iron or vitamin
deficiencies (megoblastic anemia)
side effects
 diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting
examples
 Iron Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate, Folic Acid,
Vitamin B6, Vitamin B-12
Colony Stimulating Factor (Neupogen) given to
cancer patients for bone marrow transplants
Vitamins
 essential food factors, chemicals in nature,
present in certain food, can be synthesized
 necessary for normal body functions, many are
not produced in the body and must be obtained
from a balanced diet
fat soluble vitamins
 accumulate and are stored in fat tissue
 excess intake can result in toxicity
examples and uses
 Vitamin A – skin (acne) and vision
 Vitamin D (Drisdol) – calcium regulation, bone
formation
 Vitamin E – reproduction and skin
 Vitamin K (Mephyton) – blood clotting
water – soluble vitamins
 soluble in water
 excess intake does not usually cause problems
since excess amounts are readily excreted
examples and uses
44

HSE.O.PTCB.4.31
distinguish minerals as related to normal
body functions.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – energy production,
growth and functioning of nerve tissue, memory
and emotional stability
o deficiency can cause beriberi
 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) – energy production,
synthesis of fats and amino acids
 Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) – role in multiplication of
all cells, especially RBC and immune system
cells
o drug induced deficiency of this with:
Isoniazid, Hydralazine, Oral
contraceptives
 Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) – important in
carbohydrate and fat metabolism, necessary for
normal growth and formation of RBC
o used to treat pernicious anemia
 Niacin/Nicotinic acid – implant in energy
producing reactions involving enzymes
o large doses are used to treat elevated
cholesterol
 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) – essential for tooth
and bone formation, healthy gums, formation of
collagen, resistance to infections, and wound
healing
o prevents scurvy
o large doses may cause kidney stones
 Folic acid – used to treat megaloblastic anemia
minerals necessary for normal body functions
 Calcium
 Fluoride
 Iodine
 Magnesium
 Phosphorus
 Potassium
45
HSE.O.PTCB.4.32
investigate examples and uses of common
minerals.
Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.5
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.5.1



HSE.O.PTCB.5.2
 Sodium
 Iron
Minerals
 Calcium – essential for bone and tooth
formation, activating and relaxing smooth
muscle, and nerve impulse transmission
 Fluoride – prevention of dental caries
 Iodine
 Magnesium – needed for bone, protein, new
cells, clotting blood, insulin function
 Phosphorus – blood has excess
 Potassium – important for water balance,
regulating muscle contractions, protein and
glycogen synthesis, nerve transmission
o can become depleted with the use of
diuretics, coffee, and alcohol
 Sodium
 Iron – important for the formation of blood and
oxygen transport
Aseptic Techniques
Students will demonstrate knowledge of aseptic techniques.
Would violations in aseptic technique impact the roles of all pharmacy personnel, including the
pharmacy technician?
Students will
 Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
Demonstration of aseptic technique should be exhibited
demonstrate aseptic technique.
during the work-based clinical experience.
Evaluation of this objective will occur within theclinical
setting
determine the importance of aseptic
aseptic technique
technique to prevent contamination as it
 procedures carried out during the preparation of a
relates to personnel and the environment.
sterile product in order to minimize contamination.
 personnel – the person compounding is the most
frequent cause of contamination, followed by
contaminated equipment and raw materials
46
HSE.O.PTCB.5.3
establish the role of airflow equipment to
prevent contamination.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.4
assess basic equipment for parenteral
administration.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.5
examine methods of administering
parenteral medications to include:
 Intradermal
 Subcutaneous
 Intramuscular
 Intravenous
o proper attitudes and strict adherence to
aseptic techniques is essential to reducing
the likelihood of contamination
 environmental contamination
o aseptic technique requires control of the
environment
airflow equipment
 Laminar Flow Hood, Laminar Airflow Workbench,
Vertical Flow Hood
o designed to reduce the risk of airborne
contamination during preparation of sterile
products
o provides a constant flow of filtered air to the
controlled area
injections
 goes through one or more layers of the skin
 bypasses alimentary canal (digestive system)
intradermal
 drug is injected into the superficial layer of the
skin
 only small volumes (0.2 ml) can be administered
by this route
 generally used for diagnostic test and a limited
number of vaccines: TB test and Smallpox
vaccine
 absorption is slow, therefore onset of action is
slow
subcutaneous
 injections of small volumes are given in the
loose tissue beneath the skin
 generally into the outer surface of arm or thigh
 response is more rapid with subcu than ID
intramuscular
 injection into the muscle mass
47

HSE.O.PTCB.5.6
examine composition of common parenteral
fluids.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.7
examine compounding.
