Nervous System 1
Name: ________________________________________________________________________Lab________
Indiana Content Standards
Core Standard: Recognize that the nervous system consists of two parts: the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Understand the structure and function of each.
Core Standard: Recognize uses of contemporary electrophysiological technologies (e.g. electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cardioversion).
AP 6.1 Distinguish the structures of the various types of neurons. Diagram the structure of a motor neuron and explain the function of each of its parts.
AP 6.2 Describe the different types of neuroglia. Describe the function of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Describe the structure and function of the myelin sheath and the role that Schwann cells play in myelin and in regeneration of a severed axon.
AP 6.3 Discuss mathematically the origin of the resting potential. Refer to transcellular gradients of sodium and potassium ions, the “permeability” of the plasma membrane to these ions, and the intracellular concentration of negatively-charged proteins.
AP 6.4 Explain the changes in membrane potential during the action potential and their relationship to the number of open channels for sodium and potassium ions.
AP 6.5 Explain the role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Explain why is it important to remove a neurotransmitter from its site of action and describe two mechanisms for removal.
AP 6.6 Describe the meninges of brain and spinal cord. Describe the cerebral ventricles and their interconnections. Describe the secretion, flow pathways, absorption, locations and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
AP 6.7 Discuss the functions of the spinal cord. Describe the five segments (i.e., regions) of the spinal cord and explain its organization in terms of gray matter; white matter; and dorsal and ventral roots.
AP 6.8 Discuss the components and broad function of the brain stem and the diencephalon. Describe and give the functions of the various structures that make up the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex and its anatomical divisions, the cerebral components of the basal ganglia, and the corpus callosum.
AP 6.9 Describe the structure and functions of the cerebellum and its nuclei regarding postural control, smooth coordination of movements and motor learning.
AP 6.10 Describe the major characteristics of the autonomic nervous system and contrast its efferent pathways with those of somatic nervous system. Compare and contrast the actions, origins and pathways of nerve fibers in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system including their associated ganglia and neurotransmitters.
Objectives
Core: Distinguish between the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system in diagram.
Core: Explain the functions of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System.
Core: Recognize uses of contemporary electrophysiological technologies
7.1 Explain what a stimulus is.
6.1 Label the dendrite, axon, cell body, axon terminals and myelin sheath of a motor neuron, and explain the function of each.
6.2 Describe the function of microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells and Schwann cells.
6.3 & 6.4 Explain the positive and negative charges inside and outside of the axon during resting potential and action potential.
6.3 Explain the movement of sodium and potassium ions in and out of the membrane of the axon resulting in positive and negative charges.
6.5 Explain that when an impulse reaches the axon terminal neurotransmitters are released into the synapse where they bind to the receptors of the next neuron.
6.5 Explain that neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synapse so the ion channels on the second neuron close again.
6.5 Explain the roll of the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
6.6 Explain that meninges protect the brain and spinal cord and they meninges are made up of dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter.
6.6 Explain the secretion, flow pathways, absorption, locations and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
6.7 Explain the functions of the spinal cord.
6.7 Label the five regions of the spinal cord and their functions, and explain the arrangement of gray matter and white matter.
6.8 Label the diencephalon, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
6.8 Label the structures of the cerebrum, including the anatomical divisions and explain the function of each.
6.9 Describe the functions of the cerebellum.
6.10 Compare and contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system.
6.10 Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

Nervous System 2
:
The organs of the nervous system can be divided into two parts.
Two Parts of the Nervous System:
1. _________________________________________
Made up of: _________________________________
Function
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
Made up of: _________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Function
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Both Systems:
Allow you respond to a ________________ in your environment and maintain homeostasis.
Stimulus: ___________________________________
___________________________________________.
Changes can be chemical, cellular or behavioral.
Label the Central Nervous System.
Label the Peripheral Nervous System.
Use colored pencils if it helps 

