Why do we look to science for assistance in our legal system?
• Increasing __________________
•
New or Changed ____________
• New _________________
• New ______________(*see next slide)
• Response to __________________________.
• Response to ____________________________.
New Weapons
________________________, ______________________, ______________________,
__________________________.
Applying Science to Law

Applying science to the Criminal Justice System depends on a scientist’s
_____________________ to supply _________________ & ___________________ information that reflects the events that have occurred at a crime.
Forensic Science defined:

___________________________ (or _________________________)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

It is vague & hard to define b/c it includes so many other areas of science.
Civil vs. Criminal Law
CIVIL LAW
 filed by a ________________ party. o a _______________________ o an _____________________________person

Penalty: a guilty defendant ________________________ the plaintiff for
___________________ caused by their ____________________________. o no __________________________________
CRIMINAL LAW
 filed by the _________________________________

Penalty: a __________________________ defendant is punished by o _______________________________ (in jail/prison) o ________ paid to the _______________________ o _________________________ (death penalty)

Crimes are divided into 2 classes: o _____________________________ - less than 1 year incarceration o _______________________ - sentence of 1+ year
 “Forensic” comes from the Latin word “ ___________________ ” meaning forum.

During the time of the _____________________, a ________________________ charge meant presenting the case before the ____________________________.


Both the person ________________________ of the crime & the
______________________ would give _____________________ based on their side of the story.

The individual with the best _______________________ would determine the outcome of the case.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle- Sci-fi author in late 1800’s o __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) – o “Father of _________________________” o Wrote about the detection of __________________________ & their effects on animals.

Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) o Father of _______________________________” o Developed a _____________________ to distinguish one ________________
___________________________ from another based on certain ____________
________________________________.

Anthropometry

Francis Galton (1822-1911)
 “Father of _____________________________”

Developed _______________________ as a way to uniquely identify
____________________________---.

Leone Lattes (1887-1954)
 “Father of ______________________ _________________________”


He developed a procedure for determining the ____________ ___________ (A,
B, AB, or O) of a ________________________________________.

Calvin Goddard (1891-1955)
 “Father of ___________________________”
 Developed the technique to examine ___________________________, using a comparison microscope, to determine whether or not a
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Albert Osborn (1858-1946)

Father of ____________ ________________”
 His work led to the acceptance of documents as
_________________________________ by the _____________________.

Walter McCrone (1916-2002)
 “Father of _______________________________________”

He developed & applied his
________________________________________________________________
_ to examine evidence in countless court cases.

Hans Gross (1847-1915)
 “Father of ___________________________________”
 Wrote the book on applying all the
_____________________________________________ to the field of criminal investigation.

Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
 “Father of the ____________________________
 In 1910, he started the ________________crime lab in an attic of a police station.
 With few tools, he quickly became known world-wide to forensic scientists & criminal investigators & eventually founded the
________________________________________________ in France.
 His most important contribution was the
“ ______________________________________________________________ ”

 Locard’s Exchange Principle
 “________________________________.”

He believed that every criminal can be connected to a crime by
______________________ carried from the crime scene.
 When a criminal comes in contact with an _______________ or
___________________, a _______-_________________ of evidence occurs.

J. Edgar Hoover
 “_______________________________________” - Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation during the 1930’s

Hoover's leadership spanned _______ yrs & _____ presidential administrations.
His reign covered ______________________, the Great _______________,
________________, the _____________ War, the _________________ War,
& the __________________ War.

He organized a ___________________________ laboratory to offer forensic services to ________ law enforcement agencies in the U.S.
 VERY _____________________________________
 He __________________ & ________________ his authority with unjustified investigations & ________________ ______________________ based on
______________________ beliefs rather than
___________________________ criminal activity
 FBI directors are now limited to _____________________________

Applications of Forensic Science
 ________________________ of ____________________ or ______________
 Solving ________________

______________ crimes (______________ or _______________ convicted)

_________, ________________, ___________ of _________________-
 _______________ cases
 _______________ crimes

_______________________ Crimes (Enron)

____________________ Analysis
 Application of ____________________ as evidence
 _________________ vs. _______________________-

__________________ & ____________________

_______________- remains of victims (either civilian or soldiers)
 ex. Holocaust or Katrina
 Military & International Forensics
 ___________________________

The search for WMD’s

 stockpiled or stored weapons from past wars

The Trial of the Century

__________________________________- was a NFL football legend.

He is now famous for having been tried for the ______________________- of ex-wife ____________________________________- & her friend
_______________ ____________________ in 1994.

He was _________________________- in criminal court after a lengthy, highly publicized trial.

What went wrong?

1 st on the scene, police found evidence of ____________________ & entered the Simpson home ___________________ a ____________
____________________, an action permissible b/c the situation was an
__________________.

HOWEVER, the police ___________________ a pair of ____________-
___________ gloves during their search.
 __________________ of ___________________ without _______________
_________________ became the key argument used by Simpson’s legal team
& ultimately led to his acquital.

What was learned?

If forensic evidence is to be __________________ in court, the highest professional ____________________- must be used at the crime scene!

He was found _____________________ for their deaths in _________ court, but has yet to pay the ________ _______________ judgment.

THE BODY FARM
 PRIMARY GOAL : To understand the _______________ &
_______________- of _____________________________, primarily to improve determining the "_______________________________" in murder cases.
 The Body Farm is a ____________________ of various crime scenes using real
__________________ bodies.

Started in 1970-80’s to study Forensic ___________________ (the study of
________________ ___________________- after ______________-).
 Used by Law Enforcement, Medical Examiners, Entomologists, Cadaver Dogs,
Anthropologists & FBI for Crime Scene __________________-.
 The BF uses unclaimed ____________________ &
_______________________ (who donate their body to science after death)

Only _______ Facilities in the U.S.
 ______________________________________- (original)


__________________________________-
 Texas State University - local residents opposed it

Types of Research

How does the _______________________- rate compare in:
 _________________ vs ________________-?
 In _____________ weather vs ________________ weather?

In a _________________ grave vs on the ground?

In _____________?
 Inside a ___________?
 What effect do other variables have—___________, ___________ activity,
_______________, ___________ weight, and so on?

Why is TSD so important?

1 st question at most murder scenes:
"_______________________________________________?“

It's crucial to know ________________ the crime was committed.
 it can help narrow the search for a suspect or
 it can help ____________ ____________ __________________
___________________________- who had alibis at the time the victim was killed.