common sites: deltoid (arm) maximum volume
adult – 2 ml, gluteal medial (hip) maximum
volume adult – 5 ml
 absorption is more rapid that subcu
 prolong absorption by using aqueous or oil
vehicle
intravenous
 administration into veins for rapid effects
 no retreat of the drug once it has been
administered
 solutions and some emulsions (lipids), never
suspensions
 injection sites
o peripheral – for drugs that do not irritate
the veins; isotonic solutions; for patients
who require only short term IV therapy;
dorsal forearm surface
o central – for administration of irritating
drugs or hypertonic solutions (due to the
high amount of blood flow which allows
for rapid dilution of the solution); for long
term IV therapy; use large thoracic veins
(subclavian)
o other routes less commonly used: intraarterial, intracardiac, intra-articular,
intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathecal
common parenteral fluids
 dextrose – D5W, D10W
 Sodium Chloride – NS
 Sterile water for injection
 Ringer’s Solutions – Lactated Ringer’s injection,
Ringer’s injection
Compounding
48
HSE.O.PTCB.5.8
characterize aseptic technique utilized by
personnel prior to compounding procedures.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.9
determine the most common and important
equipment for compounding.
assess specific techniques and procedures
utilized to avoid contamination assuring
successful sterile product mixing.
investigate the importance and process of
visual inspection of parenteral products.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.10
HSE.O.PTCB.5.11
HSE.O.PTCB.5.12
examine components of a parenteral
product label.
prior to compounding
 remove rings, watches, and bracelets (ideal for
bacteria)
 wash hands and forearms to the elbows with
appropriate germicidal agent x 30 seconds
See Aseptic techniques for sterile compounding.
See Aseptic techniques for sterile compounding.
visual inspection of parenteral products
 check for particulate matter, crystals, and
precipitation
 isotonicity is important because the injectable
solution needs to be isotonic with the blood
 acid content or the pH of the solution is an
important characteristic
 color and clarity of an IV is important
 hold product in front of well illuminated light or
dark background to detect particles
 TPN’s that contain lipid emulsion are not clear,
therefore precipitation cannot be seen
parenteral product label
 solution name, lot number, and volume (this may
be part of the manufacture’s label)
 patient name, record number, and room number
 bottle/bag sequence number
 additive names, strengths, quantities
 date of preparation and initials of preparer
 expiration and initials of preparer
 expiration time and date
 flow rate
 administration: time, date, and by whom
 appropriate auxiliary labels
49
HSE.O.PTCB.5.13
characterize various solutions used in
pharmacy to include:
 Irrigation
 IV Piggy Back
 Total Parenteral Nutrition
(TPN)
HSE.O.PTCB.5.14
distinguish preparation, safe handling, and
administration of antineoplastic agents.
evaluate use of Class II Biological Safety
Cabinets (Vertical Airflow) and personal
protective coverings.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.15
irrigation
 used to bathe or flush open wounds or body
cavities
 used topically, never parentally
 use “for Irrigation only” auxiliary
IV piggyback
 administration of a second solution through the
site of an already established primary line
 compatibility between the two solutions and their
additives must always be considered
Total Perenteral Nutrition
 intravenous nutritional solutions containing
amino acids (protein source), high
concentrations of dextrose (carbohydrate
source), occasionally lipid emulsions (fat
source), electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements,
sometimes insulin (rgular)
o usually administered over 8-24 hours
o provides adequate caloric intake for those
patients who are unable to receive proper
nutrition orally due to their disease state
o administered peripherally or centrally
o many additives increase potential for
incompatibilities
o calcium and phosphorous precipitate is a
major concern
o if the pharmacy compounds more than 30
TPN orders daily, an Automix system will
assist in preparation
See aseptic technique parenteral antineoplastic agents.
See aseptic technique parenteral antineoplastic agents
50
HSE.O.PTCB.5.16
determine precautions necessary in the
disposal of all items used in the preparation
and administration of antineoplastic drugs.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.17
assess stability considerations in parenteral
products.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.18
examine filtration in admixture preparation.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.19
report examples of parenteral product
reference materials.
HSE.O.PTCB.5.20
demonstrate the steps of a typical
parenteral admixture order work flow.

All disposable items that have potentially come
in contact with antineoplastic drugs during
preparation or administration must be disposed
of in containers designated with the biohazard
symbol.
 Hazardous waste containers should be removed
and destroyed according to work site policy and
procedures.
stability considerations
 stability time
 appropriate vehicle solution
 light protection
 (do not agitate, shake), thoroughly rotate instead
 liquid product is forced through a filter device
attached to the tip of a syringe with the needle
attached at the other end of the filter
 size of filter depends on its intended use
o filtration of particulate matter: 5 micron
o sterilization of a liquid: 0.22 micron filter
removes most microorganisms
 Handbook on Injectable Drugs – Trissel
 Guide to Parenteral Administration, King
o information in references: drug solutions,
compatibility, dosage, dilution information
steps of typical parenteral admixture order:
 physician writes order
 order is transmitted to pharmacy
 order is checked for appropriate dose, drug
allergies, compatibility, and stability
 label and parenteral admixture worksheets are
prepared
 preparation of admixture by pharmacist or
supervised technician
 admixture is checked by pharmacist including
51


Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.6
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.6.1
HSE.O.PTCB.6.2
HSE.O.PTCB.6.3
HSE.O.PTCB.6.4
correct additive amount, particulate matter or
other indications of incompatibility, and
comparison of label against original order
delivery to patient
storage in patient setting (may require
refrigeration)
administration to patient

Calculations
Students will demonstrate knowledge of mathematics in the Pharmacy.
