SECOND ASSIGNMENT FOR SEMESTER 1
HARDWARE
1. List down different kind of motherboard for the pc?
- AT ,ATX,BTX AND NLX
2. What is the different between AX and ATX motherboard? Sketch the layout of the two
motherboards.
-
AT is an older style of motherboard. A slightly more modern variant of it is the baby AT,which is
similar but smaller. Its key features are to peace of power-supply connector,ribbon cables
that connect the I/0 ports to the board, and an AT -style keyboard connector. The expension
slots are parallel to the wide adge of the board.
-
ATX Most system boards today use the ATX from factor. It contains many design improvements
over the AT, including I/o ports built directly into the side of the mother board, the cpu
positoned such that the power-supply fan helps cool it, and ability for the pc to be turned on
and off via software. It uses a PS/2 sytle-connector for the key board. The expainson slots are
parallel to the narrow edge of the board.
-
Possible answers include : (1) position of CPU, (2) expansion slot orientation,(3) built in ports on
the,(4) one-piece power supply connector,(5) physical size and shape of the motherboard, and
(6) type of keyboard connector.
3.
List the pins number of various kind of connector on the motherboard and at the back of the
PC.
Motherboard cpu pin connector
Pin
Name
1
GND
2
+12V
3
Sense
PC speaker connector
1
-SP
-Speaker
2
key
Key
3
GND
Ground
4
+SP5V
+Speaker +5 VDC
USB motherboard internal connector pinout
Pin
Signal
Description
1
Vcc
+5V for USB port 1
3
Data0-
for USB port 1
5
Data0+
for USB port 1
7
GND
for USB port 1
9
keyed
2
Vcc
+5V for USB port 2
4
Data1-
for USB port 2
6
Data1+
for USB port 2
8
GND
for USB port 2
10 N/C
AGP interface pinout
.3 Volt Boards
Universal Boards
Side A
1.5 Volt Boards
Pin # Side A
Side B
Side B
Side A
1
+12V
OVRCNT# +12V
2
TYPEDET# +5.0V
TYPEDET# +5.0V
TYPEDET# +5.0V
3
Reserved
5.0V
Reserved
5.0V
Reserved
5.0V
4
USB-
USB+
USB-
USB+
USB-
USB+
5
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
6
INTA#
INTB#
INTA#
INTB#
INTA#
INTB#
OVRCNT# +12V
Side B
OVRCNT#
7
RST#
CLK
RST#
CLK
RST#
CLK
8
GNT#
REQ#
GNT#
REQ#
GNT#
REQ#
9
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
10
ST1
ST0
ST1
ST0
ST1
ST0
11
Reserved
ST2
Reserved
ST2
Reserved
ST2
12
PIPE#
RBF#
PIPE#
RBF#
PIPE#
RBF#
13
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
14
Reserved
Reserved WBF#
Reserved WBF#
Reserved
15
SBA1
SBA0
SBA1
SBA0
SBA1
SBA0
16
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
17
SBA3
SBA2
SBA3
SBA2
SBA3
SBA2
18
Reserved
SB_STB
SB_STB#
SB_STB
SB_STB#
SB_STB
19
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
20
SBA5
SBA4
SBA5
SBA4
SBA5
SBA4
21
SBA7
SBA6
SBA7
SBA6
SBA7
SBA6
22
Key
Key
Reserved
Reserved Reserved
Reserved
23
Key
Key
GROUND
GROUND GROUND
GROUND
24
Key
Key
Reserved
3.3Vaux
Reserved
3.3Vaux
25
Key
Key
Vcc 3.3
Vcc 3.3
Vcc 3.3
Vcc 3.3
26
AD30
AD31
AD30
AD31
AD30
AD31
27
AD28
AD29
AD28
AD29
AD28
AD29
28
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
29
AD26
AD27
AD26
AD27
AD26
AD27
30
AD24
AD25
AD24
AD25
AD24
AD25
31
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
32
Reserved
AD STB1
AD STB1# AD STB1
AD STB1# AD STB1
33
C/BE3#
AD23
C/BE3#
AD23
C/BE3#
AD23
34
Vddq 3.3
Vddq 3.3
Vddq
Vddq
Vddq 1.5
Vddq 1.5
35
AD22
AD21
AD22
AD21
AD22
AD21
36
AD20
AD19
AD20
AD19
AD20
AD19
37
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
38
AD18
AD17
AD18
AD17
AD18
AD17
39
AD16
C/BE2#
AD16
C/BE2#
AD16
C/BE2#
40
Vddq 3.3
Vddq 3.3
Vddq
Vddq
Vddq 1.5
Vddq 1.5
41
FRAME#
IRDY#
FRAME#
IRDY#
FRAME#
IRDY#
42
Reserved
3.3Vaux
Reserved
3.3Vaux
