1
Research Proposal
Researcher’ name: Mr.Noppachai Fongissara.
Master of Arts in Regional Studies, Faculty of Political Science and
Public Administrations, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
Title of the Research: Impact of Border Closure on Local Economic Border Communities:
A Case Study of Chong Chom Checkpoint, Kap Choeng District,
Surin Province
Rationale:
International conflict is appear for a long time, there are various cause of intonation
conflict such as, ideological conflict from nationalism and political hegemony in world war
II. Although, after cold war which reflects to the victory of liberal ideology and makes an
expanding of economic and political ideology to others country. Moreover, globalization
makes these influence expand rapidly though the process of borderless world. These
processes combined global society as unity. However, international conflicts are still
existence and transform to new form of conflict as Samuel P. Huntington called as “The clash
of Civilization” such as, 9/ 11 in New York, USA. Not only the conflict of civilizations but
also in the border conflict that occur in the state which wants to occupy territories.
For example, the conflicts between Israel and Palestine.
Southeast Asia is the largest region in the world and has a political, racial, religious,
traditional and cultural diversity. It consist of a countries; Thai, Lao, Myanmar, Cambodia,
Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Brunei. Although, these countries will
become to ASEAN community in 2015 but in each country is still face to border conflict. For
example, South Chain Sea dispute, the conflict between china and Vietnam which claim to be
an ownership in South China Sea due to a rich of natural resource. This conflict lea to protest
by people who live in these countries and it’s true into a social movement. Moreover, this
issue got an attention in global level. And another sample, the conflict between Thai and
Myanmar in case of border closure in Maewaddy – Maesot checkpoints which has an effected
on trade and tourism. Particularly, trade transportation that made economic losses because of
the bridge was closed by these governments. According of the sample, the impact not only
occurs in international relationship but also occur in relationship between people who live in
each country.
Following, the impact from the border conflict between Thai – Cambodia. It has
Border closure on two border point. It’s the Chong Chom border, Surin province, and a
Chong Sa-Ngam border point, Sisaket province. The reason the border crosses closed down
due to the fact that there was a fighting between the two countries’ soldiers in the areas. The
border closure was the cutting of the warfare materials transportation through the border
conduits. The Chong Chom Border Cross was primary transportation of consuming goods
such as fuels, and construction materials such as iron and aluminum as considered being the
raw materials for weaponry and ammunition. Which the close down borders has been
affected to the community around there.
However, when close down border. It was affected on the others. Relate on with the
study of Kannika Thammarat ( 1999) The Impact of the Closures of Thai-Myanmar Border
Pass on Border Trade: A Case Study of Mae Sot District, Tal Province. The study shows
close down border has effect on the custom house protocols and the barter system, Bunchoet
Sophon ( 2005) the Impact of the Closures of Cham Yeam Checkpoint, Koh Kong District
Cambodian. This study expresses the border close down. It has effected on economy and
labor movements in around there. Moreover, the study of Marian Kirsch Leighton ( 1978)
2
Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia border conflict. This Research shows the origins of
the conflict probably lie in the border demarcations drawn during French colonial days.
That was why the author paid much attention to Impact of Border closure on Local
Economic Border Communities: A Case Study of Chong Chom Checkpoint, Kap Choeng
District, Surin Province. The objective was to study the border trade and the significance of
border commerce where good relationship of the citizens of the two countries could be
established. The author was looking forwards to the unity of the ASEAN community which
would be started in the year 2015.
Hypothesis: Border closure lead to disruption of local economic community.
Objective:
1. To assess local border situation during the pre conflict, closure and post
closure situation.
2. To assess the consequence of the border closure during closure and post
closure situation.
3. To understand local initiative to resolve border issue.
Scope of the study:
( 1) The study scope would cover the time frame of the year 2011( During Feb-May)
when Cambodia and Thailand had border conflict and border crashes.
(2) The scope of the study would include the Chong Chom Border Cross, which was
situated in the Ban Dan Phatthana village, or 69 kilometers from the city area of the Surin
province or 13 kilometers from the Kap Choeng district or on the opposite side of the
Osmach village, Samrong district, Oddar Meancheay province of Cambodia.
