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COUNTRIES, PEOPLE
ALL OVER THE WORLD
(COUNTRY,PEOPLE,MANNERS)
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Italy:
Italian Republic
Repubblica Italiana
Capital<<<ROME
Offical languages<<<ITALIAN (THE ITALIANS)
Government<<<PRESIDENT:GIORGIO NAPOLITANO
Italy officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is located on the Italian
Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily
and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and
Slovenia. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within the
Italian Peninsula, and Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. Today, Italy is a
democratic republic and a developed country with the 8th-highest quality-of-life index rating in
the world.It is a founding member of what is now the European Union, having signed the Treaty
of Rome in 1957, and a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Population
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In October 2007, the Italian population surpassed 59.8 million. Italy currently has the fourthlargest population in the European Union and the 23rd-largest population worldwide. Italy's
population density, at 196.1 persons per kilometre, is the fifth highest in the European Union.
The highest density is in northern Italy, as that one-third of the country contains almost half of
the Italian population. After World War II, Italy saw an economic boom which lured the rural
population to the cities, and at the same time it turned from a nation characterized by massive
emigration to a net immigrant-receiving country. High fertility persisted until the 70s when it
plunged below replacement, so that as of 2007, one in five Italians was a pensioner. Despite
this, thanks mainly to the immigration of the 80s and 90s, in the 2000s Italy saw natural
population growth for the first time in years.
Sport
A Scuderia Ferrari Formula One carPopular sports include football, basketball (2nd national
team sport since the 1950s), volleyball, waterpolo, fencing, rugby, cycling, ice hockey (mainly in
Milan, Trentino-Alto Adige and Veneto), roller hockey and F1 motor racing. Winter sports are
most popular in the northern regions, with Italians competing in international games and
Olympic venues. Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympic Games. Sports are incorporated into
Italian festivities like Palio (see also Palio di Siena), and the gondola race (regatta) that takes
place in Venice on the first Sunday of September. Sports venues have extended from the
gladiatorial games of Ancient Rome in the Colosseum to the Stadio Olimpico of contemporary
Rome, where football clubs compete.
The most popular sport in Italy is football, the Serie A being one of the most famous
competitions in the world. Italy's national football team is the second-most-successful team in
the world, with four world cup victories, the first one of which was in 1934. Italy is also and the
current (2006) FIFA world champion. Cricket is also slowly gaining popularity; the Italian
national cricket team is administered by the Federazione Cricket Italiana (Italian Cricket
Federation). They are currently ranked 27th in the world by the International Cricket Council
and are ranked fifth amongst European non-Test teams.
Cuisine
Main article: Italian cuisine
The modern Italian cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political changes, with
its roots reaching back to the 4th century BC. Significant change occurred with the discovery of
the New World, when vegetables such as potatoes, tomatoes, bell peppers, and maize became
available. However, these central ingredients of modern Italian cuisine were not introduced in
scale before the 18th century.
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Ingredients and dishes vary by region. However, many dishes that were once regional have
proliferated in different variations across the country. Cheese and wine are major parts of the
cuisine, playing different roles both regionally and nationally with their many variations and
Denominazione di origine controllata (regulated appellation) laws. Coffee, and more specifically
espresso, has become highly important to the cultural cuisine of Italy.
They have good food and wine.They have many famous disigners.They are very noise.
Germany:
Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Capital<<<BERLIN
Offical launguages<<<GERMAN (THE GARMENS)
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Government<<<PRESIDENT:HORST KOHLER
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland is a
country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic
Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and
to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany
covers 357,021 square kilometers and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 82
million inhabitants, it accounts for the largest population among the member states of the
European Union and is home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman
Empire that lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre
of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, the country was first unified amidst
the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. In 1949, after World War II, Germany was divided into two
separate.
Germany is a federal parliamentary republic of sixteen states (Länder). The capital and largest
city is Berlin. Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, G8 and OECD. It is a major
economic power with the world's third largest economy.
Climate
Alpine scenery in Bavaria.Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate in which humid
westerly winds predominate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, which is the
northern extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the
North Sea including the peninsula of Jutland and the area along the Rhine, which flows into the
North Sea. Consequently in the north-west and the north, the climate is oceanic; rainfall occurs
year round with a maximum during summer.
Winters are mild and summers tend to be cool, though temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F)
for prolonged periods. In the east, the climate is more continental; winters can be very cold,
summers can be very warm, and long dry periods are often recorded. Central and southern
Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. Again, the
maximum temperature can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in summer.
Cuisine
As a country with many immigrants, Germany has adopted many international dishes into its
cuisine and daily eating habits. Italian dishes like Pizza and Pasta, Turkish and Arab dishes like
Döner Kebab and Falafel are well established, especially in bigger cities. International burger
chains, as well as Chinese and Greek restaurants, are widespread. Indian, Thai, Japanese, and
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other Asian cuisines have gained popularity in recent decades. Among nine high-profile
