Syllabus Sp11 Victor Valley College Spring 2011 SYLLABUS Course Title: Human Anatomy Course No: Biology 211 Section No.: 34019 & 34063 Room No.: 31-5 Units: 5.0 Instructor: Mrs. Gibbs Day/Time: MW 12:45-5:20; 5:30-10:00 Phone: 760-245-4271, x 2213 Office: SL-28 Office Hours: Tu,Th 4:25-5:20; F 10:30-Noon e-mail: jgibbs_vvc_bio@yahoo.com or gibbsj@vvc.edu Instructor’s class website: www.jgibbs-vvc-bio.com Student’s contact: "student ID" @student.vvc.edu- Instructors can use this to contact students. Victor Valley College 18422 Bear Valley Road Victorville, CA 92392 Visit Victor Valley College Online at: www.vvc.edu Spring Classes: February 14 February 21 April 11-15 May 30 June 11 Spring Semester Begins Washington Day Holiday Spring Break Holiday Memorial Day Holiday Spring Semester Ends Important Dates: March 3 February 28 May 4 Last day to drop a full-term class and be eligible to apply for a refund Last day to drop a full-term class without a “W” Last day to drop a full-term class and receive a “W” STATEMENT OF ACCESS: Students with special needs are encouraged to meet with instructors to discuss the opportunity for academic accommodation and be referred to disabled student program and services per Administrative Procedure (AP 3440) Course Description An introduction to the gross and microscopic anatomy of the human body. Lab includes dissection of a cat, sheep eye, kidney, heart, and larynx. Lab also includes demonstrations on a human cadaver and assorted anatomical models. Lecture covers cells, tissues, organs, and the major human systems such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive. Student Learning Outcomes: 1. Define and describe the scope of human anatomy. VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 1 Syllabus Sp11 2. Identify and describe the organization of the human body on the cellular, tissue, organ and organ system levels. 3. Develop sufficient vocabulary to understand and be conversant with basic anatomical terminology. 4. Identify and describe the basic functions and structures of the major systems of the human body. 5. Gain an appreciation for life and a better understanding of the magnificence of the human body. Prerequisites One college biology class equivalent to BIOL 100, 107, 109 or 201 must be completed BEFORE enrollment in Human Anatomy. Transcripts must be produced by February 16th at the beginning of your lab period or you will be dropped. No exceptions will be made! WebAdvisor printouts are acceptable. REQUIRED Textbook(s) Text: Human Anatomy & Physiology, Marieb and Hoehn, 8th ed., 2006 or higher Lab: Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, Marieb, 7th ed. or higher Highly Recommended: Human Anatomy Laboratory Supplement, Gibbs 2010 (protected by Copyright laws and is NOT to be photocopied in any manner) Human Anatomy Lecture Notetaker & Study Guide: Instructor J Gibbs 2008 (protected by Copyright laws and is NOT to be photocopied in any manner) Tape recorder if you feel you need one for lecture Attendance: Attendance is required and is the responsibility of the student. If you do not attend the first class session the instructor will drop you from the course (pg. 37 Victor Valley College Catalog 2008-2010). If you are enrolled in the course and do not plan to attend, you must drop the course to avoid receiving and “F” grade. It is absolutely the responsibility of the student to arrive on time to each and every class period, and missed quizzes and laboratory participation points CANNOT be made up. PLEASE NOTE: Each class session is very important. The instructor reserves the right to drop any student after being absent for more time than there is units for the course (Human Anatomy is 5.0 units; pg. 33 Victor Valley College Catalog 2010-2011). (Class attendance is not a measure of performance of proficiency. Whether a student is just physically present in the class is not a valid basis for grading. Reference Title Section 55002 of the California Code of Regulations: (A) Grading Policy. The course provides for measurement of student performance in terms of stated course objectives and culminates in a formal, permanently recorded grade based upon uniform standards in accordance with section 55758 of this Division. The grade is based on demonstrated proficiency on the subject matter and the ability to demonstrate that proficiency, at least in part, by means of written expression that may include essays, or, in courses where the curriculum committee deems them to be appropriate, by problem solving exercises or skills demonstrations by students.) Withdrawal Policy: It is