Theories and Literature review
They are many theories to explain of this research such as, Linkage politics Theory,
Nationalism, Borders and Complex Interdependence. Linkage politics Theory and
Nationalism were the main theory used in researching and analyzing this topic. Borders and
Complex Interdependence. Both theories are explained in more detail.
(1) Theories Applied
Linkage politics
The Linkage politics Theory was used to explain relations between domestic and
international affairs consists either of adhoclists of countless “Domestic influences” on
foreign policy or of generic observations that national and international affairs are somehow
“Link” Jame N.Rosenau was one of the first scholars to call attention to this area, but his
elaborate taxonomy of linkage politics generated little cumulative research, except for a
flurry of work correlating domestic and international “Conflict behavior” (Robert D. Putnam,
1998: 430)
Nationalism
Nationalism is the world’s most powerful political idea. It is the primary politics
indentify of most people. As such, nationalism has help configure world politics for several
centuries and will continue to play crucial role shaping people’s minds and global affairs in
the foreseeable further. ( John T.Rourk and Mark A.Boyer, 1945: 86) Furthermore,
Nationalism refers to the idea or doctrine that states a nation has the right to establish an
independence from other countries and institute an independent political system based on that
3
countries history and common beliefs. Nationalists define a nation based on that nations
shared language, culture and shared values that represent a large portion of a specific ethnic
group. A national identity is defined by these criteria as well as the shared heritage of the
nation.
Borders
Borders allow people the opportunities to expose themselves to other spaces with
different conditions from their home land. The movement across is not merely the mobility
between places but also a challenging action against the sacred of nation boundaries even
though those mobile people may not intend to challenge any authorities. However, the way
state considers cross-border action performed out of its surveillance as a threat, implies
state’s intrinsic apprehension that nationalistic schemes are not always effective in imposing
their image to the people of this constructed territory. On the top of this, as state borders still
exist and there is no way that they would completely disappear in this foreseeable future, the
study of everyday lives of the people at the borders of the state is, then and at the same time,
the study of daily life of state. In conclusion, borderland is an ideal place to study alternative
identities emerging from complex and dynamic space relations, which are differentiated from
the ones contracted and imposed by political authorities of state. ( Jakkrit Sangkhamanee,
2006: 37-38)
Complex Interdependence Theory
Complex Interdependence clearly implies a far more friendly and cooperation
relationship between states. According to keohane and Nye in their 1977 book “Power and
Interdependence” several consequences follow. First, states will pursue different goals
simultaneously and translation actors, such as, NGOs and Transnational corporations, will
pursue their own separate goals free from state control. Second, power resources will most
often be specific to issue areas. Third, the importance of international organization will
increase. ( Robert Jackson and Georg SØrensen, 2010: 104-105) In the modern world,
economic linkages and shared environmental and humanitarian concerns also promote action
for the common good. Furthermore, Complex Interdependence maintains that it is not only
common economic interests that bind countries together, but common security interests as
well. Shared security interests can cause nations to grow closer during periods when they face
common treats. Trust and distrust between countries also plays a role in how closely or
distantly they will work together during a time of common crisis. If two countries have a
history of cooperation or have been through Shares hardship, they will more like feel that
they can count on the other side for a quick response in the event of future crises, based on
the past friendship they have established.
4
(2) Literature review
In conducting the literature review, I read Thai – Cambodian Relations, Border
Trading between Thailand – Cambodia and Border Disputes. This was done in order to gain
an understanding of historical side of relationship and effect on Cross-border activities from
politics conflict and to understanding of the problem from the border disputes in
Southeast Asia.
(1) Thai – Cambodian Relations Literature.
Economic Relation between Thailand and Cambodia: after the 1993 Election by
Rawiwan Hirunsuck, 2001.
This Thesis deals with the economic relations Cambodia after the 1993 election. The
purposes of this thesis are: 1) To Study the economic relations between Thailand and
Cambodia after the 1993 election on commerce and investment, 2) To study policies and
measures of trade and foreign direct investment of Cambodia, and 3) To study problems
which are obstacles to the economic relations between Thailand and Cambodia effecting Thai
businessmen's loss of opportunity to invest in Cambodia.