restaurants in Germany, the Michelin guide has awarded three stars, the highest designation,
while 15 more received two stars. German restaurants have become the world's second most
decorated after eateries in France.
Although wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, the national alcoholic
drink is beer. German beer consumption per person is declining but—at 116 litres annually—it
is still among the highest in the world. Beer varieties include Alt, Bock, Dunkel, Kölsch, Lager,
Malzbier, Pils, and Weizenbier. Among 18 surveyed western countries, Germany ranked 14th in
the list of per capita consumption of soft drinks in general, while it ranked third in the
consumption of fruit juices. Furthermore, carbonated mineral water and Schorle (its mixture
with fruit juice) are very popular in Germany.
They make and drive luxurious cars.they eat sausages and drink beer.They are very organised.
Australia:
Commonwealth of Australia
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Capital<<<CANNBERA
Offical languages<<<NONE (THE AUSTRALIANS)
Government<<<MONARCH (QUEEN ELIZABETH 2)
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere
comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and
numerous other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 Neighbouring countries include
Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and
New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east.
On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia
was formed. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political
system and remains a Commonwealth realm. The population is just over 21.3 million, with
approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney,
Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. The nation's capital city is Canberra, located in the
Australian Capital Territory.
History:
The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland was made by the Dutch
navigator Willem Janszoon, who sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in 1606. During the
17th century, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines of what they
called New Holland, but they made no attempt at settlement. In 1770, James Cook sailed along
and mapped the east coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales and claimed for
Great Britain. Cook's discoveries prepared the way for establishment of a new penal colony.
Politics:
The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional democracy based on a federal division of
powers. The form of government used in Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a
parliamentary system of government. Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of Australia, a role that is
distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen is
represented by the Governor-General at federal level and by the Governors at state level.
Although the Constitution gives extensive executive powers to the Governor-General, these are
normally exercised only on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Economy:
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Australia is one of the most laissez-faire capitalist economies, according to indices of economic
freedom. Australia's per capita GDP is slightly higher than that of the UK, Germany, and France
in terms of purchasing power parity. The country was ranked third in the United Nations 2007
Human Development Index, first in Legatum's 2008 Prosperity Index, and sixth in The
Economist worldwide Quality-of-Life Index for 2005. All of Australia's major cities fare well in
global comparative liveability surveys.
They love many sports.They have also national parks.They dont drink alcohol (too muck like
Slovenian people for example).
Scotland:
Scotland (English / Scots)
Alba (Gaelic
Capital<<<EDINBURGH
Offical languages<<<ENGLISH (THE SCOTS)
Government<<<MONARCH (ELIZABETH 2)
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Scotland (Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.Occupying the northern
third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded
by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel
and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over 790
islands[9] including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial
centres. It was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which saw Scotland
become one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Scotland's
largest city is Glasgow, which was once one of the world's leading industrial metropolises, and
now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation which dominates the Scottish
Lowlands. Scottish waters consist of a large sectorof the North Atlantic and the North Sea,
containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union.
Goverment and Politics:
Scotland's head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth II
(since 1952). The title Elizabeth II caused controversy around the time of the queen's
coronation, as there had never been an Elizabeth I in Scotland. A legal case, MacCormick v. Lord
Advocate (1953 SC 396), was taken to contest the right of the Queen to title herself Elizabeth II
within Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of Article 1 of the Treaty of Union. The
case was lost and it was decided that future British monarchs would be numbered according to
either their English or Scottish predecessors, whichever number is higher.
Scotland has limited self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in
the UK Parliament. Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the
Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh. The United
Kingdom Parliament retains power over a set list of areas explicitly specified in the Scotland Act
1998 as reserved matters, including, for example, levels of UK taxes, social security, defence,
international relations and broadcasting, with all other matters being devolved.
The Scottish Parliament has legislative authority for all other areas relating to Scotland, as well
as limited power to vary income tax, a power it has yet to exercise. The Scottish Parliament can
give legislative consent over devolved matters back to Westminster by passing a Legislative
Consent Motion if United Kingdom-wide legislation is considered to be more appropriate for a
certain issue. The programmes of legislation enacted by the Scottish Parliament have seen a
divergence in the provision of public services compared to the rest of the United Kingdom. For
instance, the costs of a university education, and care services for the elderly are free at point
of use in Scotland, while fees are paid in the rest of the UK. Scotland was the first country in the
UK to ban smoking in enclosed public places.
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Law and criminal justice:
Scots law provides for three types of courts responsible for the administration of justice: civil,
criminal and heraldic. The supreme civil court is the Court of Session, although civil appeals can
