G. Schmidt
Psychology 2210
Review Sheet for Quiz
General
1. What is the main (or primary) definition of social psychology? What is the secondary definition?
2. What is this semester’s theme/quotation?
History
3. According to lecture, what are the basic principles of:
A) Freudian (Psychoanalytic) theory;
B) Reinforcement (Or Learning) Theory;
C) Gestalt Theory;
D) Lewinian Theory?
Methods
(Multiple choice only)
4. Know the definitions of theory and hypothesis.
5. Know the definition of correlation. Be able to interpret a positive or negative correlation. What
cannot be inferred from a correlation?
6. Know the definitions of an independent variable, a dependent variable, and random assignment.
Be able to identify independent variables and dependent variables from a description of a
research study.
7. What are the three advantages of experiments?
8. Understand internal validity, external validity, demand characteristics, and experimenter bias.
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Review Sheet for Exam 1
Social Cognition
Short Answer
1. According to Heider (1958), people make two important classes of distinctions. What are they?
Be able to identify a statement that represents Heider's theory.
2. Given information corresponding to consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus be able to make
the correct attribution according to Kelley's (1967) attribution theory
3. Weiner's theory specifies "linkages" between the causal dimensions (locus, stability,
controllability) and cognitions (thoughts), emotions, and behaviors (e.g. locus is related to selfesteem). For each dimension, list the relevant cognition, emotion, and/or behavior linkages.
4. Given a vignette, use Kelley's theory to derive the rational attribution. Then use Weiner's theory
to predict possible cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral consequences of the attribution.
5. Classify ability, effort (short term and long term), task difficulty, and luck according to Weiner's
three causal dimensions.
6. Define the representativeness heuristic. What are the two types of representativeness heuristic
and how does each operate? Be able to identify an example of the representativeness heuristic.
7. Define the availability heuristic. What are the three types of availability heuristic and how does
each operate? Be able to identify an example of the availability heuristic.
Multiple Choice
8. Be familiar with research on the discounting principle, augmentation principle, and the
subtractive rule.
9. Given an outcome (e.g., success) and an attribution (e.g., high ability), be able to specify the
thought, emotion, and/or behavior that Weiner's theory would predict.
10. Given an outcome (e.g., failure) and a behavior (e.g., quits), be able to infer the corresponding
causal dimension(s) or attribution?
11. Given an emotion (e.g. anger) or behavior (e.g. not helping), be able to identify the relevant
causal dimension and attribution that was made?
12. From the standpoint of Weiner's theory, what type of cause is most likely to be given as an
excuse, what type is most likely to be withheld, what type is most likely to be used in its place?
(Note: This question can be answered in terms of classes of excuses and in terms of the causal
dimensions.)
13. Be familiar with regional differences (i.e., Southerners vs. Northerners) in attributions and the
consequences of these attributions. For instance, how do Southerners and Northerners view the
role of luck and God in their lives?
14. As discussed in lecture/text, be familiar with attributions in the areas of cultural differences,
depression (pessimistic explanatory style), and marital happiness.
15. What is the correspondence bias/fundamental attribution error? Be able to recognize an
example of it.
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16. Be familiar with the saliency effect.
17. Be able to recognize an example of underusing base-rate information.
18. How does framing influence people's judgments of probability?
19. Expectancy Effects: Be familiar with the studies by Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) and Snyder,
Tanke, & Berscheid (1977). According to the text, what four factors produce expectancy
effects?
Knowing the Self
Short Answer
20. What is the basic premise of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954)?
Multiple Choice
21. Know the motives for social comparison.
22. Be familiar with the related attributes hypothesis.
23. Be familiar with the two types of social comparison and their presumed functions.
24. Self Perception theory: Be able to recognize an example of self perception theory. Understand
overjustifiction effects.
25. What is the basic principle of Schachter & Singer’s (1962) two factor theory of emotion? What
were the results of their experiment? Be able to make a prediction using the two factor theory.