Research results the problems, which occurred between Thailand and Cambodia are
as follows: 1) The political problem is the most important factor that effect the economic
relation between the two countries, especially the domestic political situation in Cambodia, 2)
As a result of the frequent changes of policies and investment and trade measures, the
problem of economic relations between two countries has increased. Moreover, trade
measures and the insufficiency of marketing information in Cambodia, trade measures and
the insufficiency of marketing information in Cambodia, have also played an important role,
and 3) Conflicting attitudes of entrepreneurs from both countries are a major problem. Lack
of confidence from both sides towards each other demands to be solved. These problems
have effected in the whole economic relationship, both at the national and local levels.
“The Economic Relationship between Thailand and Cambodia, 2001-2004”
By Pongratda Bootto, 2005
The purposes of this documentary research were three folds. First, it aimed to study
the status of trade and investment between Thailand and Cambodia during 2001-2004
Secondly, to study the trade and investment policy, strategy, measures, and target of Thailand
toward Cambodia. Thirdly, to examine the economic problems and barriers between the two
countries that had negative effect on Thailand’s trade and investment in Cambodia.
Research results indicated that the relationship between Thailand and Cambodia
during 2001-2004 could be described as interdependent. Because of the weakness in
economic structure, Cambodia’s economy depended on the support from Thailand especially
on investment and consumer goods. Under the integration system of preferences, Thailand
had granted low import tariff to various agricultural goods imported from Cambodia.
However, there existed a considerable gap in the value of goods that Cambodia imported
from and exported to Thailand, resulting in Cambodia’s trade deficit with Thailand. The
economic problem affecting the relationship between Thailand and Cambodia during 20012004 was caused by the differences in the level of economic development between the two
countries. In addition, negative attitude among the Cambodians that Thai investors exploited
the benefit with their short-term investment further aggravated the problem Cambodia’s
political instability also discontinuities of trade and investment of Thai entrepreneurs in
Cambodia.
5
“Diplomacy Under Siege: Thailand’s Political Crisis and the Impact on Foreign
Policy” By Pavin Chachavalpongpun, 2009
This Article expresses Thailand's protracted political crisis has had a severely
negative impact on the conduct of the country's foreign affairs. Since elected Prime Minister
Thaksin Shinawatra was removed from power in a military coup in September 2006, the
country has arguably been without a foreign policy. On the surface, it may seem easy to
conclude that the lack of foreign policy direction was simply because Thai politicians were
too preoccupied with fighting for their own political survival, and as a result had little capital
to expend on diplomacy. The Thai Foreign Ministry, too, has been tasked with the urgent
mission of reconstructing the good image of the country, and has therefore been deprived of
time and resources to plan long-term
“Wars, Trade and Nationalism in Thai- Cambodian Relations” By Puangthong
Pawakapan, 2009.
This book expresses the current state of Thai-Cambodian relations has been ostensibly
moulded by the powerful, yet dangerous, sentiment of nationalism which has its deep roots in
the bitter historical intercourse between the two kingdoms.
(2) Border Trading between Thailand and Cambodia
“Border Trading between Thailand and Cambodia Problems and Solution”
By Wacharin Yongsiri, 2004.
The book relates the burning of the Thai embassy in Phnom Penh in January, 2003
revealed one of the reasons that Cambodians dislike Thailand which is the uneven trade
balance. In order to lessen tensions and solve the problems, the cross-border trading would
need to be more balanced. Thailand should not be the dominant exporter to Cambodia.
The research project details the cross-border trading policies and systems of both
Thailand and Cambodia. Further, it discusses the possibility for investment in provinces
along the border of the two countries. In addition, it describes the support for agriculture and
the tourism industry. Finally, it summarizes and analyzes cross-border trading problems and
provides suggestions.
“Trade between Thailand and Bordering Countries” By Sunisa Punyasurachid,
2006.
This independent study was conducted at Ramkhamhaeng University’s Graduate
School of Economics. This research was to study the trade relationship, the trade potential,
Thailand’s opportunity for the expansion of trade, and the promotion of trade cooperation
between Thailand and its neighbors, such as, Malaysia, Myanmar, Cambodia, and the
People’s Republic of Laos. The research was descriptive in form with a SWOT analysis with
regard to the expansion of trade to the four aforementioned countries. The data was taken
from 1991 to 2005.