be taken to the House of Lords. The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court. Both
courts are housed at Parliament House, in Edinburgh, which was the home of the pre-Union
Parliament of Scotland. The sheriff court is the main criminal and civil court. There are 49 sheriff
courts throughout the country. District courts were introduced in 1975 for minor offences. The
Court of the Lord Lyon regulates heraldry.
The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: "guilty",
"not guilty" and "not proven". Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal with no
possibility of retrial.
Scots juries consist of fifteen, not twelve jurors as is more common in English-speaking
countries.
The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) manages the prisons in Scotland which contain between them
over 7,500 prisoners. The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is responsible for the Scottish Prison
Service within the Scottish Government.
Educiation:
The Scottish education system has always remained distinct from education in the rest of
United Kingdom, with a characteristic emphasis on a broad education. Scotland was the first
country since Sparta in classical Greece to implement a system of general public education.
Schooling was made compulsory for the first time in Scotland with the Education Act of 1496,
then, in 1561, the Church of Scotland set out a national programme for spiritual reform,
including a school in every parish. Education continued to be a matter for the church rather
than the state until the Education Act of 1872.
There are 14 Scottish universities, some of which are amongst the oldest in the world. The
country produces 1% of the world's published research with less than 0.1% of the world's
population, and higher education institutions account for nine per cent of Scotland's service
sector exports.
National symbols:
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The thistle, Scotland's Floral emblem.The national flag of Scotland, known as the Saltire or St.
Andrew's Cross, dates (at least in legend) from the 9th century, and is thus the oldest national
flag still in use. Since 1606 the Saltire has also formed part of the design of the Union Flag.
There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including
the thistle, the nation's floral emblem, the 6 April 1320 statement of political independence the
Declaration of Arbroath, the textile pattern tartan that often signifies a particular Scottish clan,
and the Lion Rampant flag.
Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be the National Anthem of Scotland, and is played at
events such as football or rugby matches involving the Scotland national team. Scotland the
Brave is used for the Scottish team at the Commonwealth Games. However, since devolution,
more serious discussion of the issue has led to the use of Flower of Scotland being disputed.
They produce many (good) whisky.They wear kilts.they also eat haggis.
Russia:
Russian Federation
Российская Федерация
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
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Capital<<<MOSCOW
Official languages<<<RUSSIAN (THE RUSSIANS)
Government<<<PRESIDENT (DIMITRY MEDVEDEV)
Russia , or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country extending over much of
northern Eurasia. It is a semi-presidential republic comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares
land borders with the following countries (counterclockwise from northwest to southeast):
Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (via Kaliningrad Oblast), Poland (via Kaliningrad
Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and Democratic
People's Republic of Korea, and is also close to the United States (Alaska), Republic of Korea,
Sweden, and Japan. It borders the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian Sea, the Baltic
Sea, and the Black Sea.
At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world,
covering more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area; with 142 million people, it is the ninth
largest by population. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe,
spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a great range of environments and landforms. Russia
has the world's greatest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy
superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately onequarter of the world's unfrozen fresh water.
Imperial Russia
Russia entered World War I in aid of its ally Serbia and fought a war across three fronts while
isolated from its allies. Russia did not want war but felt that the only alternative was German
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domination of Europe. Although the army was far from defeated in 1916, the already-existing
public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, casualties (Russia
suffered the highest number of both military and civilian deaths of the Entente Powers), and
tales of corruption and even treason in high places, leading to the outbreak of the Russian
Revolution of 1917. A series of uprisings were organized by workers and peasants throughout
the country, as well as by soldiers in the Russian army, who were mainly of peasant origin.
Many of the uprisings were organized and led by democratically-elected councils called Soviets.
The February Revolution overthrew the Russian monarchy, which was replaced by a shaky
coalition of political parties that declared itself the Provisional Government. The abdication
marked the end of imperial rule in Russia, and Nicholas and his family were imprisoned and
later executed during the Civil War. While initially receiving the support of the Soviets, the
Provisional Government proved unable to resolve many problems which had led to the
February Revolution. The second revolution, the October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin,
overthrew the Provisional Government and created the world’s first Communist state.
Government and politics
According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December
1993 following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Russia is a federation and formally a semipresidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the
head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a representative
democracy. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the
two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The government is regulated by a system of checks and
balances defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which serves as the country's
supreme legal document and as a social contract for the people of the Russian Federation.
Health
The Russian Constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all citizens. While Russia has
more physicians, hospitals, and health care workers than almost any other country in the world
on a per capita basis, since the collapse of the Soviet Union the health of the Russian