26. Be familiar with the false consensus effect.
27. What is the actor-observer effect and what is the main explanation for its occurrence?
28. What is the self-serving bias (beneffectance)?
29. Know the main premise of the revised learned helplessness (RLH) model.
30. What types of attributions do depressed people make?
Illusions and Well-Being
31. List and define the three areas where illusions about the self occur. What are the three areas in
which illusions about the self promote mental health? What types of people are least likely to
experience these illusions? Be able to identify an example of one of these illusions.
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Review Sheet for Exam #2
Chapter 4 - Presenting the Self
(multiple choice)
1. Identity Negotiation: Be familiar with the studies by Swann & Read (1981) and Brown &
McGill (1989).
2. Self-monitoring: Know the definition. Know the definition and characteristics of high and low
self-monitors. Know the differences between high and low self-monitors discussed in text and
lecture.
3. Self-handicapping: Know the definition. What appears to be the main reason people engage in
self-handicapping? Know the beneficial effect of self-handicapping and the main circumstance
in which it is used.
4. Nonverbal Communication
Deception: What nonverbal channel has the most “leakage”?
Nonverbal Behavior: Know the differences between men and women in conversation and
touching.
Expressiveness and Sensitivity:
Know the difference between men and women.
How does sensitivity relate to marital happiness?
Self-Disclosure:
Know the definition.
Understand the role of reciprocity in the self-disclosure process. (For instance, how much do
we prefer? What happens when someone discloses too much?)
Know the differences between men and women in degree of self-disclosure and what they
actually reveal.
Social Exchange Theory (multiple choice)
5. How do people estimate satisfaction and dependence? Be familiar with the four types of
relationship based on CL and CLalt and their consequences.
6. What is the relationship between dependence and power? What factors mediate between
dependence and power?
Chapter 8 – Loving, Liking, and Close Relationships
Short Answer
7. List and define the three components of Rubin's love scale.
8. What are the four characteristics of passionate love and what fuels it? What is companionate
love and what fuels it?
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9. According to Hazan & Shaver's (1987) work on love as an attachment process, how do secure,
anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant persons describe their most important romantic relationship?
What are their beliefs about love in general (i.e., mental models of love)?
10. Know the characteristics of Lee's (1973) three primary colors of love.
11. How does Kelley (1983) define commitment? Be able to draw and label Kelley’s (1983) model
of love and commitment.
Multiple Choice
12. Be familiar with research results for each of the following: reward model, similarity,
reciprocation, propinquity, mere exposure (Zajonc, 1968; Moreland & Beach, 1992).
13. Physical attractiveness: What is the general effect of physical attraction on liking? Be familiar
with the results of Dion, Berscheid, & Walster [Hatfield] (1972). Be familiar with the
beautiful-is-good stereotype. Under what conditions does beauty help and hurt defendants in a
trial?
14. Be familiar with research results on insult (a.k.a. the gain-loss study) by Aronson & Linder
(1965) and the pratfall effect (Aronson, Willerman, & Floyd, 1966).
15. Be familiar with research using Rubin’s loving and liking scales.
16. Know the characteristics of Lee’s (1973) three secondary colors of love.
17. Know the definition of equity.
18. Know the characteristics of exchange and communal relationships.
19. According to research by Rusbult (1980), what factors predict commitment? (Be sure you
know the direction of each factor. In other words, is it high or low satisfaction, etc.?)
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Review Sheet for Exam #3
Chapter 5 - Attitudes
Short Answer
1. Know the definition of an attitude.
2. Be able to list the four core features of the concept of attitudes.
3. List the four functions of attitudes.
4. List and define the three elements of Ajzen’s (1985) theory of planned behavior.
Multiple Choice
5. Be able to recognize an example of the four functions of an attitude.
6. What are the two main elements of Fishbein & Ajzen’s (1975) theory of reasoned action?
7. Be able to recognize the definition of reference group.
8. Know the mere exposure effect and its limitations.
9. Understand how classical conditioning influences attitudes so that you can recognize an example
of it.
10. What condition must be present in order for self-perception processes to influence attitudes?
11. Be able to recognize the definition of alcohol myopia.
12. Know the definition of selective attention, selective perception, and selective memory so that
you can identify examples of each.
13. Be familiar with the LaPiere (1934) study and understand the issue of compatibility of attitude
and behavior measures.
