Cyber Ed® Student Study Guide
Classification of Living Things
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
The following National Science Education Life Science Content Standards
specifically relate to this study guide:
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS
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Taxonomic schemes and nomenclature help describe similarities and differences
in form, distribution, behavior, survival, and origin of organisms.
Existing classification schemes classify organisms at several taxonomic levels
such as species, phylum, and kingdom. The dichotomous key is a tool for
classification.
The five (or six) kingdom classification consists of Monera (or Eubacteria and
Archaeabacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals. Each group contains its
own structural and functional characteristics.
Table of Contents
The Development of a Classification System .................................................................. 2
Criteria for Classification ................................................................................................. 7
Classification Schemes ................................................................................................. 11
Taxonomic Keys ............................................................................................................ 23
Systematics ................................................................................................................... 25
Page 1
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
The Development of a Classification System
The Development of a Classification System
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 1 –12 and complete the exercise below.
Multimedia
Presentation
A review of the importance of classifying organisms as well as
historical contributions.
Scenes 1 – 2
1. Use the following questions to consider the importance of biological classifications.
1a. In the bookstore example, how would you find a book without a title or
classification scheme? How would your search change if you look for a specific
book without a title, but in a classification system such as Dewey Decimal?
You would have to search hit or miss until you find it or give up. To find an untitled book
in a system such as Dewey Decimal, you can use the content of the book to find its
approximate location and then begin a more detailed search.
1b. Why would it be important for
people to be able to distinguish
between these fruits or between
these animals?
It would be important for people to be able
to distinguish between these fruits and
animals because we can classify them
with different physical and molecular
structure to show evolutionary
relationships.
Scene 3
2. What were the two major classifications of Aristotle’s classification scheme?
Animalia and Plantae
3. What were the criteria for Aristotle’s animal classification scheme?
Aristotle based his classification on physical characteristics and behavior.
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
4. Classify the following organisms based on Aristotle’s classification scheme. Include
the major division, and, if appropriate, dwelling and social behavior.
A. Animalia, grass plains, predator
B. Plantae, ponds producer
C. Animalia lakes predator
D. Animalia grasslands herbivore
E. Animalia, sky scavenger
Scene 4
5. What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the field of biology that classifies and names organisms.
6. What was the British naturalist John Ray’s, contribution to taxonomy? What
organisms did he use for his studies?
John Ray, studied the morphology of plants. He grouped plants according to similarities
in their physical structure; this was the first time organisms were classified by their
morphology.
Scene 5
7. What were Linnaeus’ two major contributions to modern taxonomy?
A. Developed the binomial nonmenclature system
B. Prepared encyclopedia works on minerals plants and animals.
8. List the levels of the classification hierarchy, from most generic to most specific.
A. Kingdom
B. Phylum (Division in plants and fungi)
C. Class
D. Order
E. Family
F. Genus
G. Species
Page 3
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 6
9. Which level is most general? Describe the variety of organisms and their
morphological similarities at this level versus a more specific level.
Kingdom is the most general, because it includes an immense variety of organisms that
are morphologically diverse, whereas the species’ level is very specific and includes
only a few organisms that are morphologically similar to each other.
10. What is a species?
A species carries many different meanings, but usually refers to a group of organisms
that is genetically similar enough to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Scenes 7 – 8
11. Identify the more general classification of the pairs listed in the table.
Pairs
General classification
Insect
Honey bee or insect
Primates
Humans or primates
Fish
Fish or salmon
Bird
Bird or eagle
Mammal
Polar bear or mammal
Scene 9
12. What are the rules for writing binomial nomenclature, in other words, how do you
recognize a scientific name in text?
a. Capitalization: Genus is capitalized and the species are lower case.
b. Text format: The specific epithet is always italicized
Scene 10
13. There are several advantages to using scientific names. Name two advantages.
Scientific names are written in Latin. Each species will have a unique scientific name
recognizable anywhere in the world, regardless of any scientist’s national language or if
the species has several different common names. Another advantage is that different
species sharing a common name will be distinguishable from each other.
Scene 11
14. What technical instrument’s development led to the addition of a new kingdom?
What was the new kingdom? Who proposed the new kingdom?
The invention of the microscope led to the identification of multicellular and unicellular
organisms that didn’t fit into Aristotle’s plant or animal categories, so Ernst Haeckel
proposed the third kingdom, Protoctista or Protista.