population has declined considerably as a result of social, economic, and lifestyle changes.[158]
As of 2007, the average life expectancy in Russia is 61.5 years for males and 73.9 years for
females. The average Russian life expectancy of 67.7 years at birth is 10.8 years shorter than
the overall figure in the European Union. The biggest factor contributing to this relatively low
life expectancy for males is a high mortality rate among working-age males from preventable
causes (e.g., alcohol poisoning, stress, smoking, traffic accidents, violent crimes). Mortality
among Russian men rose by 60% since 1991, four to five times higher than in Europe. As a
result of the large difference in life expectancy between men and women and because of the
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lasting effect of World War II, where Russia lost more men than any other nation in the world,
the gender imbalance remains to this day and there are 0.859 males to every female.
Language
Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages. According to the 2002 census, 142.6
million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and German with 2.9 million
speakers.Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual
republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian. Despite its wide
dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most
geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.
Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the
East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written
examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.
Literature
Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world,
contributing much of the world's most famous literary works.[195] Russia's literary history
dates back to the 10th century and by the early 19th century a native tradition had emerged,
producing some of the greatest writers of all time. This period and the Golden Age of Russian
Poetry began with Alexander Pushkin, considered to be the founder of modern Russian
literature and often described as the "Russian Shakespeare". Amongst Russia's most renowned
poets and writers of the 19th century are Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy,
Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Ivan Goncharov, Mikhail Saltykov, Aleksey
Pisemsky, and Nikolai Leskov made lasting contributions to Russian prose. Tolstoy and
Dostoevsky in particular were titanic figures to the point that many literary critics have
described one or the other as the greatest novelist ever.[
They drink vodka (a lot of).They wear worm clothes because the cold days....They are many rich
people (and some of them are too poor).....
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Mexico:
United Mexican States
Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Capital<<<MEXICO CITY
Official languages<<<SPANISH (THE MEXICANS)
Government<<<PRESIDENT (FELIPE CALDERON)
The United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), commonly known as Mexico (,
is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United
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States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and
the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico is a federation comprising
thirty-one states and a federal district, the capital Mexico City, whose metropolitan area is one
of the world's most populous.
Covering almost 2 million square kilometres,[8] Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the
Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated
population of 109 million[9], it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous
Spanish-speaking country in the world.
Government and politics
The United Mexican States are a federation whose government is representative, democratic
and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. The
constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments
and the municipal governments. All officials at the three levels are elected by voters through
first-past-the-post plurality, proportional representation or are appointed by other elected
officials.
The federal government is constituted by the Powers of the Union, the three separate branches
of government:
Legislative: the bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of a Senate and a Chamber of
Deputies, which makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget
and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.
Executive: the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and
government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President
also appoints, with Senate approval, the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible
for executing and enforcing the law, and has the authority of vetoing bills.
Judiciary: The Supreme Court of Justice, comprised by eleven judges appointed by the President
with Senate approval, who interpret laws and judge cases of federal competency. Other
institutions of the judiciary are the Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals,
and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.
Climate
The Altar desert, Sonora.The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate
and tropical zones. Land north of the twenty-fourth parallel experiences cooler temperatures
during the winter months. South of the twenty-fourth parallel, temperatures are fairly constant
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year round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most
divere weather systems in the world.
Areas south of the twenty-fourth parallel with elevations up to 1,000 meters (the southern
parts of both coastal plains as well as the Yucatán Peninsula), have a yearly median
temperature between 24 and 28 °C. Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with
only a 5 °C difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Although low-lying
areas north of the twentieth-fourth parallel are hot and humid during the summer, they
generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20-24 °C) because of more moderate
conditions during the winter.
Culture
Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of preHispanic civilizations and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of
Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements mainly from the United States have been incorporated
into Mexican culture. As was the case in most Latin American countries, when Mexico became
an independent nation, it had to slowly create a national identity, being an ethnically diverse
country in which, for the most part, the only connecting element amongst the newly
independent inhabitants was Catholicism.
Cuisine
Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors, colorful decoration, and variety of
spices. Most of today's Mexican food is based on pre-hispanic traditions, including the Aztecs
and Maya, combined with culinary trends introduced by Spanish colonists. The conquistadores
eventually combined their imported diet of rice, beef, pork, chicken, wine, garlic and onions