The finding from the study of Cambodia found the overall trade value between
Thailand and Cambodia tended to increase on a continuous basis since 1997. Thailand has
enjoyed an advantage in terms of its trade balance with Cambodia both in terms of overall
trade. In 2005, the overall border trade accounted for a high ration ( 81.62%) of the overall
trade between Thailand and Cambodia. The province trading with Cambodia the most was
Sa kaeo in Aranyaprather distric, followed by Trat, Chanthaburi, Surin, Si Sa Ket, and UbonRatchathani. A SWOT analysis indicated that Cambodia still relied on Thai products. This
meant that Thailand enjoyed an advantage in terms of the balance of trade between Thailand.
However, the frequent changes in Cambodia’s rules and regulation, as well as certain
6
independent rules and regulations in certain areas, especially the border areas, created,
created obstacles to the operations of entrepreneurs.
“Border Trade relations between Thailand and Cambodia” By Sunanta
Charoenpanyaying, 2010.
This research shows cross border activity is important for the lives of these people,
who daily engage in the exchange of goods across the border. Moreover, Thai - Cambodia
cross border trade is nightly sensitive to the conflict and economic disparities between the
two countries. A problem in their relationship always affects the atmosphere of cross - border
trade.
“Conflict in Thailand - Cambodia may be undermining the Investment of Thailand
in Cambodia”. By Kasikorn Research Center, 2011.
This reported provides overview of International Trade of Thailand and
Cambodia last year until the end of the first quarter of 2011 showed that trade between
Thailand and Cambodia is continue. In a positive direction even if the event of a conflict
between the Thai - Cambodian on February in 2011, however, may have been taken Thai
market share in Cambodia in the long run. The political situation between Thailand and
Cambodia are still uncertain. Furthermore, the reflection of the market share of Thai
products in Cambodia, which began to decline. The market share of products from
Vietnam has increased.
(3) Border Disputes
“Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia border conflict” By Marian Kirsch Leighton,
1987.
This research shows Border clashes, mostly provoked by Cambodia, occurred along
the frontier on an ever increasing scale during 1977. Hanoi claims that Since April 1977
Cambodia has used several division supported by artillery units to carry out senseless attacks
against almost every area located along the Vietnams border, and particularly against the
settlements of the new economic Zones. Moreover, it expresses the origins of the conflict
probably lie in the border demarcations drawn during French colonial days.
“Regional Conflict Management: Challenges of the Border Disputes of Cambodia,
Lao, and Vietnam” By Ramses Amer and Nguyen Hong Thao, 2009.
This study analyzes the border disputes of Cambodia, Lao, and Vietnam, respectively.
Both settled and unsettled disputes. Furthermore, the broader trends in managing the border
disputes are analyzed and remaining challenges, both in implementing agreements and
managing the unsettled disputes, are addressed. So are the implications for regional conflict
management. The study displays that both Laos and Vietnam have made considerable
progress in both managing and settling their existing border disputes, Whereas Cambodia has
thus far been successful.
“Waging Peace: ASEAN and the Thai-Cambodian Border Conflict” By Crisis Group
Asia Report N˙215. 2011.
This Study shows ASEAN aimed to stop hostilities and restart negotiations when it
took up the border issue in early 2011. While there has been no fighting on the borders since
May, The ceasefires in place are mostly verbal and unsigned. Until troops are verifiably
withdrawn and diplomats resume negotiations, this conflict is not over, But in trying to
resolve it, ASEAN, under Indonesia’s leadership, has laid out a methodology for dealing with
future disputes. If it wants to fulfill its stated goal of taking responsibility for its own peace
7
and security, it needs to use its existing mechanisms at the first sign of trouble and not just
rely on an activist chair. Finally, The Thai-Cambodian conflict remains an active challenge
for ASEAN, which must achieve a certifiable pace on this disputes border if it wishes to keep
its own region secure in the future.
Owing to the revision of the literature, it was found that the literature was the
conclusion of the conflict between Thailand and Cambodia which followed the same
direction that was the impact on the border trade and the disproportion trading between
Thailand and Cambodia. Consequently, the Cambodian people looked at the Thai investors as
a prejudice complex whereas the Thai investors were the beneficial collectors and the utility
seekers. According to the researches, it was found that the conflict began with the Cambodian
internal problems. As a result, the research had to be done towards the good relationship
along the border and the collaboration on the economics along the border region that had the
effects on both governmental and private sectors of the two countries.