Should there be an established guideline for “margin of error” in relationship to the use of mathematics
in the Pharmacy?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
See PTCB’s Calculations, Weights, and Measures for
solve conversions using the metric,
the mathematical tutorial.
avirdupois, apothecary and household
systems.
See PTCB’s Calculations, Weights, and Measures for
use charts, graphic illustrations, and
the mathematical tutorial.
conversion tables to perform mathematical
calculations.
See PTCB’s Calculations and Abbreviations for the
determine the meaning of commonly used
commonly used abbreviations for the mathematical
abbreviations in prescriptions and
tutorial.
medication orders.
determine abbreviations, symbols, or syntax avoid the following:
that should be avoided.
 u for unit – when handwritten, can be read as an
O with possible resulting ten-fold overdose, the
word unit should always be written out
 mcg for microgram – can easily be misread as
mg
 qod – abbrev for every other day, can be read
as daily or 4 x per day, to avoid always write our
every other day
 qd – for every day, can be misread for qid
 SC or SQ – for subcu, can be misinterpreted for
SL, sublingual
 T.I.W. – for three times per week, has been
52
HSE.O.PTCB.6.5
HSE.O.PTCB.6.6
HSE.O.PTCB.6.7
HSE.O.PTCB.6.8
HSE.O.PTCB.6.9
HSE.O.PTCB.6.10
HSE.O.PTCB.6.11
HSE.O.PTCB.6.12
HSE.O.PTCB.6.13
HSE.O.PTCB.6.14
demonstrate the Roman Numeral system of
writing numbers.
apply placement rules when using Roman
Numerals.
apply mathematical computations related to
pharmacy procedures.
apply mathematical principle to conversion
equations common to those used in the
pharmacy.
apply rules for decimals when writing drug
doses.
apply mathematical principles involving
temperature, weights, and measures used
in the pharmacy.
apply mathematical principles to problems
involving dosage calculations and other
applied mathematical concepts.
apply ratios and proportions to enlarge and
reduce chemical mixtures used in the
pharmacy.
calculate amounts of drugs, chemical, or
solvents when enlarging and reducing
formulas.
examine units of measurement for drugs
and expressions of quantity and
misread for tid or 2 times per week
 when the same symbols have the more than one
meaning, misinterpretation may result: D/C, HS,
IVP as, au, ad (regarding ear) confused with
ou,os, od (meaning eye) write out the words
 do not leave out spaces between the words
 avoid /, can be mistaken for 1
 avoid &, can be mistaken for the number 4 when
handwritten
See PTCB Calculations tutorial for objectives 6.5
through 6.25.
53
HSE.O.PTCB.6.15
HSE.O.PTCB.6.16
HSE.O.PTCB.6.17
HSE.O.PTCB.6.18
HSE.O.PTCB.6.19
HSE.O.PTCB.6.20
HSE.O.PTCB.6.21
HSE.O.PTCB.6.22
HSE.O.PTCB.6.23
HSE.O.PTCB.6.24
HSE.O.PTCB.6.25
Standard Number:
concentration for drugs in drug products.
differentiate methods for determining
quantities of ingredients and concentration
of drugs when preparing or dispensing drug
products.
calculate amounts of two solutions of
different strengths which must be combined
to get a third solution of a specified strength.
calculate final strength of a diluted or mixed
solution when given the original strength(s)
and volume(s) and the final volume.
distinguish methods of expressing doses
and dosage regimens.
calculate the amount of drug product to
dispense or a days supply from a dosage
regime.
calculate doses for pediatric patients using
pediatric dosage information found in
reference books.
apply general rules for calculating an
infant’s or child’s dose of medication when
given the age or weight of the patient and
the normal adult dose.
determine the flow rate of an IV solution
when given the total volume, total time of
administration, and the drops delivered per
ml by the administration set.
calculate powder volume and use
calculation to reconstitute dry powders for
suspension or solution.
examine pricing methods used in retail
pharmacy.
recongize the meaning of terms used in
pricing methods.
Pharmacy Operations
54
HSE.S.PTCB.7
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.7.1
HSE.O.PTCB.7.2
HSE.O.PTCB.7.3
Students will demonstrate knowledge and skills necessary for the daily operation of a pharmacy.