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 12
15. Who proposed the five-kingdom classification system? Fill in the table for the five
kingdoms and give examples of types of organisms that can be found in each kingdom.
R.H. Whittaker (further developed by Lynn Margulis) proposed the five-kingdom
classification system in the 1960s.
Examples of Types of Organisms
Kingdoms
Potential Answers:
Vertebrates
Animalia
Invertebrates
Potential Answers:
Most photosynthetic organisms, plants
Plantae
Protista
Potential Answers:
Microscopic organisms, neither quite like plants or
animals
Monera
Potential Answers:
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Fungi
Potential Answers:
Mushrooms
Yeasts
16. In taxonomy, what is a domain? An empire?
A domain and an empire are the same, a taxonomic grouping more general than
Kingdom
Page 5
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Linnaeus’ Contributions
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lessons # 5 and 6.
Interactive
Lesson
You will review the hierarchical classification system and the rules of
binomial nomenclature.
Identify Kingdoms
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lesson # 3.
Practice matching organisms to their proper kingdom.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Introduction and History of Classification
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Page 6
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Criteria for Classification
Criteria for Classification
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 13 - 21 and complete the exercise below.
You will learn several approaches to taxonomy.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 13
1. What were some of the early criteria for classification schemes? What technological
developments have expanded the usable criteria?
Observable characteristics such as morphology, behavior (food acquisition and
reproduction) and habitat were early criteria for classifications schemes, while more
recent technological developments in genetic analysis, light microscopy, and electron
microscopy have improved criteria available for classification.
Scene 14
2. Define phylogeny. Why is it a valuable classification scheme?
Phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary relationships of organisms. It is valuable
because it takes into account similarities to a common ancestor.
Scenes 15 – 16
3. Before the theory of evolution gained support, what criteria did taxonomists use to
group organisms?
Taxonomists primarily used physical or morphological structures to classify organism.
Page 7
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 17
4. Who was the first biologist to propose an evolutionary or phylogenetic tree?
Ernst Haeckel
5. Using the following illustration of a phylogenetic tree with some labeled species to
answer the questions about phylogenetic relationships.
5a. Species A is most closely
related to which species? B
5b. Species H is most closely
related to which species? I
5c. Assuming all the species
along the top are modern
species, what happened to
species B and F?
They went extinct.
Scene 18
6. What are the taxonomic advantages of using the fossil record? What are the
drawbacks?
Fossils can help to establish the timing of the initial appearance of a species and to
reconstruct a lineage of descent. The drawback to using fossils is that the record is
often incomplete because the conditions under which fossils form are rare (e.g., soft
tissues don’t usually fossilize, the substrate should be right to take the organism and
fossils can be difficult to find).
Scene 19
7. What is embryology? How might the study of embryology advance taxonomy?
Embryology is the study of prenatal development of organisms. The embryos and
fetuses of some organisms seem to display features of ancestral organisms; this
connection between embryology and taxonomy is still being examined and may clarify
the origins of some modern organisms.
Scene 20
8. What is a molecular clock? How is it useful for measuring relationships of
organisms?
Changes in certain areas of DNA over time can be calculated and calibrated to a
predictable rate of change, representing a period of time. By comparing the difference
in those areas of DNA between modern organisms and ancestral organisms, a timeline
of the split between modern and ancestral organisms can be determined.
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 21
9. Describe how DNA hybridization is useful for classification. How is it measured?
DNA hybridization is useful for determining the level of similarity between DNA
sequences of different organisms. It is measured by the degree of bonding between
strands of DNA from two different species
Scene 13 – 21
10. Fill in the table comparing classification studies. Identify the areas of phylogenetic
study from the lesson, also identify their advantages and disadvantages.
Area of Study
Fossil Record
Advantages
Can provide physical
characteristics
Provide approximate date
species appeared
Help reconstruct lineage
of descent
Appear to display
characteristics of
ancestral organisms
Embryology
Genetic Analysis
Morphology
Good technique when
organisms aren’t visually
similar, but do share a
common ancestor
Not too much required,
just detailed observation
of physical structures
Page 9
Disadvantages
Gaps in the record
fossilizing conditions
were not always available
soft tissue doesn’t
fossilize
finding fossils is difficult.