Mostly, the research had been carried out through the current border conflict; but for
the most part, the research had been carried out with the reference of statistical data and
analysis in term of big picture. There was little mentioning about the internal political
problems and the linkage to the information from field data which had an impact on the
relationship between Thailand and Cambodia: the connection was applied to the Thailand
internal political problems leading to the international policy of the country. The goal was to
build stability of the political party and utilized it towards the opponent. The research had
been done in term of macro approach. Additionally, there were some researches dealt with
the history which revealed the attitude of the neighboring country towards Thailand. It was a
kind of a paranoid attitude towards each other. Finally, it became a bias or a prejudice.
Moreover, some research had been expresses the origins of the conflict probably lie in the
border demarcations drawn during French colonial days
In conclusion, the author could not see any piece of researches that could lead to the
Thailand internal political problem which reflex on border conflict.
In summary, this research the study on the border conflict between Thailand and
Cambodia in 2011, which had an impact on local economic situation at the Chong Chom
Border Cross market place, Kap Choeng district, Surin province. The mentioned above
researches were the foundation of this research that it could be easily understood the effect of
the two nation conflict that required a further studying on the subject in the future.
8
Conceptual Fame work
Border Closure
Pre Conflict
During Conflict
Status quo/ post conflict
Local
Business
Situation
Local
Business
Situation
Local
Business
Situation
Consequence
Review of political initiative / dialogues to resolve conflict
Summary findings
This research was focused on local economic situation to compare with per conflict,
during conflict and post conflict. The result of the study is to link with political initiative to
resolve on border conflict at Chong Chom area. These will be done in the content of
explanatory synthesis under theoretical framework of linkage politics and complex
interdependence.
9
Methodology:
The study “Impact of Border Closure on Local Economic Border Communities:
A Case Study of Chong Chom Checkpoint, Kap Choeng District, Surin Province” aims to
present the phenomenon of the impact of the people in the area that caused by the dependence
on the central government and the frame that used to control the activities around the border.
This research is a qualitative research aims to study the phenomenon from the people’s
experience. The data is collected from documentary research, field research, in depth
interview, and other related research.
Data and Sources:
1. Primary sources.
Primary sources composed of documents in Thai and English languages, article in
Thai and English languages, and statistics from several websites such as Department of
Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce, Office of the National Economics and Social
Development Board, and Center of Information and Communication Technology, Office of
the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Commerce collaborates with Custom Department and
from observation, interviews, and discussions in the study area and any other area that
involved with the study.
2. Secondary sources.
Secondary sources composed of text books, thesis, articles, and news report from
Thai, Cambodian, and foreign media. The examples of these sources are; Asian Review,
Indochina Center, Burapha University, Thai Research Fund ( TRF) , Thai Digital Collection
data base, Kasikorn Thai Research Center, JSTOR, Project Muse, and text books of the
researchers who study the relationship between Thailand – Cambodia, statistic of national
income of Thailand from National Statistical Office, National Income Account Statistics of
United Nations, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and news report from sources such
as Matichon newspaper and Asian Conflicts Reports.
Data collecting:
( 1) Documentary Research, the data is collected from text books, documents,
research papers, along with news report from newspaper and reports that involved with
Thai – Cambodia relationship from Chiang Mai University Library, The Faculty of
Humanities Library, Chiang Mai University, The Faculty of Economics, and Chiang Mai
University.
(2) Field Research, The researcher collects the data for qualitative research. The data
is divided into three sample groups – systematic trading (the trading process go through the
customhouse), non-systematic trading (trading among villagers) at Chong Chom permanent
checkpoint, Kap Choeng district, Surin province. And Thai government officers, which of the
following.
A) The Occupational Groups of people that got the impact on the conflict
1. Retail merchants,
2. Wholesale merchants who passed the goods to the retail vendors,
3. Transportation entrepreneurs who would convey goods to the market,
4. Travel and tourism entrepreneurs such as, (1) Van and Car rent owners,
(2) Foods stall and restaurant owners, (3) Gift shop and Souvenir shop owners.