the student’s responsibility to officially withdraw from the course. DO NOT simply stop coming to class and expect the instructor to drop you. Not withdrawing from the course will result in an “F” grade in the course. If a “W” is taken, no course work will be carried over to the next semester. You must REPEAT the course. The last day to drop the class and receive a “W” is May 4th. VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 2 Syllabus Sp11 Incomplete If a student has completed 75% or more of the course with a “C” grade or better, but is unable to complete the remainder of the course due to extenuating circumstances (see student handbook), they may elect to take an incomplete (INC) for the course. You will be allowed to make up all missing assignments, but you cannot repeat completed assignments. All missing assignments and exams MUST be completed the following semester or the grade will revert back to the one they would have earned at the end of the incomplete semester. It is the student’s responsibility to initiate the request for an incomplete! This must be completed in writing on a special school form and signed by both the instructor and the student before the end of the school session. Evaluation/Grades: Your performance relative to the following activities will be carefully evaluated. Lecture Exams (5) Lab Participation Lab Practicals (6) Dissection Final Exam (not cummulative) 400Quizzes (8 @ 10 pts) 50 375 40 100 1045pts Grades: Grades will be assigned on the basis of the following grading scale (100-90%=A, 89.9-80%=B, 79.9-70%=C, 69.9-60%=D, ≤59.9%=F). Grades in the course will NOT be “curved”, and there are no exceptions! Study for your grade. Exam 1 2 3 4 80 Total Possible Points Pts 75 75 50 100 LP 1 2 3 4 Pts 50 75 50 50 Final grades: 5 100 5 75 Final grades are based on five Lecture exams, eight 100 6 75 Quizzes, Laboratory Participation, Dissection activities, six 6 (final) Lab Practicals and a Final exam (not cumulative). 3 points will be deducted for each laboratory period in which you did not participate in the activities. Note: This is a 200 level course and the integrity and level of expectation will be upheld by the instructor. There is to be NO begging or coercion of the instructor to lower these expectations and these actions are frowned upon by the instructor. The instructor does not claim that this is an “easy” course. There are over 600 muscles and 206 bones in the human body, not to mention a plethora of tissues and visceral organs. You will be expected to know the name, location and general function of all required terms and how they relate to the other structures in the body. Enrollment in Human Anatomy carries an assumption of some medically oriented goal, such as nursing, medical school, pharmacy, research, etc., for which an understanding of the structure of the human body is vitally important and the instructor will expect an attitude towards the course that reflects this importance. Grades in this class are NON-NEGOTIABLE. DO NOT attempt to ask for extra work for more points to pass the class. You WILL be assigned the letter grade based on the point total you EARNED in the course. Study for your grade. If you are not achieving the grade level that you are hoping for in the class, ask the instructor for help! All grades will be posted on http://sc.webgrade.classmanager.com/VictorValleyCC/. Your instructor will give you a password and ID number. It is advisable to keep your work that has been graded and handed back. Should there be any discrepancies in the logging of your grades, you will be asked to show the graded work(s) as proof VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 3 Syllabus Sp11 or your grade will remain as is in the system. If you have questions about your grades, you must inform the instructor within 5 days of the grade posting. Quizzes: Quizzes will be administered at the END of the LAB period, except for after the start of the dissection of the cat, in which case the quizzes will be administered at the beginning of the lab period. You will have 10 minutes to complete the quiz. These quizzes are designed to prepare you for the lecture exams and to promote participation THROUGHOUT the entire class period. The quiz dates are UNANNOUNCED (pop quizzes), so study and be prepared (also have with you the short scantron – Quizstrip- and a No. 2 pencil). The quizzes are not cumulative, and any material covered since the prior quiz can be represented on the current quiz. Quizzes cannot be made up under any circumstance. Lecture Exams: Lecture exams will be multiple choice and