Chapter 6 - Persuasion
Short Answer
14. Know the major premise of Festinger’s (1957) cognitive dissonance theory.
15. What four factors must be present in order for counter-attitudinal behavior to produce
dissonance?
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Multiple Choice
16. Cognitive Dissonance: Know the three types of cognition and be able to recognize examples of
each.
17. Know the two ways dissonance can be reduced.
18. Be well -versed in studies on cognitive dissonance theory. You should know the names of each
paradigm (e.g., post-decisional dissonance, induced compliance) and the results of their
representative studies.
19. Know the methods and results of these four, classic dissonance studies: Festinger & Carlsmith
(1959), Cohen (1962), Aronson & Carlsmith (1963), and Aronson & Mills (1959).
20. Know the importance of Zanna & Cooper (1974) in supporting cognitive dissonance theory. In
other words, what element is a critical part of the dissonance process?
21. Know the definitions of systematic processing, heuristic processing, central route to persuasion
and peripheral route to persuasion.
22. Factors in the Persuasion Setting
Know how source characteristics influence persuasion.
Be familiar with the sleeper effect.
How does argument strength influence persuasion?
When does message length influence persuasion?
Fear Appeals: What is the typical effect of fear appeals on persuasion? Know the four
elements of protection motivation theory.
Mood: What type of processing do good moods typically produce?
23. Be able to recognize the strategies cults use to retain members.
Chapter 7 – Prejudice and Stereotypes
Short Answer
24. Know the definition of prejudice, discrimination, and racism.
25. What are the two elements of symbolic racism (Kinder & Sears, 1981)? What
behaviors/attitudes does symbolic racism predict? What behavior does symbolic racism not
predict?
Multiple Choice
26. Know the definition of stereotype and sexism.
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27. Understand how particular situations influence the expression of modern racism.
28. Understand how regressive racism affects behavior.
29. Know the scapegoat theory of discrimination and be able to recognize examples of it. Be able
to recognize Berkowitz’s (1962) four reasons outgroups become targets.
30. Authoritarian Personality: How are anti-Semitism and ethnocentrism related? What
characteristics distinguished prejudiced individuals from non-prejudiced individuals?
31. Selective Perception: Know the results of Duncan (1976), Darley & Gross (1983), and Esses,
Haddock, & Zanna (1993, 1994).
32. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Be familiar with Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) and Snyder,
Tanke, & Berscheid (1977). When are self-fulfilling prophecies most likely to occur?
33. Sexism: Know the definition of gender stereotypes. In what areas do boys and girls differ,
although “these differences are typically small in an absolute sense?” What is the bestdocumented sex difference? How do men and women differ in leadership style?
34. Know the definition of stereotype threat and be familiar with the research in this area (Steele &
Aronson, 1995).
35. Reducing Prejudice: Be familiar with results from the Jigsaw Classroom (or jigsaw method).
What four factors are necessary to reduce prejudice?
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Review Sheet for Exam #4
Chapter 9 – Helping Others
Short Answer
1. Be able to list the five steps in Latane & Darley’s (1970) decision tree.
2. Be able to recreate Piliavin, Piliavin, and Rodin’s (1975) cost model of helping.
3. According to Tec (1986), what three factors distinguish rescuers from nonrescuers?
Multiple Choice
4. Interpreting the situation: Be familiar with the results of Shotland & Staw (1976).
5. Be very familiar with the research on Diffusion of Responsibility.
6. Be very familiar with the work of Batson and his colleagues on the empathy-altruism hypothesis
(Batson et al., 1981, 1983, 1987).
7. According to the Oliner & Oliner (1988) comparing Europeans who had and who had not
rescued Jews during WWII, which characteristics distinguished the group who had rescued
Jews?
Chapter 10 - Aggression
Short Answer
8. Know the definition of aggression. Understand the definition so that you can distinguish
aggressive from non-aggressive acts.
9. The "Aggressive Male" Syndrome:
What are the three main features of the "aggressive male" syndrome?
What are the three elements that promote aggressive behavior in boys?
Be able to recognize a "reinforcement trap".