B) The Second Group was composed of wholesalers whom the author had
interviewed during the time of conflict: quiz on adaptation on the impact of the conflict.
C) Government officer for example, (1) A chief office commercial affairs of Surin
province. ( 2) A chief office Chong Chom Customs house. ( 3) A chief office Local
Government of Kap Choeng district, Surin province.
10
Thus, the researcher will conduct in-depth interview with these groups with
questionnaires designed by the researcher. The data from the interviews will be revealed
by the consent of the interviewees under the research ethic.
( 3) Field Observation, the author had paid attention to the importance of
entrepreneurs’ experience on the conflict between Thailand and Cambodia. The whole
process was carried out with voluntarily cooperation amongst the Chong Chom Border
market. The procedure was done through the adaptation and the assimilation into the
community and asking for information on the incident of the crashes.
Data analysis:
Research method, analysis, and data estimation are done as mention above. The
procedures of this research are to analyze every aspect with the theories of the research. The
analysis will be done as Descriptive analysis, Explanatory analysis under the theoretical
framework of linkage politics, nationalism, Borders linked with Complex Interdependence.
The conclusion and suggestion concerned with Impact of Border Closure on Local Economic
Border Communities: A Case Study of Chong Chom Checkpoint, Kap Choeng District,
Surin Province will also be given.
Study plan:
Period
Activity
1. Making
plan
2. Literature
Review
3. Observe
sample group
4. Design
Questionnaire
5. Collect
Data
6. Analyze
and conclude
7. Write and
publish the
report
Sept.
2011
Oct. Nov.
Dec.
2012
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug.
* Join the MINZAS Program on February 2012.
*
11
Research Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction





Rationale
Research Questions
Objectives of the study
Theories and Literature Review
(1) Theories Applied
- Linkage politics
- Nationalism
- Borders
- Complex Interdependence Theory
(2) Literature Review
- Thai – Cambodian Relations Literature
- Border Trading between Thailand and Cambodia
- Border Disputes
Research Methodology: Qualitative Research
1. Data and Sources
- Primary sources.
- Secondary sources.
2. Collecting Data
- Documentary Research
- Field Work
- Field Observation
3. Choosing the case study
The researcher collects the data for qualitative research. The data is divided into
three sample groups – systematic trading (the trading process go through the customhouse),
non-systematic trading (trading among villagers) at Chong Chom permanent checkpoint, Kap
Choeng district, Surin province. And Thai government officers, which of the
following.
A) The Occupational Groups of people that got the impact on the conflict
1. Retail merchants,
2. Wholesale merchants who passed the goods to the retail vendors,
3. Transportation entrepreneurs who would convey goods to the market,
4. Travel and tourism entrepreneurs such as, (1) Van and Car rent owners,
(2) Foods stall and restaurant owners, (3) Gift shop and Souvenir shop owners.
B) The Second Group was composed of wholesalers whom the author had
interviewed during the time of conflict: quiz on adaptation on the impact of the conflict.
C) Government officer for example, (1) A chief office commercial affairs of Surin
province. ( 2) A chief office Chong Chom Customs house. And, ( 3) A chief office Local
Government of Kap Choeng district, Surin province.
Data analysis
 Conceptual Framework
 Study Plan
12
Chapter 2: Analysis of business situation
Chapter 3: A consequences of border Closure
Chapter 4: Local Political initiative / dialogues to resolve conflict
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations.
Guide Questions
Questions for the groups of entrepreneurs that got the impact on the conflict.
1. Income.
-How is your business preparing with before, during and after the conflict
happened?
2. Customer response.
- How about the number of Customers preparing with before, during and after the
conflict?
- How long is the business restart to be good again after the conflict over?
3. Raw Material Supply.
-Where did you get the source of your material preparing with before, during and
after the conflict?
- Are the materials out of stock during the conflict? What kind of materials which
are out of stock?
4. Lose & Business / Sales.
- How is your business opportunity preparing with before, during and after the
conflict?
- How is your sales preparing with before, during and after the conflict?
- How is your profits preparing with before, during and after the conflict?
5. Labor employee.
-What is the effected on the labor movements in the area when the border closed
or during the conflict situation? How?
Questions for the groups of Government officer
(1) A chief office commercial affair of Surin province.
-What were the strategies to resolve border trade during the border conflict?