KEY
KEY
43
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
KEY
KEY
44
Reserved
Reserved Reserved
Reserved KEY
KEY
45
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
VCC 3.3
KEY
46
TRDY#
DEVSEL# TRDY#
DEVSEL# TRDY#
DEVSEL#
47
STOP#
Vddq 3.3
STOP#
Vddq
STOP#
Vddq 1.5
48
PME#
PERR#
PME#
PERR#
PME#
PERR#
49
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
50
PAR
SERR#
PAR
SERR#
PAR
SERR#
51
AD15
C/BE1#
AD15
C/BE1#
AD15
C/BE1#
52
Vddq 3.3
Vddq 3.3
Vddq
Vddq
Vddq 1.5
Vddq 1.5
53
AD13
AD14
AD13
AD14
AD13
AD14
54
AD11
AD12
AD11
AD12
AD11
AD12
55
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
56
AD9
AD10
AD9
AD10
AD9
AD10
57
C/BE0#
AD8
C/BE0#
AD8
C/BE0#
AD8
58
Vddq 3.3
Vddq 3.3
Vddq
Vddq
Vddq 1.5
Vddq 1.5
59
Reserved
AD STB0
Reserved
AD STB0# Reserved
AD STB0#
60
AD6
AD7
AD6
AD7
AD6
AD7
61
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
Ground
A62 AD4
AD5
AD4
AD5
AD4
AD5
63
AD2
AD3
AD2
AD3
AD2
AD3
64
Vddq 3.3
Vddq 3.3
Vddq
Vddq
Vddq 1.5
Vddq 1.5
65
AD0
AD1
AD0
AD1
AD0
AD1
66
Reserved
Reserved Vrefcg
Vrefcg
Vrefcg
Vrefcg
VCC 3.3
KEY
4. What are the DC voltages we can find from the DC power supply?
- +5V,-5V,+12V, and -12V for all power supplies,plus +3.3V for an ATX power supply
5. List down the electrical problem we are facing when operating our PC?
- Electrical Surge, blackout,flicker,outgates
6. What are ESD, EMI and RFI?
- Electrostatic discharge, electro magnatic interfrence, radio frequency interface
7. List different kind of PC storage.
- Hard disk, pin drive, cd-rom, cd-rw, dvd rom.
8. List various kinds of RAM and their pin numbers.
DRAM -168 pins
RDRAM-184 Pins
SDRAM-184 pins
DDR SDRAM-184-pin DIMM and 200-pin SODIMM formats
DDR2 – SDRAM-184-pin DIMM and 200-pin SODIMM formats
OPERATING SYSTEM
1. What is the function of OS?
- Software that takes charge of the computer in order to manage disk and
file behavior, device access, memory management, input/output, and the user interface.
2. List down some of the OS that we can use in a small computer?
- Win Me, Win 98, Win xp, Linux, Ubuntu , Rat Hat, Win 2000, Win 7
3. What is the different between text based and graphic base OS?
- Text based
a text-based application is one whose primary input and output are based on text rather than
graphics. This does not mean that text-based applications do not have graphics, just that the
graphics are secondary to the text. Text-based applications typically run faster than software
involving graphics does, use memory more efficiently and user friendly.
- Graphical based
A graphical-based application is one whose primary input and output are based on graphics
rather than text. This does not mean that graphic-based applications do not have text, it just
that the text is secondary to the graphics. Graphic-based applications used to supplement text in
an effort to aid readers in their understanding of a particular concept or make the concept
clearer or interestingrun slower, use a lot of memory.
4. List down some of the internal and external command of the text based and briefly explain the
function of these command. ?

Internal command:
DIR
CD
RENAME
- lists the files in the current directory
– Changes the current working directory
- renames a file or directory
MD
CLS

-
– creates a new directory
– clears the screen
External command
FDISK
- to create or delete partitions
SCANDISK
-to fix any errors found in the main hard disk drive
BACKUP
- enables users to backup their data on their computer
DEBUG
- to find and remove errors in software program
DEFRAG
- to help chronologically order the data on the hard disk drive.