will cover the understanding of the anatomy of the body and the functions, locations, classifications and relationships of the structures. You will need to be prepared with a scantron (form 882-E) and a No. 2 pencil. If you are late to the exam you will only be allowed the amount of time remaining from the start of the exam for the rest of the class, so BE ON TIME. The exams will be administered before or after the laboratory practical, and will be announced in advance. Be prepared to attend the exam following the laboratory practical. If you have any questions about your score bring it to the instructor’s attention the day the exam is returned. Exams are NEVER open book. Notes WILL NOT be allowed for the exams. NOTE: You will not be allowed to leave the room before you finish the exam (i.e. to use the restroom). If you leave the room, your exam will be ended and collected by the instructor. NOTE: cell phones ringing/vibrating during any exam will result in an automatic 20 point deduction from your score. They distract your fellow students and have been used as a cheating device in educational institutions. Turn them OFF before entering the classroom. Rebuttals for Exam/Quizzes If you believe that you are correct for a question marked wrong on an exam/quiz, you may submit a ½ page, TYPED explanation of YOUR answer AND the citation of the page number from Marieb and Hoehn, or a PRIMARY literature article (peer-reviewed science article) that argues Marieb and Hoehn, that supports your answer. Written notes from a doctor or any other professional will not be accepted as proof of the correctness of your answer. Your instructor is happy to explain the answer to the test question, but will not argue any other answers without this formal rebuttal. Make up exams will be given on Tuesday, June 7th at 3:15pm (this date and time is NOT flexible) and only for extenuating circumstances (death in the immediate family or hospitalization of you or an immediate family member, in which case proof will be required). Make-up exams will not be granted for reasons such as: vacation, lack of child care, broken down car/bus, change in work schedule or an alarm clock did not go off to wake you up. A student may only be granted ONE MAKE UP EXAM. It is the responsibility of the student to attend the class during the scheduled time for which the student has enrolled. LAB PRACTICALS CANNOT BE MADE UP. IF YOU HAVE AN EMERGENCY, you have the option of an Incomplete (see the section on “Incompletes” in this syllabus) or to take the practical in another section. It is the student’s responsibility to inform the instructor of the circumstances prior to the exam that will be missed and be approved for the make-up exam or incomplete, as well as ask another instructor if it OK to attend their practical. Quizzes cannot be made VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 4 Syllabus Sp11 up under any circumstance. If you are late, that time will be deducted from your allowance time for the exam. Lecture / Lab Study Guides: A lecture notetaker/study guide will be available from the VVC Rams Bookstore. This notetaker contains the lecture Power Point outline for Instructor Gibbs’s Human Anatomy class. It is recommended that you use this guide to prepare yourself for lecture by filling it in prior to coming to class. This way you can focus your attention on listening to the lecture and writing in instructor comments and diagrams rather than feverishly trying to copy everything from the presentation. It is also a study guide- everything in this packet can show up on a test. At the end of each chapter’s notes there is also a set of “study prompt” questions with answers at the end of the Notetaker. NOTE: Lectures are fast-paced. The instructor is committed to following the established curriculum written for this course. It is recommended to bring a tape recorder to class if you feel you need to. The laboratory Supplement is also available in the Ram’s Bookstore. This supplement is an easy-tofollow list and guide to all slides, models, specimens and A.D.A.M. software that will be utilized in the laboratory. Everything in this supplement may show up on practicals. Lab Procedures: Hands-on lab is a requirement of this course. Each student is expected to participate in lab. Feeling textures and viewing the 3-dimentional shapes and locations of the various tissues and organs is a vital part of learning about the beautiful and intricate structure of the human body. Each non-participatory lab period will result in a 3 point deduction from your lab participation score. You must