Nervous System 3
Made up of ______________ and ________________.
Neuron
____________________________________________
React to stimuli. Transmit information with electrochemical reactions or _____________________
___________________ that communicate with other neurons and cells.
Neuroglia (Glial Cells) of the CNS
Astrocytes: __________________________________ You will be responsible to know the functions of the
____________________________________________ Neuroglia (just the portion you wrote down, not the and govern the exchange of materials such as nutrients in the CNS.
Microglial Cells: ______________________________
They phagocytize bacterial cells in the CNS. pre-filled portion). You will not have to label a diagram; this is here for your reference only.
Ependymal Cells: Line the brain and spinal cord.
___________________________________________
_________________________________ in the CNS.
Oligodendrocytes: Wrap around the axon
___________________________________________
__________________________________in the CNS.
Satellite Cells: ______________________________
_________________________________ in the PNS.
Schwann Cells: Wrap around the axon
___________________________________________
__________________________________ in the PNS.

Label the Neuron (this diagram will be on your test):
Nervous System 4
Functions (also on the test):
1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Work together as lab teams to make two large neuron models for the classroom wall.
Use the templates provided for the axon and synapse to determine the size.
Use construction and make them colorful. Show the neurotransmitters at work in the synapse.

Nervous System 5
Neurons receive and transmit signals. When a neuron is not transmitting a signal, it is said to be at
__________________. While a neuron is at rest it is more __________________ charged on the inside than the outside.
Know that resting potential is when a neuron is at rest and the neuron is negatively charged.
The resting potential is caused by an
________________ concentration of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions inside and outside of the neuron. There is a higher concentration of potassium __________________ and a higher concentration of sodium _______________.
Know where the concentrations of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are during resting potential.

Nervous System 6
When a neuron transmits a signal, there is a change in the charge distribution that that triggers a moving electrical impulse called an
_______________
____________________.
At the leading edge of the impulse protein channels pump potassium out of the axon while pumping sodium into the axon resulting in a
_______________ charge.
The channels close behind the impulse, or action potential, forcing it toward the
_________________ _____________.
When the impulse, or action potential, reaches the terminal ends, ________________________ stored in vesicles transport the information from the __________________ _________ end of one neuron to the ____________________ of another.
The __________________ receives the signal at the ___________________ and the process of transmitting the signal starts again in the receiving neuron. Or the message is delivered to an
_______________.
Know what causes the change in charge (what is pumped in and out of the axon?)
Know what keeps the action potential moving toward the terminal ends.
Know the name of the gap between the neurons.
Know where the neurotransmitters come from and go.

Nervous System 7
Earlier in the unit we learned that there are
_______ parts to the nervous system:
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
We are going to take a closer look at how they work together.
The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pairs of Know the difference between sensory neurons, motor nerves in the head (face, nose, ears, etc.), and 31 spinal nerves. It is made up of both: neurons and interneurons (discussed next in the central nervous system section)
sensory neurons: ___________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________ and motor neurons: ________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Two Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
Somatic Nervous System
The somatic system regulates all
______________________ __________________.
When you are walking, running, or even sitting, you are relying on your somatic nervous system.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system regulates all
______________________ ___________________.

When your heart beats and your digestive system moves food through your stomach and intestines,
Complete this flow chart on the test. your autonomic nervous system is at work.
Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Know the functions of all parts.
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
These systems work together continuously to maintain homeostasis within the body.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for _________________; it is responsible for the “_____________________________________” responses. When you are frightened or preparing to compete in a sport your sympathetic nervous system is stimulated.
This is what happens in the body: Blood vessels going to the skin and internal organs
______________________ which reduce blood flow to those areas.
Meanwhile, blood vessels going to the heart, brain, lungs, and skeletal muscles
_____________________ increasing the blood supply to those areas. Heart rate increases, airways enlarge and breathing becomes more efficient.
These changes improve your physical abilities and allow you to think quickly.
Nervous System 8

Nervous System 9
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The parasympathetic nervous system takes over when danger or competition is over to
___________________________________________
__________________________________________
Here’s what happens inside the body: Heart rate and blood pressure are ______________________ and energy is ______________________________.
The Central Nervous System is made up of 100
Know the difference between sensory, motor and interneurons. billion interneurons.
Interneurons: ______________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Gray and White Matter
The ________________ ____________________ of the neurons are clustered together to make up the
“gray matter”, named because of its dark color.
Know what makes up gray matter and white matter.
The ___________________ of the neurons are clustered together to make up the “white matter”, named because the myelin sheath give them a white appearance.
In the brain, the gray matter is on the outside and the white matter is on the inside. In the spinal cord, it is reversed.

