Chemical Bonding
The Octet Rule
Atoms will work to achieve a full ___________ shell of Electrons:
Xs2Xp6
Electron Movement
IONIC
Electrons are __________by one atom and ________ by another.
This occurs between a __________and a __________.
COVALENT.
Electrons are __________ in a covalent bond.
This occurs between either __________ and __________ or
__________and __________.
METALLIC.
Electrons are __________without pattern.
This only occurs among __________.
Lewis Dot Structures
Lewis Dot Structures represent __________and can be used to show bonding
between atoms as well.
Electronegetivity
Determines the ____________________ of one atom to another atom’s electrons
__________ has high electronegetivity; sodium’s is low. __________ can
therefore pull away __________ electrons.
Creating Ionic Formulas
NaCl is known widely as __________; however, its scientific name is
__________
In order to learn the scientific name of a compound, you must remember a few
things:
The charges of __________ in an ionic bond must add up to __________.
The atoms in an ionic bond must have __________by the end of the process.
Creating Ionic Formulas
What happens if we try to make a compound of Lithium and Nitrogen?
Therefore, the ____________________for Lithium Nitride is Li3N
Shortcut!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Instead of drawing Lewis dot Structures, or ____________________when trying
to figure ionic bonds, try this little shortcut:
Determine the charge each atom takes as an ion- then __________ the numbers!
Naming Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are quite easy to name:
Begin with the __________ (metal) name, normal
Add the __________ name, but alter the ending
Exceptions for Naming Ionic Compounds
Polyatomic ions do not undergo any name change when in compound- so don’t
add the -ide ending to a polyatomic ion.
____________________are another exception- they can form ions with different
__________!!!!
Transition Metals
For most transition metals, there are __________ possible ions that can form. We
use Latin names, plus:
For the ____________________, use the __________suffix.
For the ____________________, use the __________ending.
Copper = Cu = __________ (+1) and __________ (+2)
Iron = Fe = __________ (+2) and __________ (+3)
Lead = Pb = __________ (+2) and __________ (+3)
Tin = Sn = __________ (+2) and __________ (+4)
Naming Transition Metals in Compounds
When naming compounds containing transition metals, you must include the
____________________in order to be able to have the correct compound.
General Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
In GENERAL, ionic compounds:
Have ____________________.
Are ____________________.
Can ____________________*.
Covalent Bonds
Co- means __________, or along with; -valent means __________; so Covalent
means ______________________________.
If the ____________________ of the two elements is less than 1.8, we get
COVALENT compounds.
The Cheater’s Way: If you have __________plus a __________, there is a 99%
chance you have a covalent compound.
Creating Covalent Compounds
Unlike ionic compounds, there is no way to tell a covalent compound’s
__________ simply by giving you the atoms involved.
Oxidation States
A way of gauging the amount of sharing going on in a covalent compound.
There are __________ rules to remember when determining oxidation states
Hydrogen’s oxidation state is ALWAYS __________.
Oxygen’s oxidation state is always __________
Oxidation states must add up to __________.
Using those three rules, oxidation states can be determined for covalent
compounds. For example, nitrogen can form many compounds with oxygen.
Naming Covalent Compounds
In order to differentiate among covalent compounds, we must use Latin numerical
prefixes.
1= __________
2= __________
3= __________
4= __________
5= __________
6= __________
7= __________
8= __________
9= __________
More Naming Covalent Compounds
In order to name covalent compounds, we have to look at the compounds as
individual elements once again.
NO2
If the first atom is __________atom, then simply say the element
name, as before.
Use __________ for all other elements in the compound.
N2O
If the first element is a __________, then use the prefixes.
Use __________ for all other elements in the compound.
Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative analysis is the use of tools to determine what elements are in a
compound.
The data from Qualitative Analysis will give us an ____________________, or a
list of the elements in a compound in their simplest ratio.
Some tools chemists use for ____________________:
__________; __________; __________; __________; __________
An example of an __________is: __________
Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative Analysis can be used to determine the __________or __________ in
a substance.