be actively working in the lab until the instructor excuses you to earn these points. Your time in lab should be spent wisely. Materials related to human anatomy and the use of computer programs such as A.D.A.M. are used as learning aids and you will be tested on this material during lab practicals. You will be working with a partner or in a small group in most cases. It is best to review the topics to be covered prior to coming to class. Using Anatomy Lab Computers: There is no password for the computers. Simply select “OK” and allow the computer to start up. When you finish with your application, please “Log Off” using the “Start” button function. PLEASE- NEVER SHUT DOWN OUR COMPUTERS A.D.A.M may be purchased for use at home but this is NOT required. Lab Dissection: Lab dissection points will be based on the last two lab modules on the cat dissection and exposing all of the structures to be identified. Failure to participate in the skinning of the cat will result in a 10 point deduction. Failure to fully dissect the cat will result in loss of points. You will be required to purchase a dissection kit, about 5 extra surgical blades and disposable gloves for lab dissection. Masks are a good idea if you don’t like the smell of the preserved specimens. NOTE: Bones, slides, models and specimen materials or other property of Victor Valley College ARE NOT to leave the premise under ANY circumstances. Materials are numbered in most VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 5 Syllabus Sp11 cases. Please return them to their proper places and don’t hog them. Please share the materials amongst your classmates, as in most cases there are less than one per table for the class. The Cat: The anatomy of the cat is very similar to the anatomy of humans since they are both mammals and are related, and the dissections will assist you in your study of human anatomy. Keep in mind that the purpose of this class is to learn the anatomy of the HUMAN and NOT the cat! Take note of similarities and differences. For the lab practicals and exams, all questions need to be answered as the HUMAN structure. The cats are prepared by a biological company for dissection and are preserved in a solution of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, phenyl ether and triple injected for the ease of study. If you have allergies or are pregnant you should consult your physician before taking this course. Proper care of your cat: maintaining your specimen in the best possible condition is important to the success of your dissection. After skinning, keep your cat wrapped in an old towel for the first week. This helps to absorb the excess tissue fluid that will leak out. After the first week the towel can be removed and the specimen can be kept in the plastic bag provided. Bacterial growth may begin if the towel is used beyond this point. After disposing of the towel periodically spray your specimen with the “BioPerm” provided in class. Dissected parts of the cat may be disposed of in the regular waste containers. DO NOT, however, put scalpel blades in the trash. Blades MUST be disposed of in the sharps container. Students will share a cat for dissection. Cats may be taken home for further study, but this is optional. Please be sure that your partner has equal access to the cat…otherwise don’t take it home. Storage racks are available to store your cat here in class. You will need to label your plastic bag with the permanent markers provided. If you drop the class please return your cat; extras are often needed. Handle your cat with respect. They were once living organisms and many people are sensitive to the use of cats for dissection purposes. Use common sense when handling your cat on campus. Under no circumstances is your cat to be displayed on campus except in the lab. Use your discretion in public. It is a good idea to never handle your cat around food or in food vending/preparation areas. It is against the law in the state of California to wear gloves outside of the laboratory. If you exit the room during lab, please take off your gloves first! Failure to remove your gloves before leaving the lab will result in loss of any and all extra credit opportunity in the class (those points already completed and yet to be completed). Lab Practicals: Lab practicals will cover both A.D.A.M. and the hands-on materials covered during lab and always coincide exactly with the lectures. Lab practicals focus on the IDENTIFICATION of the studied structures. You will be given an allotment of time at each station and you will complete the circuit twice so that you have