Does the expected level of competence of the Pharmacy Technician, in the daily operation of a
pharmacy, ever change?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
differentiate common pharmaceutical terms drug names
to include drug names, codes, expiration
 chemical name
date formats, dispensing containers, and
 general name (nonproprietary)
closures.
 brand name (proprietary)
codes
 National Drug Code (NDC), assigned by FDA
 Uniform Product Code
 Mnemonic Code
expiration date format
 based on shelf life
 medication considered effective before the
expiration date
 See PTCB’s Pharmacy Operations (Basic Facts
in Pharmacy) for Reference Books/Information
dispensing containers
 vials, ointment jars, bottles, dropper bottles, unit
dose, dose packs, dispensing containers
closures
 child resistant, easy-open, or non-safety
 Poison Prevention Packaging Act – requires that
most over the counter medications and
prescription medications use child-resistant
containers (see exemptions and legend drugs
that are exempt)
determine considerations regarding
authority to prescribe
authority to prescribe.
 determined at the state level, including the
practitioner’s prescription authority based on
scope of practice
assess possible prescribers.
possible prescribers
 physicians, podiatrists, dentists, optometrists,
55
HSE.O.PTCB.7.4
HSE.O.PTCB.7.5
HSE.O.PTCB.7.6
HSE.O.PTCB.7.7
HSE.O.PTCB.7.8
HSE.O.PTCB.7.9
HSE.O.PTCB.7.10
veterinarians, physician assistants, nurse
practitioners, medical interns and residents
See Pharmacy Operations (Assisting the Pharmacy)
characterize general processes related to
the dispensing and medication distribution in tutorial.
a traditional pharmacy.
See Pharmacy Operations tutorial.
examine the method of transmitting
prescriptions to a pharmacy.
Demonstration of patient confidentiality should be
apply required patient confidentiality.
exhibited during the work-based clinical experience.
Evaluation of this objective will occur within the
clinical setting
articulate the required contents of a
prescription contents
prescription and medication order.
 patient information, date, name of product,
strength, dosage form, quantity, Sig. (directions),
label directions, refills, prescriber information
medication order
 patient information, date, time of day, product
name, dosage form, prescriber information, Sig.
(directions, route, duration)
select information obtained from patients
information obtained from patients
when receiving refill requests.
 patient name and telephone number
 prescription number
 drug name, strength, and quantity
 prescriber information – Doctor’s name
 reimbursement (third party payer)
distinguish the process and information
calling prescribers for refill authorization
needed when calling prescribers for refill
 pharmacy name and telephone number
authorization.
 patient name and date of birth
 drug name, strength, and quantity
 original and last refill date
 prescription directions
demonstrate receiving electronic
receiving information in electronic form
transmission of prescriptions.
 transmission of the exact visual image of a
document by way of electronic equipment
56
HSE.O.PTCB.7.11
differentiate patient information necessary
for the patient profile.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.12
relate the process required when entering
prescription/medication information in the
patient profile.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.13
validate appropriate product selection (i.e.
brand vs. generic).
HSE.O.PTCB.7.14
assist the Pharmacist in preparing and
dispensing medications to include:
 Measuring and Counting
 Calculation and Verifiction
 Compounding
 Weighing
 Reconstituting
 Aseptic Technique/IV
Admixtures
 Controlled Substances
prepare and package prescriptions and
medication orders.
relate information contained on a
prescription label.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.15
HSE.O.PTCB.7.16
See Pharmacy Operations (General Prescription
Duties) for both ambulatory and institutional/long term
care patient profile.
entering prescription/medication information in the
patient profile – computerized database
 verify information
 compare new order to profile
 enter required information
 pharmacist initials
 reimbursement
 pharmacy policy and procedures followed
brand vs. generic
 dispense as written (DAW)
 bioavailability must be the same
 FDA reviews to make sure equivalent
 See Orange Book as reference
 Formulary is a document or listing of committee
approved pharmaceuticals or therapeutics in
stock
Behaviors and characteristics should be exhibited
during the work-based clinical experience. Evaluation
of objectives 7.14 and 7.15 will occur within the clinical
setting.
prescription labels may contain
 name and address of pharmacy
 date of issuance
57
HSE.O.PTCB.7.17
report the advantages of the Unit Dose
System.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.18
examine types of Unit Dose Systems.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.19
demonstrate the five “Rights” of medication.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.20
demonstrate the three check points utilized
 prescription number
 drug name, strength, and quantity
 directions
 patient’s name
 prescriber’s name
 expiration date
 number of refills
 lot number
 pharmacists initials
 auxiliary labels
 federal transfer label
advantages of Unit Dose System
(systems provide each patient with a storage bin with a
twenty-four hour supply of drugs)
 reduce the number of medication errors
 increase drug use control within institutions
 minimize drug waste and pilferage
 reduce nursing preparation time
 more accurate and efficient billing
 fully utilize involved members of the health care
team
 enhance or improve the quality of patient care
types of Unit Dose Systems
 centralized (med. cart, one pharmacy)
 decentralized (satellite pharmacy, combination
of both)
five “Rights” of medication
 Right medication
 Right patient
 Right dose
 Right route
 Right time
three check points
58
 retrieving bottle from stock
 counting from bottle
 returning bottle to stock
report the Pharmacist’s accountability during pharmacist is ultimately accountable to patient
dispensing of a prescription.
articulate possible sources of medication
possible sources of medication errors
errors.
 failure to rotate stock
 preparing three prescriptions at a time
 reading the drug label fast
 abbreviations
Supplemental Information at the Direction of the
predict reporting procedures for medication
Pharmacist
errors.
illustrate the use of supplemental patient
supplemental patient information
information.