- How strategies were they?
-What were the constraints of applying those strategies?
-Please provide suggestion for better resolution of the border conflict?
(2) A chief office Chong Chom Customs house.
-What were the strategies to resolve border trade during the border conflict? Such as,
time extension of the border checks point.
-How strategies were they?
-What were the constraints of applying those strategies?
-Please provide suggestion for better resolution of the border conflict?
13
(3) A chief office Local Government of Kap Choeng district, Surin province.
-What were the strategies to resolve border trade during the border conflict?
-How strategies were they?
-What were the constraints of applying those strategies?
-Please provide suggestion for better resolution of the border conflict?
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
Marian Kirsch Leighton. (1978). Perspectives on the Vietnam-Cambodia border conflict.
Asian Survey. University of California Press.
Kasikorn Research Center. (2011).Conflict in Thailand - Cambodia may be undermining
the Investment of Thailand in Cambodia. Economics Review. Volume 17,
No. 3098 on April 29.
Puangthong Pawakapan. (2009). Wars, Trade and Nationalism in Thai- Cambodian
Relations. Toyota Thailand Foundation.
Rourke, John T. (1945). International Politic on the World Stage. 6 Editions.
The McGraw-Hill companies.
Sunanta Charoenpanyaying. (2010). Border Trade relations between Thailand and
Cambodia. Journal of Asian Review.
Wacharin Yongsiri. (2004). Border Trading between Thailand and Cambodia Problems
and Solution. The Thailand Research Fund.
พันธุ์สูรย์ ลดาวัลย์ และคณะ. (2540). รายงานการวิจัย เรื่ องผลกระทบโครงการสี่ เหลีย่ มเศรษฐกิจต่ อ
ประเทศไทย. เชียงใหม่ : คณะสังคมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
พิ ภ พ อุ ด ร . ( 2554) . ก ร ณี ป ร า ส า ท พ ร ะ วิ ห า ร ร ะ ห ว่ า ง ไ ท ย -กั ม พู ช า :
เ ห รี ย ญ ค น ล ะ ด้ า น ข อ ง เ งิ น ค น ล ะ ส กุ ล . ก รุ ง เ ท พ ฯ :
มูลนิธิโครงการตาราสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์.
พฤกษ์ เถาถวิ ล . (2552). “พื้ น ที่ ข องการด ารงชี วิ ต ในการค้ า ชายแดน: เขตแดนรั ฐ พื้ น ที่ ใ นระหว่ า ง
และภูมิศาสตร์ แห่งการครอบงา/ต่อต้าน”. วารสารศิลปศาสตร์ ฉบั บพิเศษลุ่มแม่ นา้ โขงศึกษา.
ชาญวิทย์ เกษตรศิริ. (2552). ลัทธิ ชาตินิยมไทย/สยามกับกัมพู ชา : และกรณีศึกษาปราสาทเขาพระวิหาร.
กรุ งเทพฯ: มูลนิธิโตโยต้าประเทศไทย.
ส ม พ ง ศ์ ชู ม า ก . (2552). ค ว า ม สั ม พั น ธ์ ร ะ ห ว่ า ง ป ร ะ เท ศ ยุ ค ปั จ จุ บั น : ท ศ ว ร ร ษ 1990
สู่ ทศวรรษแรกแห่ งศตวรรษ 21. พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 6. กรุ งเทพฯ: จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
ยศ สันตสมบัติ. (2551). อานาจ พืน้ ที่ และอัตลักษณ์ ทางชาติพนั ธุ์:
การเมืองวัฒนธรรมของรัฐในสั งคมไทย.กรุ งเทพฯ: ศูนย์มานุษยวิทยาสิ รินธร (องค์การมหาชน).
อรอนงค์ ทิ พ ย์ พิ ม ล และธนศั ก ดิ์ สายจ าปา. (2553). จากเส้ น “แบ่ งรั ฐ ” สู่ เส้ น “ร้ อย (รั ด ) รั ฐ ”:
ห นึ่ งศ ต ว รรษ แห่ งก ารปั ก ปั น เข ต แด น ไท ย -ม าเล เซี ย (พ .ศ .2543-2553). ก รุ งเท พ ฯ :
มูลนิธิโครงการตาราสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์.