Only works with
organisms undergoing
embryological
development
Still looking for
significance in the
connection between
embryo and ancestral
traits
Must have access to
DNA of ancestral
organisms
Doesn’t show the
evolutionary relationship
Some physical features
can be misleading
(homologous structures)
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Criteria for Classification
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lesson # 2.
Interactive
Lesson
You will review the various ways that traits can be assessed and used
for taxonomy.
Quiz: Criteria for Classification
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Page 10
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Classification Schemes
Five-Kindom Classification Scheme
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 22 - 32 and complete the exercise below.
You will learn about the 5-kingdom classification scheme.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 22
1. In the five-kingdom classification scheme, what are the two basic criteria for
classification?
Cellular organization and how the organisms obtain their nutrients.
2. Identify the five kingdoms.
Animalia, Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Protista
Scenes 24 –25
3. Fill in the table with characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Monera.
Kingdom: Monera
Characteristics
Cellular Organization (multi or
unicellular?)
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Aerobic/Anaerobic?
Shape?
Groups within Monera*?
Feeding behavior?
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Both
Rod (bacillum), Round (Coccus), and spiral
(spirillum)
Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
(decomposer)
*4. What is the third possible group within the Kingdom Monera?
Archaebacteria or archaea
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scenes 25 – 26
5. Fill in the table for characteristics of Kingdom Protoctista or Protista.
Kingdom: Protista or Protoctista
Characteristics
Group within
Protista?
Cellular
Organization
(uni- or
multicellular)?
Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic?
Feeding
behavior?
Other features
Algae
Protozoa
Water molds
Slime molds
Can be
multicellular
Usually
unicellular
Usually
unicellular
Usually
unicellular
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Autotroph
(decomposer
(photosynthetic)
or parasitic)
Potential
Potential
Answers:
Answers:
Plant-like
Animal-like
Contains cell
Often found in
walls
water, moist
soils, or other
organisms
Page 12
Heterotrophic
(mostly
parasitic)
Potential
Answers:
Contains cell
walls
Composed of
filaments
Heterotrophic
Potential
Answers:
Typically
engulf prey
Mobile during
parts of life
stage
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scenes 27 – 28
6. Fill in the table with general characteristics of Kingdom Fungi.
Characteristics
Kingdom: Fungi
Cellular Organization (uni- or
multicellular)?
Multicellular, except for unicellular yeasts
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Feeding behavior?
Heterotrophic/Saprotrophic
Cell wall material?
Chitin
Mobility?
Non-motile, grow towards food source
7. Fill in the table for the four divisions of fungi.
Divisions of
Fungi
Zygomycota
Example
Bread mold
Type of
reproduction?
Both sexual
and asexual
Ascomycota
Yeasts,
morels,
truffles
Both sexual
and asexual
Page 13
Basidiomycot
a
Deuteromycot
a
Mushrooms
Athlete’s foot
Both sexual
and asexual
Asexual
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scenes 29 – 30
8. Fill in the table for characteristics of the Kingdom Plantae.
Kingdom: Plantae
Characteristics
Cellular Organization (unior multicellular)?
Multicellular
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Feeding behavior?
Autotrophic
Cell wall material?
Cellulose
Mobility?
Non-motile
Specialized structures
Roots
Leaves
Stems
Functions of specialized
structure
Absorb water &
nutrients from
the soil
Contain
chloroplasts for
photosynthesis
Support for
leaves and
transport of
materials
Page 14
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
9. What are the components of vascular tissue in plants? What are the components’
functions? Why is this a characteristic used in the classification of plants?
Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem. The xylem transports water and
minerals from the roots to the leaves. The phloem transports nutrients throughout the
plant. The presence or absence of a vascular system is used to distinguish between
types of plants.
10. Fill in the table for the groups and classes of plants.
Groups
of
Plants
Non-vascular
Plants
Vascular
Seedless Plants
Vascular Seed Plants
Divisio
ns
Not covered in this lesson
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Class
Monocot Dicot
11. What is the physical difference between the two types of vascular seed plants?
Angiosperms have covered seeds while gymnosperms seeds are not covered.
12. What is the difference between a monocot (liliopsida) and a dicot (magnoliopsida)?
When the seed first germinates, a monocot has one dicotyledon and a dicot has two
dicotyledons.