 package inserts required every time drug
dispensed, new Rx and refills
o oral contraceptives, estrogens,
progesterones, isotretinoin, intrauterine
devices, isoproterenol inhalation products
See Pharmacy Operations (Key Terms and Concepts)
examine key concepts and terms used in
tutorial.
pharmacy inventory management.
report ordering and receiving techniques.
ordering
 pharmacy may order products directly through a
representative, by telephone, fax, or computer
modum
receiving
 verifying products ordered vs. products received
o original purchase order or “want book”
o invoice received with order
o products received in order
o check for damaged products, complete
shipment, and expired contents
 documentation of receipt of goods
o completed records should be filed or sent
to accounting department
during the dispensing of a prescription.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.21
HSE.O.PTCB.7.22
HSE.O.PTCB.7.23
HSE.O.PTCB.7.24
HSE.O.PTCB.7.25
HSE.O.PTCB.7.26
59
HSE.O.PTCB.7.27
compare methods in managing inventory.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.28
assess ways prescriptions are numbered,
dated, and labeled.
predict the role of the FDA in medication
recall and adverse drug reaction.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.29
HSE.O.PTCB.7.30
assess theft and drug diversion.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.31
examine methods of reimbursement and
available payment plans.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.32
determine claims processing procedures
using Universal Claim Forms (UCFs), paper
o date and initial
o indicate discrepancies on invoice
o call vendor with discrepancies
materials management includes the drug procurement
process, inventory control, and drug storage
See Pharmacy Operations (Medication Distribution and
Inventory Control)
See Pharmacy Operations (General Prescription
Duties)
FDA or pharmaceutical manufacturer may recall a
product or specific manufactured batch or lot number of
a product is it is deemed unsafe or has reported
problems (Class I-IV)
See Pharmacy Operations (Medication Distribution and
Inventory Control)
theft
 drug taken from the pharmacy without
compensation
drug diversion
 medication taken from the pharmacy without
valid prescription or medication order
reimbursement plans or third party programs
 private health insurance
 government programs
 contribute to a patient’s prescription medication
costs
reimbursement system
 patient
 pharmacy
 payer
See Pharmacy Operations (Third Party
Reimbursement) tutorial.
claims filing vary according to whether the submission
is by mail or electronic filing (i.e. via modem, on-line)
60
HSE.O.PTCB.7.33
claims, on-line claims, and electronic
adjudication.
relate the components of drug utilization
review.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.34
examine Reimbursement Formulary.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.35
determine quantity restriction as it applies to
preventing dispensing of unnecessary
quantities.
establish steps for obtaining prior
authorization.
HSE.O.PTCB.7.36
HSE.O.PTCB.7.37
relate the purpose of the signature log.
Standard Number:
Clinical Internship
See Pharmacy Operations (Third Party
Reimbursement) tutorial
drug utilization review
 retrospective – based on past claims history
 concurrent – done during processing of
prescriptions for dispensing and compares new
prescriptions with what the patient has been
previously taking
 prospective – intended to be done by the
pharmacist before filling a prescription
o to avoid potential harmful interactions
o ensures the most appropriate medication
is given to the patient
o screens for fraud or misuse
o targets selected higher cost therapies
o changes prescribing practices and
patterns of prescribers
o screens for under-use of drug therapy
list of medications that are covered by the payment
plan (See Pharmacy Operations – Third Party
Reimbursements)
third party plans will typically limit the quantity of
medication that can be dispensed to prevent patients
from receiving unnecessary quantities
prior authorization
 some plans require that the pharmacy call to
receive approval to dispense medication in
designated drug classes
 if approved, a third party will give a numerical
code to be entered into the computer or
submitted with the paper claim
signature log – patient’s signature is kept on file to
indicate a medication was picked up
61
HSE.S.PTCB.8
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.8.1
HSE.O.PTCB.8.2
HSE.O.PTCB.8.3
HSE.O.PTCB.8.4
HSE.O.PTCB.8.5
HSE.O.PTCB.8.6
HSE.O.PTCB.8.7
HSE.O.PTCB.8.8
HSE.O.PTCB.8.9
HSE.O.PTCB.8.10
HSE.O.PTCB.8.11
HSE.O.PTCB.8.12
HSE.O.PTCB.8.13
HSE.O.PTCB.8.14
Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.9
Students will demonstrate knowledge and skills during particpation in a clinical internship.
Should participation in a clinical internship be seen as a right or a privilege?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
See industry credentialing requirements.
demonstrate a working knowledge of
internship eligibility requirements.
See student data files.
comply with required health regulations
such as proof of physical examination and
immunization status.
See student data files.
provide proof of personal health insurance.
Objectives within this standard represent behaviors and
wear proper clinical attire.
characteristics that are a result of cognitive
maintain mastery or above in attainment of
skills/knowledge gained from successful completion of
standards in classroom theory and lab.