Nervous System 10
The Brain
The brain has more than 100 billion neurons. It is surrounded by three layers of tissue called the
_________________________: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Between the meninges is cerebrospinal fluid.
The meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
_____________________the brain so it doesn’t bang against the skull.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills cavities in the brain, called _______________________ where the fluid is produced by ependymal cells.
In addition to providing cushion for the brain, cerebrospinal fluid plays a role in immunological protection to nervous system.
Three Main Parts of the Brain
The brain is made up of three main parts:
1. ________________________________________
2. ________________________________________
3. ________________________________________
Cerebellum
Coordinates movement and helps maintain posture and balance.
Know the function of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
Know that cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles.
Test Note: For brain portion of the test, the part and function will be given to you together. Your job will be to label the diagram with them. The same diagrams used in this packet will be used on the test.
Label the cerebellum, brain stem and cerebrum. Note:
cere”bell”um hangs from the back bottom like a “bell”

Brain Stem
Connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is divided into three major parts:
• Pons - controls our sleep/wake cycles
• Medulla - heart rate, swallowing, blood pressure, breathing
• Midbrain - visual and auditory reflexes
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is the part of the brain that interprets signals from your body and forms responses.
Longitudinal Fissure
The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fisher. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the cerebrum, called the cerebral cortex, interprets information from your sensory organs and generates responses.
The neurons in the cerebral cortex work together to form specific tasks. Scientists have divided the brain into four different lobes according to the tasks the neurons in each lobe perform: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.
Frontal Lobe
Controls personality, reasoning and judgement. It also coordinates voluntary movement and speech production.
Label the lobes of the cerebral cortex:
Nervous System 11

Nervous System 12
Parietal Lobe
Interprets information regarding the sense of touch.
Occipital Lobe
Processes visual information.
Temporal Lobe
Speech interpretation, hearing, and memory are controlled in this lobe.
Hippocampus and Amygdala
Control learning and emotions
Corpus Callosum
Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Sorts information from your sensory organs and passes signals between the spinal cord and parts of the brain. Gather information about body temperature, hunger and thirst.
The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a ropelike bundle of neurons that is about as wide as your thumb. It connects the brain to the nerves throughout the body. All signals that go to and from the brain go through the spinal cord.
The spinal cord also controls involuntary movements called reflux arcs.
Reflex Arcs
Nerve pathways that do not have to travel to the brain to respond. Instead the sensory neuron sends a message to the spinal cord which in turn sends an impulse back through a motor neuron causing a
Know that a reflex arc is signaled from the spinal cord and causes a response before the signal is sent from the brain.

Nervous System 13 reflex response. Example: when you touch a hot stove, you will jerk your hand away before you even feel the pain. If you did not have reflex arcs, your hand would remain on the stove until your brain interpreted the heat detected by the receptors in your skin so your hand would be badly burned before you reacted.
Complete the project assigned in Google Classroom, via Google Slides, explaining the general information, causes and effects of a chosen disorder of the nervous system or effects of drugs on the brain.
Use this check list to find all of the parts of the brain you learned about in class:
___ Meninges
___ Cerebellum
___ 3 Parts of the Brain Stem
• ___ Pons
• ___ Medulla
• ___ Midbrain
___ Cerebrum
___ Longitudinal Fissure
___ Cerebral Cortex
___ Frontal Lobe
___ Parietal Lobe
___ Occipital Lobe
___ Temporal Lobe
___ Hippocampus and Amygdala (might not be able to find these)
___ Corpus Callosum
___ Thalamus and Hypothalamus
___ The Spinal Cord
___ Optic nerves - we didn’t learn about these, see if you can find them