an opportunity to revisit a station. Numbered pins or tags are used to mark the structure you are to identify. DO NOT TOUCH OR MOVE ANY PINS OR TAGS. IF YOU DO YOU WILL RECEIVE A ZERO ON THE PRACTICAL AS THESE ACTIONS ARE CONSIDERED CHEATING! The practicals will be multiple choice. You will need to be prepared with a scantron (form 882-E) and a No. 2 pencil. ALL personal items are to be left AT THE FRONT OF THE ROOM during the practical. NO NOTES are allowed during the practical. DO NOT TALK OR LOOK AROUND OR YOU WILL RECEIVE A ZERO ON THE PRACTICAL! PRACTICALS VVC Biology 211 6 jsg 02/07/11 Syllabus Sp11 WILL BEGIN BEFORE OR AFTER THE EXAM, WHICH WILL BE ANNOUNCED AHEAD OF TIME, so be ON TIME. If you have any questions about your grade on a practical bring it to the instructor’s attention the day the exam is returned. POLICY ON CHEATING: Cheating will not be tolerated in the class. This is a college course and it will be expected that the students enrolled in this course conduct themselves in a manner consistent with those outlined in the Victor Valley College Catalog 2010-2011 (pg. 38-41)- with the utmost academic integrity and respect for the campus policies. The VVC and its faculty consider cheating a very serious offense, and penalties can be as severe as expulsion from the College. Disciplinary action will be imposed on the first offense- an “F” grade will be assigned to the offending student for the exam/practical/quiz/assignment and the student will be formally reported to the Dean of Student Services– you do not get a free cheat! It is your responsibility to read and sign the accompanying description of campus cheating policy and be aware of all of the activities that fall into this category. The signed description is due to the instructor on February 16th exams and practicals will not be administered to the student without it, nor can they be made up. Ignorance of what constitutes cheating is not justification to cheat. Some Lecture/Laboratory Ground Rules: EACH LECTURE (a discourse given before an audience or class especially for instruction) WILL BE FOLLOWED BY A QUESTION AND ANSWER PERIOD. DO NOT INTERRUPT THE LECTURER. COMMENTS DURING LECTURE TAKE THE FOCUS AWAY FROM CONTINUOUS FLOW OF THE LECTURE TOPIC AND THUS EASE OF LEARNING. DO NOT TALK DURING LECTURE. TALKING DURING LECTURE DISRUPTS/ DISTRACTS THE INSTRUCTOR AND YOUR FELLOW CLASSMATES AND WILL NOT BE TOLERATED IN THIS CLASS. Bring your laboratory manual and the accompanying atlas with you each class period. You will be expected to use it each class period. There is to be NO EATING OR DRINKING IN THE LABORATORY. DO NOT leave drinks on the floor in the hallway outside of the lab either. The instructor will dispose of them if they are left there. Turn off your cell phones and/or any other form of noise-maker for the duration of the class period. If you get out of your seat to leave the room and talk on your phone DO NOT reenter the classroom until the break. If I see or hear them, I will dismiss you from the room until the next break. If you are not present in the room when assignments and handouts are passed out in class, or when quizzes, practicals and exams are returned it is your responsibility to obtain them from the instructor. It is the policy of Victor Valley College that children NOT attend class with their parents nor be left unattended on campus while their parents attend class. If you qualify, there is a day-care center on campus. If not, please make arrangements for a sitter. Your safety and the safety of others in the laboratory will be a top priority. Also, any person, student or otherwise, that is not VVC Biology 211 7 jsg 02/07/11 Syllabus Sp11 enrolled on the section cannot be present in the classroom. Study hard, enjoy what you do, and by all means ask the instructor if you have questions. A WORD ABOUT EXTRA CREDIT: Everyone in class starts off with 20 points extra credit. If the instructor HEARS A PHONE, SEES A PHONE OR SEES ANY TEXTING IN LECTURE, 5 POINTS WILL BE DEDUCTED FROM THE EVERYONE IN THE CLASS. Each lecture begins with a PPT slide reminding students to turn off their phones. It is STRONGLY recommended that students remind each other to turn off their phones before class begins as well. Extra credit in this class may also be assigned by the instructor depending on the attitude of the class as a whole. Extra credit may be given in the form of an assignment or as bonus questions on an exam. Should extra credit be assigned it is to be turned in to the instructor on the due date at the beginning of the period. Late submissions will NOT be