Journal Article (online):
Ang Cheng Guan. (1999). The south China Sea Dispute Re-visited. Institute of Defiance and
Strategic Studies Singapore.
Amer, Ramses and Nguyen Hong Thao. (2009) . Regional Conflict Management: Challenges
of the Border Disputes of Cambodia, Lao, and Vietnam. Austrian Journal of SouthEast Asia Studies.
15
Crisis Group Asia Report N˙215. (2011). Waging Peace: ASEAN and the Thai-Cambodian
Border Conflict. International Crisis Group.
Pavin Chachavalpongpun. (2009). Diplomacy Under Siege: Thailand’s Political Crisis and
the Impact on Foreign Policy. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of
International and Strategic Affairs. Vol. 31, No. 3, Singapore: Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies, December 2009, pp. 447-467.
Putnam, Robert D. (1988). “Diplomacy and Domestic: the Logic of two-Level Games”.
International Organization. Vol. 42, No.3. (Summer,1998).
Dissertation or Thesis (Print):
Bunchoet Sophon (2005) the Impact of the Closures of Cham Yeam Checkpoint,
Koh
Kong District Cambodian. Master’s Independent study ( Political Science) . Burapha
University.
Kannika Thammarat ( 1999) The Impact of the Closures of Thai-Myanmar Border Pass on
Border Trade: A Case Study of Mae Sot District, Tal Province. Master of Arts Thesis
(Political Science). Chiang Mai University.
Jakkrit Sangkhamanee. (2006). Border rivers cape: negotiating space and identity
construction of the long-distance river traders under the greater Mekong sub regional
trade regime. Master of Arts Thesis (Sustainable Development). Chiang Mai
University.
Pongratda Bootto. ( 2005) . “The Economic Relationship between Thailand and Cambodia,
2001-2004”. Master of Arts Thesis (Social Development). Kasetsart University.
Rawiwan Hirunsuck. 2001. Economic Relation between Thailand and Cambodia: after the
1993 Election. Master of Arts Thesis (Political Science). Ramkhamhaeng University.
Sunisa Punyasurachid . (2006). Trade between Thailand and Bordering Countries.
Master’s Independent study (Economics). Ramkhamhaeng University.
กู้เกี ย รติ ศรี น าคา. (2547). “ปั ญ หาตามแนวชายแดนที่ ส่ ง ผลกระทบต่ อ ความสั ม พัน ธ์ ระหว่า งไทย –
กัมพูชาในพื้นที่กองกาลังบูรพาและจังหวัดสระแก้ว”. สารนิ พนธ์รัฐประศาสนศาสตรมหาบัณฑิ ต
สาขาวิชานโยบายสาธารณะ. มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา.
รวิวรรณ หิรัญสุ ข. (2544). “ความสัมพันธ์ทางเศรษฐกิจไทย-กัมพูชา: ภายหลังการเลือกตั้งปี ค.ศ.1993”.
วิทยานิพนธ์ศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณทิต (รัฐศาสตร์).มหาวิทยาลัยรามคาแหง.
วิชัย กุ ล วุฒิ วิล าศ. (2547). “ปั ญ หาการค้าและการลงทุ น ระหว่า งประเทศไทยและกัม พู ช า”. สารนิ พ นธ์
รัฐประศาสนศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาการบริ หารงานทัว่ ไป. มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา.
ธีรภัท ชัยพิพฒั น์. (2545). “นโยบายต่างประเทศของรัฐบาลระบบ เฮง สัมริ น - ฮุน เซ็น ต่อกระแสทุนนิยม
ข้า มชาติ ใ นกัม พู ช า ตั้ง แต่ ปี พ.ศ.2532 - ปั จจุ บ ัน ”. วิท ยานิ พ นธ์ ศิ ล ปศาสตรมหาบัณ ทิ ต สาขา
ภูมิภาคศึกษา. มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่.
Newspaper:
ธงชัย วินิจจะกุล. (2547). “ประวัติศาสตร์ชาตินิยมไทย อันตรายของลัทธิชาตินิยมไทย
กรณี เหตุการณ์รุนแรงที่ปัตตานี ”. กรุ งเทพธุรกิจ (17-19 พฤษภาคม)
16