5. What is FDISK used for and then list down the menu that we can find under FDISK.
- Fdisk allows the user to delete and/or create partitions on the hard disk drive.
Menu options under FDISK:
-create DOS partition or logical DOS drive
- set active partition
- delete a partition or logical DOS drive
-display partition information
6. Explain briefly what File System is.
-
File system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing
computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. File
systems may use a data storage device such as a hard disk or CD-ROM and involve
maintaining the physical location of the files, they might provide access to data on a file
server by acting as clients for a network protocol (e.g., NFS, SMB, or 9P clients), or they
may be virtual and exist only as an access method for virtual data (e.g., procfs). It is
distinguished from a directory service and registry.
More formally, a file system is a special-purpose database for the storage, organization,
manipulation, and retrieval of data.
7. What is the different between physical and logical drive?
- Physical drive
it is the actual unit of hardware of a disk or tape drive. It can read/write sectors/clusters, work
with MBR, FAT, Root directory etc. Included is a function that searches for bad clusters, like
scandisk. The limitations are that it only works with FAT drives (FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32) and
does not support large drives.
Logical drive
An allocated part of a physical disk drive that is designated and managed as an independent
unit. When more than four logical disks are required on a single physical disk, the first partition
should be a primary partition. The second partition can be created as an extended partition,
which can contain all the remaining unpartitioned space on the disk.
8. List down the complete steps on how to install Windows 98 OS?
- Starting The Setup:
1. Insert the Windows CD and restart your PC.
2. Once the Windows 98 Setup Menu comes up choose option #2 (Boot from CD-ROM)
3. Then the Windows 98 Startup Menu will come up. Select Option #1. (Start Windows 98 Setup
from CD-ROM)
4. Now your computer will install some drivers so please wait for a few moments.
5. Now a blue setup screen will come up. Press Enter.
6. Setup then wants to do some system tests. Just press Enter.
7. Scandisk will now run, please wait.
8. After ScanDisk completes, Windows will copy a few important files for setup.
9. Now the graphical Windows 98 Setup Screen will come up.
10. Click Continue and wait for the setup wizard to complete.
11. Now it will ask you in which directory to install Windows too. The default directory is just fine so
click Next.
12. Setup will now prepare the directory, please wait.
13. Setup will now check for installed components and disk space, please wait.
14. Setup will now prompt you to choose the type of installation. Choose Typical if you have a
desktop computer or Portable if it is a laptop.
15. Windows will prompt you to install components, just choose Continue.
16. If a network card is detected a network information screen will appear. Type in the required
information and click Next
17. Select your country settings, United States should be chosen by default.
18. Now finally the main part of Setup is here. Setup will start copying files. This could take some
time, please be patient.
19. Once setup is done copying files, Windows will restart automatically.
20. The Windows 98 Startup Menu will now appear. Select option #1 (Boot from Hard Disk)
21. The Windows 98 booting screen will appear!
22. Now Windows will prompt you for user information, enter it and click Continue.
23. Now the License Agreement. Read it and if you agree click on "I accept the Agreement" and click
Next. If you select "I don't accept the Agreement" then setup will end.
24. Now input your product key or certificate authenticity code. This is 16 digits and is located on the
back of your CD case or on the Windows 98 Book. If you have an OEM computer then it could be
on the side or back of your computer. Click Next to continue.
25. Click Finish.
26. Setup will now finalize the hardware and install settings.
27. Setup will now install plug and play devices.
28. Your computer will restart automatically.
29. The Windows 98 Startup Menu will appear. Select option #1 (Boot from Hard Disk)
30. Windows will start booting for the second time.
31. Setup will continue installing hardware.
32. Now setup will prompt you to enter in your time, date, and time zone. Once selected click on
Apply and then OK.
33. Windows will continue to setup Windows items.
34. The computer will restart automatically once again.
35. The Windows 98 Startup Menu will appear. Select option #1 (Boot from Hard Disk)
36. Windows will boot for the third time.
37. Windows will update system settings.
38. Now finally you have reached the Windows Desktop!
39. You also may need to install your hardware drivers. If everything is working properly then you
shouldn’t worry about them.