PTCB Preparation 0771. Behaviors and characteristics
report to clinical site on time and ready to
should be exhibited during the work-based clinical
work.
experience. Evaluation of these objectives will occur
notify clinical site and instructor when
within the clinical setting.
absent.
conform to policies regarding performance
of skills and scope of responsibility.
correctly and safely perform entry-level
procedures under supervision of a
pharmacist.
request assistance or clarification as
needed.
maintain professional standards including
client confidentiality.
organize and effectively manage time.
complete documentation required of clinical
internship accurately.
participate in clinical internship evaluation
process.
Technology
Students will:
 use information technology to access, generate, and distribute information.
62
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.9.1
 demonstrate an understanding of the Internet as a resource tool.
Has the application of technology impacted healthcare careers positively or negatively?
Students will
implement the use of software and hardware.
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
Use software, hardware, and Internet throughout
delivery of CSOs.
Use Internet for resource/research for projects and
assignments.
Use Internet for resource/research for projects and
assignments.
HSE.O.PTCB.9.2
utilize the Internet as a resource/research tool.
Standard Number:
HSE.S.PTCB.10
Career and Technical Student Organization
Students will participate in the local chapter of the Career and Technical Student Organization
(CTSO).
How does participation in a Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO) impact professional
development and lifelong learning?
Students will
Learning Plan & Notes to Instructor:
See www.HOSA.org.
participate in the local chapter of the
appropriate Career and Technical Student
Organization (CTSO).
See Robert’s Rules of Order.
use parliamentary procedures in chapter
meetings.
demonstrate team membership/leadership and See HOSA Handbook.
problem solving skills.
See HOSA Handbook.
participate in local, state, and national projects
impacting healthcare and healthcare education.
Learning Skills & Technology Tools
Teaching Strategies
Evidence of Success
Culminating Activity
21C.O.9Student recognizes
Students use search
Students identify job
12.1.LS1
information needed for
engines to complete a job availability for their
problem solving, can
search for their health
health care career, and
efficiently browse, search,
care career choice.
recognize applicable
and navigate online to access
networking possibilities
relevant information,
Students will use search
and pertinent
evaluates information based
engines to research
professional
Essential
Questions:
Objectives:
HSE.O.PTCB.10.1
HSE.O.PTCB.10.2
HSE.O.PTCB.10.3
HSE.O.PTCB.10.4
21st Century Skills
Information and
Communication
Skills:
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21C.O.912.1.LS3
21C.O.912.1.TT1
Thinking and
Reasoning Skills:
21C.O.912.2.LS1
on credibility, social,
economic, political and/or
ethical issues, and presents
findings clearly and
persuasively using a range of
technology tools and media.
Student creates information
using advanced skills of
analysis, synthesis and
evaluation and shares this
information through a variety
of oral, written and multimedia
communications that target
academic, professional and
technical audiences and
purposes.
Student makes informed
choices among available
advanced technology
systems, resources and
services (e.g., global
positioning software, graphing
calculators, personal digital
assistants, web casting,
online collaboration tools) for
completing curriculum
assignments and projects and
for managing and
communicating
personal/professional
information.
Student engages in a critical
thinking process that supports
synthesis and conducts
evaluation using complex
networking and
professional organization
opportunities.
organizations.
Students complete
multimedia presentations
utilizing HOSA
Competitive Event(s) as
teaching/learning
strategies.
Students participate in
HOSA projects in
classroom and
competition. Projects
are judged based on
rubrics in HOSA
Handbook B.
Students make informed
choices regarding the use
of technology systems
within the clinical setting in
order to manage and
communicate professional
information. Use of
technology systems will be
dictated by the systems
found within the clinical
setting utilized for the
clinical internship.
Weekly clinical
evaluations will reflect
appropriate use of
technology systems
within the clinical
internship setting.
Students engage in a
variety of critical thinking
scenarios during
internship in a pharmacy
Students apply the
acquired knowledge by
selecting the
appropriate course of
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21C.O.912.2.LS2
21C.O.912.2.LS3
21C.O.912.2.LS4
21C.O.912.2.TT1
criteria.
Student draws conclusions
from a variety of data sources
to analyze and interpret
systems.
Student engages in a problem
solving process by
formulating questions and
applying complex strategies
in order to independently
solve problems.
Student visualizes the
connection between
seemingly unrelated ideas
and independently produces
solutions that are fresh,
unique, original and well
developed. Student shows
capacity for originality,
concentration, commitment to
completion, and persistence
to develop unique and cogent
products.
Student knows how to find
information necessary to
solve advanced problems
related to hardware, software,
networks, and connections
(e.g., by accessing online
help, Internet searches,
technical documentation,
system utilities, and
setting.
action and seeking
assistance as needed
as they complete their
clinical internship
requirements.
Students will use problem
solving skills to decide on
appropriate application of
course knowledge and
skills.
Throughout the clinical
internship, the student will
be presented with a
variety of situations, within
complex environments.
Within these
environments, the student
must demonstrate the
ability to collect and
assess data from all
sources and produce
unique solutions that
represent the best action
for each situation.