This information will give us ____________________for compounds, which
represent the ____________________of atoms in a single molecule.
Tools a chemist use for Quantitative Analysis include a __________, __________
__________, ____________________, and so on.
An example of a ____________________would be: ____________________
Dr. Hofbrincl to the Maternity Ward…
Certain elements are always found in __________ in nature; this will teach us to
draw structural formulas.
These elements are: ________________________________________
Or, Dr. Hofbrincl… and since they are always __________- Dr. Hofbrincl
delivers __________…
Special Covalent Situations
__________ bonds: Sometimes it is necessary for there to be
__________________ in order to fill a valence shell (__________,__________)
Hybrid Orbitals
When Carbon (among other elements) forms bonds, it has the ability to bond in
__________ places- but because the __________are outside of the __________,
the __________would be blocked from bonding.
VSEPR Theory and Molecular Shapes
By knowing that electrons repel each other, we can predict the __________ of
molecules.
When we draw Lewis Dot Structures, we draw the electrons at __________from
each other since they repel each other…
Due to __________ electrons, repulsion can be changed, altering the shape of
molecules. We will be concerned with 5 shapes of molecules; each has different
bond angles, giving each a unique shape:
Linear __________
Bent __________
Triagonal Planar __________
Pyramidal __________
Tetrahedral __________
Molecular Shapes
Linear
Any __________molecule will show up as a ____________________molecule.
Also, ____________________ will make linear molecules, provided there are no extra
electrons.
Bent
Molecules with __________and only __________will be bent if there are
____________________ electrons.
Triagonal Planar
Occur when __________ atoms are bonded together with __________electrons.
This is a __________ SHAPE.
Pyramidal
These shapes occur when there are __________bonded together, but __________.
This is a __________shape!!!!!!
Tetrahedral
All __________molecules will take on a tetrahedral shape.
A __________atom must be the central atom for a tetrahedron. They are the only
atoms that can form __________ bonds.
Polar and Non-Polar Molecules
When atoms combine, there is a chance they will have different __________, but
still won’t be an ionic compound.
If the __________ difference between molecules is greater than __________, we
have a __________ molecule- that is, the molecule will have a slightly
__________ side, and a slightly __________side.
Polarity
The term “__________” means having two opposite __________or __________.
Carbon has an electronegetivity of 2.6; Fluorine is 4.0. The difference between
them is __________, clearly __________. Fluorine clearly has a greater
attraction for __________ than that of carbon, and therefore, will __________
carbon’s electrons closer to it.
If ions are shown with __________ and__________ signs, polarity, which also
denotes a __________and __________ charge, but a small change, we can show
those states with a lower-case __________, a Greek letter.
Non-Polar Molecules
Anytime that an atom has an electronegetivity difference of less than
__________, that bond is non-polar. It can be represented with a “0” above it,
meaning there is a charge of zero on the atoms.
Multiple-Atom Compounds and Polarity
Some compounds have more than two atoms, and yet still may be polar or nonpolar. In order to determine polarity of these types of compounds, you must
consider not only electronegetivity, but also the SHAPES of molecules.
Consider the case of CH3Cl- there are 5 atoms, and three different types, each
type with different electronegetivities.
More Polarity…
Chlorine, 3.2, - Carbon, 2.6, = 0.6; non-polar
carbon, 2.6, - Hydrogen, 2.2, =0.4; non-polar
So is this a non-polar molecule???
____________________
And here’s why- Draw an ____________________ from atoms with low
electronegetivity towards atoms with __________ electronegetivity, and you will
see a distinct pattern form…
Still More Polarity…
The direction the arrows point shows the direction that the __________ will
move; when all the electrons move ____________________one end, and
____________________another, we have a polar molecule.
We should now add our symbols to show polarity.
Metallic Bonds
Occur among metals and:
Accounts for __________, __________, and __________.
Generally more “effective” the more __________there are in an atom.
An e- can move __________ throughout the metal atoms.