Notes #3 I. Marine Macrophages Marine Science Anthophyta- flowering plants (antho =flower, phyta = plant) A. General Information 1. _____________________ that have adapted to salt water a. ______________, stems, leaves, and seeds. b. Nutrients and water obtained from the __________ c. Withstand saltwater by ______________________ 2. Found in shallow waters, must remain in the _______________ zone! 3. The benefit to marine organisms a. New Habitat i. Place to ________________________ (small and young) ii. Place to _________________ (algae) b. Food Source i. Bacteria (eat the _________________) ii. Herbivores (_________________________) 4. The cost to marine organisms a. Compete with algae for ________ and _________ b. Indigestible ( ___________ is hard to break down) 5. Reproduction a. Vegetative (asexual reproduction) i. Fragmentation: ii. Rhizome: b. Flowers (sexual reproduction) i. Adapted for ____________ to pollinate i. Unlike land plants that use the wind! ii. Pollen is _______________ instead of __________. 3 Types of Marine Flowering Plants: B. Seagrasses : Only truly marine flowering plant! 1. Locationa. Found _________________! b. Can be fully ___________________ all the time 2. Structure of Seagrasses a. Roots: _________________________________________ b. Stems i. Vertical support the __________________ ii. Horizontal (rhizome): Important in _______________ reproduction and ______________________________. c. Leaves i. Main purpose: _______________________ ii. Secrete ______________ iii. Break off before ___________________ 3. Two Main Types in California a. Eel Grass i. Found in ______________________ ii. ______________ waves b. Surfgrass i. Found in ______________________ ii. ______________ waves 4. Role of Seagrasses a. Help food chain. Enter by ______________________ b. Sediment deposition and stabilization i. Leaves ii. Roots c. Provides good habitat i. Seagrasses add dimension! ii. Epiphytes: Plants and animals that ____________ on seagrasses iii. Juvenile animals _________________ among stems and leaves! C. Salt Marsh Plants 1. General Factsa. Located in _____________ and ___________ regions. b. Restricted to the Intertidal i. ___________ need air or they will become _______________. c. Types of Salt Marsh Plants i. True grasses found in the _______________ ii. Rushes found in the ___________________ iii. Shrubs & herbs in the _________________ 2. Ecological benefits of marsh plants a. Filter: Removes _________________________ b. Food source for _________________________ c. Nursery for ____________________________ d. Sponge: Reduces _______________________ D. Mangrove Forests 1. Located in the ________________________________ 2. Root Types a. Buttress roots i. Located ________________ ground ii. Role: ______________________________ b. Pneumatophore roots (pneuma = air) i. Located ___________________ground ii. Role: _______________________________ c. Anchor roots i. Located: _______________ ground ii. Role: _______________________________ Notes #4 II. Seaweeds A. Comparison to Terrestrial Plants 1. Similarities: 2. Main Differences: Algae Land Plants Get Nutrients: Photosynthesis: Support Structures: Location: B. Parts of an Alga 1. Blade a. Similar to ________________ of land plants b. Most of __________________ and ____________ c. Absorption occurs here 2. Air Bladder (pneumatocyst) a. Helps keep blades on the ___________________ b. ________________ and ________________vary c. Most common in _______________ algae 3. Stipe a. Connects ______________ to the _____________ b. Does NOT _______________________________ c. Very ______________________ d. _______________ varies and may be __________ 4. Holdfast a. ___________________ algae to the surface b. NOT for _________________________________ c. Size influenced by _________________________ C. Life Cycle 1. Alternation of Generations a. Definition: two or more separate ______________ stages that occur one after the other, BUT the stages contain ____________________ amounts of DNA! D. Seaweed Phyla 1. 3 main phyla- grouped by accessory pigments 2. Chlorophyta (green algae) a. Local Examples i. Ulva spp ii. Enteromorpha intestinalis b. Pigments: _______________________ only c. Dealing with herbivores i. ________________ and ______________ quickly ii. Grow where ________________________ iii. Taste bad: make ______________________ or deposit ___________ in cell walls. 3. Rhodophyta (red algae) a. Local Example i. Porphra perforate (nori) ii. Corallina vancouveriensis (coralline algae) b. Pigments ______________ + _____________(red) c. Response to herbivores i. Grow ____________________ ii. Difficult to eat: change _________________ d. Commercial Uses i. Direct use: ________________ (sushi) ii. Agar 1. Grow __________________ 2. Separate _______________ 3. _______________ agent iii. Carrageenan 1. ____________________agent 2. ____________________agent 4. Phaeophyta (brown algae) a. Local Examples i. Macrocystis pyrifera (giant kelp) ii. Egregia spp. (feather boa kelp) b. Pigments: _____________ + ________________ c. Commercial Uses i. Alginate (aka algin) 1. _________________ agent 2. _________________ agent ii. Iodine iii. Cattle feed iv. Potash: _______________________________