The student will use
hardware, software, the
Internet, technical
documentation, system
utilities and
communication with
technical experts, specific
to the clinical setting, as
an integral component of
Students apply the
acquired knowledge
and processing skills to
meet the internship
standards and
objectives. The
student’s clinical
evaluations will
demonstrate evidence
of appropriate
adherence to the
pharmacy technician’s
legal scope of practice.
Clinical evaluation will
demonstrate the
student’s ability to
proficiently use
hardware, software,
and communication
with technical experts
to meet internship
expectations.
65
21C.O.912.2.TT4
Personal, and
Workplace, Skills:
communication with technical
experts).
Student uses technology tools
and multiple media sources to
analyze a real-world problem,
design and implement a
process to assess the
information, and chart and
evaluate progress toward the
solution.
the clinical internship.
21C.O.912.3.LS1
Student remains composed
and focused, even under
stress, willingly aligns his/her
personal goals to the goals of
others when appropriate,
approaches conflict from winwin perspective, and derives
personal satisfaction from
achieving group goals.
Within the specific clinical
setting, the student will
analyze client/ clinical
problems and use
available technology tools
to document progress.
Technology tools will be
used for intradepartmental
communication as guided
by policy and procedures
of the facility or pharmacy.
Students will engage in
leadership and problem
solving scenarios during
internship by planning the
most appropriate course
of action when given their
assignment and analyze
possible consequences of
the task.
21C.O.9-
Student independently
The student’s course of
The student’s clinical
evaluations will
document the
proficient use of
technology within the
real-world of the
clinical internship.
Given the legislated
scope of practice for
pharmacy technician
students, they will
consistently apply the
correct course of
action within the
appropriate scope of
practice; display ethical
behaviors related to
privacy and
confidentiality; and
seek assistance if
unsure. The student’s
course of action,
behavior and
characteristics during
the clinical internship
will be documented on
the clinical internship
weekly evaluation.
Students will adapt
66
12.3.LS2
considers multiple
perspectives and can
represent a problem in more
than one way, quickly and
calmly changes focus and
goals as the situation
requires, and actively seeks
innovations (e.g. technology)
that will enhance his/her
work.
21C.O.912.3.LS3
Student demonstrates
ownership of his/her learning
by setting goals, monitoring
and adjusting performance,
extending learning, using
what he/she has learned to
adapt to new situations, and
displaying perseverance and
commitment to continued
learning.
Student demonstrates ethical
behavior and works
responsibly and
collaboratively with others in
the context of the school and
the larger community, and
he/she demonstrates civic
responsibility through
engagement in public
discourse and participation in
service learning.
Student exhibits positive
leadership through
interpersonal and problem-
21C.O.912.3.LS4
21C.O.912.3.LS5
action during participation
in the clinical internship
will focus on the role of the
pharmacy technician.
Students will develop
short and long term goals
along with their instructor
and clinical preceptor and
utilize technology tools to
meet internship
requirements.
Through student/teacher
post-conferences, review
of learning goals, and
clinical accomplishments,
the student will monitor
and adjust clinical
internship performance as
deemed necessary.
focus and goals to
internship
requirements. Clinical
evaluations will
document the student’s
approach to the
meeting of long and
short term goals, and
the requirements of the
clinical internship.
Ethical behaviors will be
developed as a result of
privileged communications
shared with students
during the work-based
experience; as they are
faced with situations
where they must maintain
client privacy and
confidentiality.
Clinical evaluations will
document the student’s
ethical practice in all
aspects of the clinical
internship. The
student will participate
in service learning
thorough the local
HOSA chapter.
Through working in the
pharmacy setting (retail or
hospital) with other
The student’s clinical
evaluations will reflect
positive leadership
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Through the use of
goal profiles and skills
check off list, the
students will monitor
his/her learning and
address skill deficits
with the teacher and/or
clinical preceptor.
21C.O.912.3.LS6
21C.O.912.3.TT4
solving skills that contribute to
achieving the goal. He/she
helps others stay focused,
distributes tasks and
responsibilities effectively,
and monitors group progress
toward the goal without
undermining the efforts of
others.
Student maintains a strong
focus on the larger project
goal and frames appropriate
questions and planning
processes around goal. Prior
to beginning work, student
reflects upon possible
courses of action and their
likely consequences; sets
objectives related to the
larger goal; and establishes
benchmarks for monitoring
progress. While working on
the project, student adjusts
time and resources to allow
for completion of a quality
product.
Student adheres to
acceptable use policy and
displays ethical behaviors
related to acceptable use of
information and
communication technology
(e.g., privacy, security,
copyright, file-sharing,
employees, the student
will function effectively as
a team member,
contributing toward the
development of positive
working relationships.
behaviors and effective
problem solving skills
as he/she works
independently or with
other employees in the
pharmacy.
The student’s clinical
internship experience
is documented within
the clinical journal.
The student is actively
engaged in all preconferences. The
student articulates the
planned course of
action and expected
results for his/her
clinical assignments.
Post-conference
reflects the student’s
ability to adjust time
and resources to
accomplish clinical
internship goals.