with the native pre-Columbian food, including maize, tomato, vanilla, avocado, papaya,
pineapple, chili pepper, beans, squash, limes (limón in Mexican Spanish), sweet potato, peanut
and turkey.
The most internationally recognized dishes include chocolate, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas,
burritos, tamales and mole among others. Regional dishes include mole poblano, chiles en
nogada and chalupas from Puebla; cabrito and machaca from Monterrey, cochinita pibil from
Yucatán, Tlayudas from Oaxaca, as well as barbacoa, chilaquiles, milanesas, and many others.
They eat spicy food.They wear sombreros.They do many diffrent sports...
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The united States:
United States of America
Capital<<<Washington, D.C.
Official languages<<<NONE AT FEDERAL LEVEL (THE AMERICANS)
Government<<<PRESIDENT (BARACK OBAMA)
The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or
America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The
country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and
Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by
Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the
continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of
Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories, or
insular areas, scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific.
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At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with about 305 million people, the United
States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by
population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural
nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the
largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of
US$14.3 trillion (23% of the world total based on nominal GDP and almost 21% at purchasing
power parity).[
Cold War and protest politics
The United States and Soviet Union jockeyed for power after World War II during the Cold War,
dominating the military affairs of Europe through NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The United
States promoted liberal democracy and capitalism, while the Soviet Union promoted
communism and a centrally planned economy. Both supported dictatorships and engaged in
proxy wars. American troops fought Communist Chinese forces in the Korean War of 1950–53.
The House Un-American Activities Committee pursued a series of investigations into suspected
leftist subversion, while Senator Joseph McCarthy became the figurehead of anticommunist
sentiment.
The 1961 Soviet launch of the first manned spaceflight prompted President John F. Kennedy's
call for the United States to be first to land "a man on the moon," achieved in 1969. Kennedy
also faced a tense nuclear showdown with Soviet forces in Cuba. Meanwhile, the United States
experienced sustained economic expansion. A growing civil rights movement, led by African
Americans such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., fought segregation and
discrimination. Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and
Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson and his
successor, Richard Nixon, expanded a proxy war in Southeast Asia into the unsuccessful
Vietnam War. A widespread countercultural movement grew, fueled by opposition to the war,
black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and others led a
new wave of feminism that sought political, social, and economic equality for women.
Government and elections
The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic, "in
which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law. It is fundamentally
structured as a representative democracy, though U.S. citizens residing in the territories are
excluded from voting for federal officials. The government is regulated by a system of checks
and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal
document and as a social contract for the American people. In the American federalist system,
citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local; the local
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government's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost
all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district.
There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.
Federal and state judicial and cabinet officials are typically nominated by the executive branch
and approved by the legislature, although some state judges and officials are elected by
popular vote.
Crime and law enforcement
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff's
departments, with state police providing broader services. Federal agencies such as the Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties. At the
federal level and in almost every state, jurisprudence operates on a common law system. State
courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as
appeals from state systems.
Among developed nations, the United States has above-average levels of violent crime and
particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide.[164] In 2007, there were 5.6 murders per
100,000 persons,[165] three times the rate in neighboring Canada.[166] The U.S. homicide rate,
which decreased by 42% between 1991 and 1999, has been roughly steady since.[165] Gun
ownership rights are the subject of contentious political debate.
Sports
Since the late 19th century, baseball has been regarded as the national sport; American
football, basketball, and ice hockey are the country's three other leading professional team
sports. College football and basketball attract large audiences. Football is now by several
measures the most popular spectator sport. Boxing and horse racing were once the most
watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly
NASCAR. Soccer is played widely at the youth and amateur levels and is growing in popularity as
a professional spectator sport. Tennis and many outdoor sports are popular as well.
They drink a lot of cola,eat a lot of fast food.They are very polite nation.
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GREECE:
Hellenic Republic
Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía
Capital<<<ATHENES
Official languages <<<Greek (THE GREEKS)
Government<<<PRESIDENT (Karolos Papoulias)
Greece is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan
Peninsula. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east and south of mainland
Greece, while the Ionian Sea lies to the west. Both parts of the Eastern Mediterranean basin
feature a vast number of islands, islets and rock islands.
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Greece looks back on the heritage of the ancient Greek civilization, generally considered to be
the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. As such, it is the
birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature and
historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western
drama, including both tragedy and comedy.
Cuisine