Page 15
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scenes 31 – 32
13. Fill in the table for common characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia.
Characteristics
Kingdom: Animalia
Cellular organization (uni- or
multicellular)?
Multicellular
Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Feeding behavior?
Heterotrophic, usually digest in central
cavity
Mobility?
Mobile, usually
Reproduction?
Sexual, usually
Page 16
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
13. Use the clues to fill in the tables for criteria of animal classifications.
A. Classification criteria: Backbone / vertebrate
Clue: 95% of all animals lack this trait.
Vertebrate
Invertebrate
B. Classification Criteria: Segmentation
Clue: Repeating units
Vertebrate
Invertebrate
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
C. Classification Criteria: Presence of coelom (tissue layers)
Clue: Where do animals keep their
internal organs?
Absence of
coelom
Presence of
coelom
D. Classification Criteria: Symmetry
Clue: Does the animal have distinct
sides?
Radial
Bilateral
Asymmetrical
Page 18
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Quiz: Five-Kingdom Classification Scheme
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Six-Kingdom Classification Scheme
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 33 - 36 and complete the exercise below.
You will learn about an alternate classification scheme.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 33
1. Define the following terms:
Extremophiles: The ability to live in extreme conditions
Thermophiles: The ability to live in extreme heat
Halophiles: Ability to live in areas with extreme salt content
Acidophiles: Ability to live in extreme acidity
2. What group of organisms is known to be extremophiles?
Archaebacteria (archaea)
Scene 34
3. What new kingdoms did Carl Woese propose in 1977? How would these new
kingdoms change the existing five kingdoms?
Carol Woese proposed two new kingdoms, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. These
kingdoms would replace the existing Monera that had lumped archaebacteria with true
bacteria and cyanobacteria.
4. Carl Woese based his proposal on what experimental results?
He found that ribosomal RNA of archaebacteria was more similar to eukaryotes
(organisms of the other five kingdoms) than to the prokaryotes of the Kingdom Monera.
Page 19
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 35
5. What are the similarities between archaea and bacteria?
They are both unicellular prokaryotes.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What are five differences between archaea and bacteria?
Peptidoglycan layer
Archaea are usually extremophiles
Ribosomal sequences
Anaerobic atmosphere
Autotrophic
Scene 36
7. Describe Woese’s suggestion about the
phylogenetic lineage of eukaryotes, archaea and
eubacteria. Summarize why Woese suggested this
scenario.
Woese suggested that eubacteria ancestors split
from archaea ancestors much earlier than archaea
ancestors split from eukarya (eukaryotes)
ancestors. Features of archaea are similar to both
eubacteria and eukarya, while features of eubacteria and eukarya are less alike.
Because of the similarities that archaea shares with both eubacteria and eukarya, it
likely shares a common background with both.
Quiz: Six-Kingdom Classification Scheme
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Page 20
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Three Domain Classification Scheme
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 33 - 36 and complete the exercise below.
Multimedia
Presentation
You will learn about an alternative classification scheme using three
domains.
Scene 37
1. Fill in the table for the three Domain proposal by Carl Woese.
Archaea
Kingdoms
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Domain (Empire)
Eubacteria
Kingdoms
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Eukarya
Kingdoms
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
2. How are the kingdoms of the Domain Archaea classified? Does this criterion tell you
anything about the groups’ evolutionary relationship? If so, what? If not, what value
might it provide a biologist?
The kingdoms of Archaea are classified by their environment (methane, heat, and salt).
They are not classified according to their evolutionary relationship (although they could
be). By classifying these organisms in this fashion we can predict certain
characteristics about each based on their archaea nature and their habitat, useful in
taxonomy.
Scene 38
3. Because the Kingdom Protista contains such a wide variety of disparate organisms,
other classification schemes have been proposed for the kingdom. Describe two such
proposals.
a. Cladistic analysis of a wide range of characters
b. Molecular Variation
Scientific Contributions to Taxonomy
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lesson # 1.
Interactive
Lesson
You will review the taxonomic contributions of several historical and
current scientists.
Page 21
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Archea and Bacteria
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lesson # 4.
Interactive
Lesson
You will compare similarities and differences between archaea and
bacteria.
Page 22
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Taxonomic Keys
Taxonomic Keys
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 39 - 40 and complete the exercise below.