Students engage in policy- Student can articulate
based, ethical use of
the methodologies
information and
necessary to protect
communication
the integrity of the
technology.
system in relationship
to patient privacy.
Students apply HIPPA
regulations to all
The student will participate
in pre- and postconferences during the
clinical internship for the
purpose of planning the
appropriate course of
action and establishing
goals for completion of
daily tasks. During
conference, the student
will reflect on patient
progress, or lack thereof.
The student will adjust the
course of action as
necessary to meet
internship requirements.
68
21C.O.912.3.TT5
21C.O.912.3.TT7
plagiarism); student predicts
the possible cost and effects
of unethical use of technology
(e.g., consumer fraud,
intrusion, spamming, virus
setting, hacking) on culture
and society; student identifies
the methodologies that
individuals and businesses
can employ to protect the
integrity of technology
systems.
Student models ethical
behavior relating to security,
privacy, computer etiquette,
passwords and personal
information and demonstrates
an understanding of copyright
by citing sources of
copyrighted materials in
papers, projects and multimedia presentations. Student
advocates for legal and
ethical behaviors among
peers, family, and community
regarding the use of
technology and information.
Student protects his/her
identity online and in email
and/or websites, limits the
distribution of personal
information/pictures, and
evaluates the authenticity of
emails that solicit personal
information. Student
clinical functions.
The student practices
ethical behavior as a
result of cognitive learning
within the classroom. The
student applies this
knowledge during
interaction with the
healthcare team, patient,
patient’s family, and
peers.
Ethical behavior is
documented by the
clinical instructor or
preceptor on the
weekly clinical
evaluation.
Throughout the clinical
internship, the student
adheres to policies and
procedures in regard to
the use of email, websites,
personal information, and
system integrity.
Appropriate use of the
clinical facilities’
information system,
demonstrates the
student’s ability to
follow all safeguards
and system
regulations.
69
21C.O.912.3.TT8
identifies the methodologies
that individuals and
businesses can employ to
protect the integrity of
technology systems.
Student uses technology to
seek strategies and
information to address limits
in their own knowledge.
Learning Skills & Technology Tools
Entrepreneurship
Skills:
GRASP
B.01-B.11, .17.28
Understands the personal
traits/behaviors associated
with successful
entrepreneurial performance.
As the student participates
in a wide variety of clinical
encounters, the student
recognizes knowledge
deficits and utilizes the
clinical journal to share
identified deficits and
technological strategies to
address the deficits with
the classroom teacher.
Teaching Strategies
Culminating Activity
Students will develop
leadership, personal
management,
communication, and job
seeking skills as they
engage in work
assignments during
internship/clinical
experiences.
Students will utilize
various multimedia
resources in developing
job keeping skills and
identify entrepreneurial
opportunities.
Culminating Assessment
Tutored Exam (See PassAssured Pharmacy Technician Training Program)
Utilization of the
clinical journal
demonstrates self
assessment and
correction of
knowledge deficits.
Evidence of Success
Students display
appropriate leadership,
personal management,
and communication
skills during clinical/
internship
assignments.
Students successfully
utilize job seeking skills
as they build a
professional portfolio.
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Culminating
Assessment:
Industry
Accreditation/
Certification:
Final Exam (See PassAssured Pharmacy Technician Training Program)
PTCB Practice Exam, Study tools online @ http://www.ptcb.org
Technical Skills Performance Assessment
Industry Accreditation/Certification
PTCB Exam (Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Exam)
Links and Other Resources
Links and Other
Resources:
Related Websites:
PassAssured
http://www.passassured.com
PTCB
http://www.ptcb.org
HOSA
http://www.hosa.org
Center for Disease Control
http://www.cdc.gov
Pathways to Success
http://careertech.k12.wv.us/pathwaystosuccess/
U.S. Department of Labor in the 21st Century
http://www.dol.gov/
Advanced Distributed Learning
www.adlnet.org
America's Career InfoNet
www.acinet.org
71
America's Job Bank
www.ajb.org
America's Service Locator
www.servicelocator.org
CareerOneStop
www.careeronestop.org
Employment & Training Administration
www.doleta.gov
The Job Accommodation Network (JAN)
http://www.jan.wvu.edu
Monthly Labor Review Online: Labor Force Archives
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/indexL.htm#Labor force
Occupational Information Network
www.doleta.gov/programs/onet
Office of Disability Employment Policy
www.dol.gov/odep
Career Voyages
http://www.careervoyages.gov/index.cfm
Workforce West Virginia
https://www.workforcewv.org/
West Virginia Earn A Degree Graduate Early (EDGE)
http://www.wvtechprep.wvnet.edu/edge.htm
West Virginia Career and Technical Education
http://careertech.k12.wv.us/
72
Contacts
Contacts:
HSE Teachers: See HSE Directory
HSE Coordinators: Rebecca Davis rdavis@accesslk12.wv.us
Cynthia Sundstrom csundstr@access.k12.wv.us
OCTI Assistant Executive Director and EOCTST Coordinator: Donna Burge-Tetrick
OCTI Executive Director: Gene Coulson
73