Greek cuisine is often cited as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet. Greek cuisine
incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek
Salad, spanakopita and the world famous Souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient
Greece like skordalia (a thick purée of potatoes, walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil),
lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with
sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small
dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta
cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives
and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish. Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and
drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs
widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island also uses some flavorings
more often than other Mediterranean cuisines do: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay
laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many
Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in
combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.
Sports
Greece, home to the first modern Olympics, holds a long tradition in sports. The Greek national
football team, currently ranked 20th in the world, won the UEFA Euro 2004 in one of the
biggest surprises in the history of the sport. The Greek Super League is the highest professional
football league in the country comprising of 16 teams. The most successful of them are
Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens, PAOK and Aris. The Greek national basketball team has
a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport. As of August 2008 it is ranked 4th in the
world. They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005, and have reached
the final four in three of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking the second place in
2006. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most
successful Greek teams are Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris, AEK Athens and PAOK. Water polo
and volleyball are also practiced widely in Greece while cricket, handball are relatively popular
in Corfu and Veroia respectively.As the birth place of the Olympic Games, Greece was most
recently host of 2004 Summer Olympics and the first modern Olympics in 1896.
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England:
Capital<<< LONDON
Official languages<<<ENGLISH (THE ENGLISH)
Government<<<MONARCH (QUEEN ELIZABETH 2)
England /ˈɪŋglənd/ (help·info) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants
account for more than 83% of the total UK population,[7] whilst its mainland territory occupies
most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain. England shares land borders with
Scotland to the north and Wales to the west and elsewhere is bordered by the North Sea, Irish
Sea, Celtic Sea, Bristol Channel and English Channel. The capital is London, the largest urban
area in Great Britain, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most, but not all,
measures.
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England became a unified state in the year 927 and takes its name from the Angles, one of the
Germanic tribes who settled there during the 5th and 6th centuries. It has had a significant
cultural and legal impact on the wider world being the place of origin of the English language,
the Church of England, and English law, which forms the basis of the common law legal systems
of countries around the world. In addition, England was the birth place of the Industrial
Revolution and the first country in the world to industrialise. It is home to the Royal Society,
which laid the foundations of modern experimental science. England is the world's oldest
parliamentary system and consequently constitutional, governmental and legal innovations
that had their origin in England have been widely adopted by other nations.
Law and criminal justice
The English common law legal system, developed over the centuries, is also the foundation of
many legal systems throughout the English-speaking countries of the world. It continued to
apply in England and Wales after the Treaty of Union because the terms of the Treaty
specifically guaranteed the continued existence of Scotland's separate legal system, which
meant that England's system has also remained separate.
The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their
common sense and knowledge of legal precedent (stare decisis) to the facts before them. The
court system is headed by the Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, consisting of
the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice (for civil cases) and the Crown Court (for criminal
cases). The Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (usually just referred to as "The House
of Lords") is presently the highest court for both criminal and civil cases in England and Wales
though recent constitutional changes will see the powers of the House of Lords transfer to a
new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. A decision of the highest appeal court in England
and Wales, the House of Lords, is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, and they will
follow its directions.
Architecture
England has played a significant part in the advancement of Western architecture. It is home to
the most notable medieval castles and forts in the world, including Warwick Castle, the Tower
of London and Windsor Castle (the largest inhabited castle in the world and the oldest in
continuous occupation). It is known for its numerous grand country houses, and for its many
medieval and later churches and cathedrals.
English architects have contributed to many styles over the centuries, including Tudor
architecture, English Baroque, the Georgian style and Victorian movements such as Gothic
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Revival. Among the best-known contemporary English architects are Norman Foster and
Richard Rogers.
Cuisine
Although highly regarded in the Middle Ages, English cuisine later became a source of fun
among Britain's French and European neighbours, being viewed until the late 20th century as
crude and unsophisticated by comparison with continental tastes. However, with the influx of
non-European immigrants (particularly those of south and east Asian origins) from the 1950s
onwards, the English diet was transformed. Indian and Chinese cuisine in particular were
absorbed into British culinary life, with restaurants and takeaways appearing in almost every
town in Britain, and 'going for an Indian' becoming a regular part of British social life. A distinct
hybrid food style composed of dishes of Asian origin, but adapted to British tastes, emerged
and was subsequently exported to other parts of the world. Many of the well-known Indian
dishes in the western world, such as Tikka Masala and Balti, are in fact dishes of this sort.
Dishes forming part of the old tradition of English food include:

Apple pie

Fish and chips

Pork pie

Bangers and mash

Full English breakfast

Scouse

Bedfordshire clanger

Gravy

Shepherd's pie

Black Pudding

Jellied eels

Spotted Dick

Bubble and Squeak

Lancashire hotpot

Steak and kidney pie

Cornish pasty

Lincolnshire sausage

Sunday roast

Cottage pie

Mince pies

Toad in the hole

Devonshire Cream Tea

Pie and mash

Yorkshire pudding

Faggot and peas

Ploughman's lunch
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Sweden:
Kingdom of Sweden
Konungariket Sverige
Capital<<<Stockholm
Official languages<<< None
Government<<<MONARCH (King Carl XVI Gustaf)
Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has
land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to
Denmark by the Öresund Bridge in the south.
Viking and Middle ages
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The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the eighth and eleventh centuries. During this
period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and incorporated the
Geats to the south. It's believed that Swedish vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south,
going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, the Mediterranean and further as far as Baghdad.
Their routes passed the rivers of Russia down south to Constantinople (Byzantine Empire)
(present-day Istanbul, Turkey) on which they did numerous raids. The Byzantine Emperor
Theophilos noticed their great skills in war, and invited them to serve as his personal
bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish vikings, called "Rus" are also believed
to be the founding fathers of Russia. The arabic traveller "Ibn Fadlan" described these vikings as
following.
Administration and politics
Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, in which King Carl XVI Gustaf is head of state, but royal
power has long been limited to official and ceremonial functions. The Economist Intelligence
Unit, while acknowledging that democracy is difficult to measure, listed Sweden in first place in
its index of democracy assessing 167 countries. The nation's legislative body is the Riksdag
(Swedish Parliament), with 349 members, which chooses the Prime Minister. Parliamentary
elections are held every four years, on the third Sunday of September.
Modern political system
Constitutionally, the 349-member Riksdag (Parliament) holds supreme authority in modern
Sweden. The Riksdag is responsible for choosing the prime minister, who then appoints the
government (the ministers). The legislative power is then shared between the parliament and
the Prime Minister led government. The executive power is exercised by the government, while
the judiciary is independent. Sweden lacks compulsory judicial review, although the noncompulsory review carried out by lagrådet (Law Council) is mostly respected in technical
matters but less so in controversial political matters. Acts of the parliament and government
decrees can be made inapplicable at every level if they are manifestly against constitutional
laws. However, due to the restrictions in this form of judicial review and a weak judiciary, this
has had little practical consequence.
Sports
Sport activities are a national movement with half of the population actively participating,
much thanks to the heavy government subsidies of sport associations (föreningsstöd). The two
main spectator sports are football and ice hockey (several famous Swede ice hockey players
include Mats Sundin, Peter Forsberg, Henrik Lundqvist, Markus Näslund, Daniel Sedin, Henrik
Sedin, Daniel Alfredsson, Henrik Zetterberg and Nicklas Lidström). Second to football, horse
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sports have the highest number of practitioners, mostly women. Thereafter follow golf,
athletics, and the team sports of handball, floorball, basketball and bandy.
Sweden has been a very successful sport nation throughout the years, and has a row of
sportsmen that are considered to be the best in history in their type of sport.