10. Using your knowledge of the factors that influence aggression (i.e., excitation transfer theory,
frustration-aggression theory, aggression cues, reinforcement, modeling, drugs, environment,
regional differences, and aggressive pornography), design the world’s worst bar; that is, design
a bar that will promote aggression in its patrons. (Alternatively, using the same factors listed
above, design the world’s worst car; a car that will promote aggression in its driver.)
Multiple Choice
11. Be familiar with the research results for the effects listed in question #10 above.
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12. Regional Differences: What two factors did Nisbett (1993) find predicted homicide rates in the
U.S.? Know the results of the bump and insult study.
13. What is the basic premise of Baumeister et al.’s (1996) egotism threat theory?
14. Pornography: Understand the excitation valence model. (What types of pornography will
increase and decrease aggression?) What effects does viewing aggressive pornography have on
men’s attitudes towards women? Be familiar with the results of Donnerstein (1980) and the
conclusions of Donnerstein (1983).
15. What are the results of correlational studies of the effects of television on aggression? How
consistent are the results of experimental studies of the effects of violent television on
aggression? Be familiar with the bidirectional hypothesis.
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Review Sheet for Exam #5
Chapter 11 – Social Influence
Short Answer
1. Know the definitions of compliance, identification, and internalization.
2. Know the definitions of the six types of power and the important characteristics of each (e.g.,
drawbacks, advantages).
3. Know the definition of informational social influence and normative social influence.
Multiple Choice
4. Be very familiar with Milgram’s (1963, 1965) classic studies of obedience. What was the initial
level of obedience? What factors influenced obedience?
5. Be familiar with the Asch conformity studies. What levels of conformity did Asch find? What
types of influence occurred in the Asch studies?
6. Be familiar with the four factors that affect conformity.
7. Be familiar with the results of Schachter (1951).
Chapter 12 – Intergroup Conflict
Short Answer
8. What is the basic premise of social categorization theory?
9. What is the basic premise of social identity theory?
10. What is the basic premise of realistic conflict theory?
11. What is the discontinuity effect?
12. Know the definition of terrorism and its aim.
13. Positive Value of Conflict: List two benefits of conflict according to Worchel et al. (1993) and
Simmel (1995).
Multiple Choice
14. Know the outgroup homogeneity effect.
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15. Be familiar with research from minimal group paradigm, social identity theory, and realistic
conflict theory.
16. The Black Sheep Effect: Be familiar with the research of Branscombe, Wann, Noel, &
Coleman (1993).
17. Know the definition of delegitimization. Be able to recognize methods of delegitimization.
When is it most likely to occur?
18. Reducing Prejudice: Be familiar with results from the Jigsaw Classroom (or jigsaw method).
What four factors are necessary to reduce prejudice?
19. Be familiar with the use of threats and counter-threats, especially Deutsch & Krauss (1960).
20. What type of group is most likely to resort to terrorism?
Prisoner’s Dilemma and Commons Dilemma
Short Answer
21. Be able to draw the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG).
22. Tit-for-Tat: What are Tit-for-Tat's two guidelines? What accounts for the success of Tit-forTat? What factor influences cooperation?
23. Commons Dilemma: Define a social trap. What are the similarities between the PDG and the
Commons Dilemma?
Multiple Choice
24. Be familiar with the PDG and the research using it. For example, which choice is most rational
given one trial interaction? Multiple trial interactions? How do you apply the tit-for-tat strategy
to the PDG?
25. The Commons Dilemma. What factors increase exploitation of the commons? What factors
reduce exploitation of the commons?
Chapter 13 – Group Dynamics (multiple choice)
26. Know the definition and characteristics of a group.
27. Define social facilitation and social inhibition. What are the conditions under which an
audience will produce social facilitation and social inhibition in an actor? Be familiar with the
research in this area.
28. Be familiar with the four explanations of social facilitation.
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29. Be familiar with the research on social loafing (i.e. what is it? What are the explanations for it?
How can it be reduced?).
30. Majority and Minority Influence: What are the reasons the majority usually wins? What
conditions make minority influence possible? What is the nature of minority influence?
31. Define group polarization. Recognize an example of group polarization. What are the two
explanations of this effect?
32. Be familiar with the causes and symptoms of Groupthink.
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