accepted for ANY reason. Don’t even bother bringing it to the instructor if you are late or were absent that day. Remember, extra credit is a privilege, NOT something you are OWED. Complaints about extra credit, or requests for additional extra credit opportunities will result in termination of any possibility of being awarded any extra credit for the remainder of the semester as well as retraction of ALL extra credit earned to date (including the 20 points stated above) for the offending student. NOTICE: IF ANYTHING IN THE LAB DISAPPEARS EXTRA CREDIT WILL TOO! CONTINUED ENROLLMENT IMPLIES ACCEPTANCE OF POLICIES AND GUIDELINES HEREIN. Tentative Lecture and Laboratory Course Schedules (flexible and subject to change depending on pace of course): Week 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 --9 9 VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 Date 2/14 2/16 2/21 2/23 2/28 3/2 3/7 3/9 3/14 3/16 3/21 3/23 3/28 3/30 4/4 4/6 4/11 4/13 4/18 4/20 Lecture Focus Required Reading (Ch.) The Human Body Orientation 1 Histology 4 Labor Day Holiday -Histology 4 Integumentary System 5 EXAM I (CH. 1,4,5); Bones and Skeletal 6 Bones and Skeletal; Axial 6,7 Axial / Appendicular Skeleton 7 Appendicular Skeleton; Joints 7,8 Joints; Muscular Tissue 8,9 -EXAM II (6,7,8) Muscular Tissue; Muscular System 9,10 Muscular System 10 Muscular System, Nervous Tissue 10,11 Nervous Tissue; CNS 11,12 12 EXAM III (CH. 9,10); CNS -Spring Break Holiday -Spring Break Holiday Central Nervous System; PNS 12, 13 Peripheral Nervous System 13 8 Syllabus Sp11 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 4/25 4/27 5/2 5/4 5/9 5/11 5/16 5/18 5/23 5/25 5/30 6/1 6/6 6/8 Sensory Organs Sensory Organs Endocrine System EXAM IV (CH.11,12,13,15); Digestive Digestive System, Urinary System Urinary System, Repro (Male) Reproductive Systems (Female) Respiratory System EXAM V (CH. 16,23, 25,27) Heart; Blood Memorial Day Holiday Blood Vessels Lymphatic System EXAM VI (CH. 17, 18, 19, 20,22) 13,15 15 16 23 23, 25 25, 27 27 22 -18,17 -19 20 -- Note: Numbers in parenthesis for Exams are CHAPTERS in the book.NOTE: After each laboratory session it is the responsibility of each student at each table to make sure the tabletop, floors, sink and drawers are clean. There will be a 10 point deduction for everyone sitting at a table whose area has been left messy! Week Date 1 2/14 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 2/16 2/21 2/23 2/28 3/2 3/7 3/9 5 3/14 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 --9 9 10 3/16 3/21 3/23 3/28 3/30 4/4 4/6 4/11 4/13 4/18 4/20 4/25 VVC Biology 211 jsg 02/07/11 Laboratory Focus Syllabus; Lab Topics and Practicals; Computer Lab Orientation; Microscope Histology: Epithelial Tissues; Connective Tissue Proper Chapter Reading Exercise Number -- 3 4 6 Labor Day Holiday -- -- Histology: Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, Bone Histology: Blood, Muscle, Nerve, Skin LAB PRACTICAL I (3,6,7) Skeletal: Skull Bones, Fetal Skull, Histology Skeletal: Vertebral Column, Sacrum, Bony Thorax Skeletal: Pectoral Girdle, Arm, Forearm, Hand, Pelvic Girdle Skeletal: Thigh, Leg, Foot, Joints LAB PRACTICAL II (9,10,11,12,13) Muscle: Head, Neck, Back, Thorax Muscle: Abdominals, Scapula, Arm, Forearm Muscle: Hip, Thigh, Leg, Foot Muscle: Build for practical LAB PRACTICAL III (15) 4 4 -6 7 6 6,7 -9,10,12 10 7 11 7,8 -10 10 10 10 -- 11,13 -15,46 15,46 15,46 15,46 -- Spring Break Holiday Spring Break Holiday --- --- Nervous: Nervous Histology Nervous: Model and Sheep Brain Nervous: Cranial Nerves; Spinal Chord 12 12 15 17 19,21 19,21 9 Syllabus Sp11 10 11 11 4/27 5/2 5/4 12 5/9 12 13 5/11 5/16 13 5/18 14 5/23 Nervous: Sheep Eye and Model Eye 15 24 Nervous: Ear Model 15 25 --LAB PRACTICAL IV (17,19,21,24,25) Viscera: Skin the Cat, Cavities/ Membranes, Endocrine 16,22,23,25 27,DEx 1,3 Glands and Visceral Organs Viscera: Digestive System; Sagittal Cat Head 23 38,DEx 7 Viscera: Urinary System, Sheep Kidney; Reproduction 25,27 40, 42; DEx 8,9 36,38,40,42; Viscera: Respiratory, Larynx; Histology 16,22,23,25 DEx 6, Atlas --LAB PRACTICAL V (Viscera) 14 5/25 C-V Lab: Vessel Histology; Heart (model and sheep), Brain Model 15 15 16 16 5/30 6/1 6/6 6/8 Memorial Day Holiday C-V Lab: Vessels of Head, Neck and Upper Extremities C-V Lab: Vessels of the Abdomen and Lower Extremities, LAB PRACTICAL VI (C-V SYSTEM) 18,19 30,32,DEx 4 -19 19 -- -32, DEx 4 32, DEx 4 -- Note: The numbers in parentheses refer to the EXERCISE NUMBERS in the lab manual, NOT the book chapters for the laboratory practicals. 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