You will learn how to apply classification schemes to an organism.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 39 – 40
1. What criteria are usually used in classifying an organism with a taxonomic key?
Morphology, comparing physical structures, is usually used to classify unidentified
organisms.
2. To what classification level can a specific taxonomic key descend?
species
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
3. Why is the following taxonomic key insufficient for determining whether these four
animals belong to the same species? What would be a better key?
These animals do not belong in the same species. In fact only three belong in the same
genus (Ursus). The taxonomic key does not provide the detail to successfully classify
these animals to the genus level, only to the mammal level. A better taxonomic key
would be one specific and complete for Order Carnivores or even Class Mammals.
Taxonomic Key
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lesson # 9.
Practice using a taxonomic key.
Interactive
Lesson
Page 24
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Systematics
Systematics
Now load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of Living
Things. View scenes # 41 - 48 and complete the exercise below.
You will learn about three different schools of systematics.
Multimedia
Presentation
Scene 41
1. What is Systematics?
Systematics is the study of living organisms in terms of diversity and interrelationships
at all levels.
2. Name three areas of study that are a part of Systematics.
Taxonomy, Genetics, Ecology, Biochemistry
3. Name the three main schools of Systematics.
The three main schools of Systematics are the traditional school, cladistics, and
phenetics.
Scene 42
4 What two criteria of classification does the traditional school of systematics stress?
The traditional school of systematics stresses common ancestry and morphological or
structural similarity.
5. In the following diagram, what is this structure called? What do the nodes
represent? What is the difference between the nodes at the top of the tree and those
on lower branches?
The diagram is a phylogenetic tree. The nodes represent individual species. The
nodes at the top of the tree are more recent species while nodes in the lower branches
represent older, ancestral species.
Page 25
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 44
6. Cladists base their classification of organisms on what single criterion?
Cladists base their classification of organisms on common ancestry.
7. How do cladists determine ancestry?
Cladists examine synapomorphies (shared derived characteristics), in other words
unique characteristics shared by the common ancestor and all its descendents.
Scene 45
8. What is the
synapomorphy from the
lesson for housecats and
cougars?
Retractable claws
Scene 46
9. Define monophyletic group? What term do cladists use to mean the same thing?
A monophyletic group, or clade, is a grouping of organisms according to
synapomorphies of a common ancestor and its descendents.
10. In the graphic
identify the following
parts of the cladogram:
synapomorphy, clade,
and species.
A. species
B. clade
C. synapomorphy
11. Using the graphic,
explain what makes the
organisms associated with A different from those associated with B.
The synapomorphy at point C is shared by all the organisms in the clade, B, but not by
organisms outside the clade, such as A.
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© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Scene 48
12. What is the basis of classification used by pheneticists?
Pheneticists classified organisms based on the overall number of shared
characteristics.
13. How is phenetics different from cladistics and the traditional school of systematics?
Phenetics does not take into account phylogenetic relationships.
Scene 49
14. Give an argument in favor of using phenetics to classify organisms. Then counter
that argument by explaining a disadvantage to using phenetics.
An advantage to the use of phenetics to classify organisms is its objective nature.
Phenetics only uses the number of shared characteristics to group organisms.
Phylogenetic relationships may contain presumed relationships, thus are not taken into
account. A disadvantage to phenetics is the varieties of ways that the data can be
handled may affect the phenograms produced. Also, some characteristics may not be
reliable unique identifiers of species and may influence the way relationships are
determined.
15. Fill in the summary table for the three schools of Systematics.
School
Traditional school
Cladistics
(Numerical) Phenetics
Criteria
Morphology and common
ancestors
Common ancestor by
synapomorphies
Number of shared
characteristics
Page 27
Graphic representation
Phylogenetic tree
Cladogram
Phenogram
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.
CyberEd® Student Study Guide: Classification of Living Things
Systematics
Please load the CyberEd Biology Course Title: Classification of
Living Things. Complete Interactive Lesson # 7, 8, and 10.
You will review three different methods of systematics classification.
Interactive
Lesson
Quiz: Taxonomic Keys, Systematics, and Conclusion
Please take the quiz provided by your teacher.
Quiz
Test: Classification of Living Things Comprehensive
Exam
Please take the test provided by your teacher.
Test
Page 28
© 2003 Cyber Ed, Inc.