History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
1
I. INTRODUCTION
1. "looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ mǎ kàn huā 走馬看花]; “dragonfly touching
the water” [qīngtíng diǎn shǔi 蜻蜓點水]
2. loess soil [huángtǔ 黃土]
3. the “Three Teachings” (sān jiào 三教 ):
a. Confucianism (Rúxué 儒學 )
b. Daoism [Taoism] (Dàoxué 道學)
c. Buddhism (Fójiào 佛教 )
II. EARLY MYTHS
1. Pan Gu 盤古
2. “Nü Wa repairs heaven” [Nǚ Wā bǔ tiān 女媧補天]
3. "Three August Ones" and "Five Rulers" [Sān Huáng Wǔ Dì 三皇五帝]
a. Fúxī 伏羲
b. Shén Nóng 神農
c. Huáng Dì 黃帝
d. Yáo 堯
e. Shùn 舜
f. Yǔ 禹
III. SHANG 商 or YIN 殷 PERIOD
1. oracle-bone" writing [jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ]
a. pryo-scapulimancy
2. Ānyáng 安陽
3. Sānxīngduī 三星堆
4. "packed-earth" [hangtu 夯土 ]
5. city / wall [chéng 城 ]
6. cowry shells [bei 貝]
7. king / wáng [王 ]
8. nei [內 ] = inside, inner; wai [外 ] = outside, outer
9. "state" / guó [國 ]
10.dì 帝
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
2
11.Fu Hao 婦好
12. Zhoù Xīn 紂辛
IV. ZHOU 周 PERIOD
1. periodization (all dates BCE):
a. Western Zhou [ Xi Zhou 西周 ] (1046-771)
b. Eastern Zhou [ Dong Zhou 東周 ] (771-256)
c. Spring(s) and Autumn(s) [Chūn Qiū 春秋 ] period (722-481)
d. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221)
2. Duke of Zhou [Zhoū Gōng 周公 ]
3. "well-field" [jǐngtián 井田 ] system
4. "feudal" [fēngjiàn 封建 ] system
5. lineage system [zōngfǎ 宗法 ]
6. four classes:
a. Amen of service@ (warrior / scholar) [shì 士 ]
b. peasant [nóng 農]
c. artisan [gōng 工 ]
d. merchant [shāng 商 ]
e. (“good iron doesn’t get beaten into nails; good men don’t serve as soldiers” [hǎo
tiě bù dǎ dìng; hǎo nán bù dāng bīng 好鐡不打釘，好男不當兵])
7. shaman [wū 巫 ]
8. "Heaven" [Tiān 天 ]
a. "Mandate of Heaven" [Tiānmìng 天命 ]
V. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221)
1. hegemon [bà 霸]
a. Duke Huan of Qi [Qí Huán Gōng 齊桓公 ]
2. various states:
a. Sòng 宋
b. Lǔ 魯
c. Qí 齊
d. Chǔ 楚
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
3
e. Chén 陳
f. Jìn 晉
g. Qín 秦
h. Yān 燕
i. Hàn 漢
j. Hán 韓
k. Wú 吳
l. Yuè 越
m. Zōu 鄒
3. “sleeping on brushwood and tasting bile” [wòxīn chángdǎn 臥薪嘗膽 ]
a. Gōujiàn 勾踐 of Yuè / Zhèjiāng (reg.496-465 BCE)
b. Fūchāi 夫差 of Wú / Shànghǎi (reg.495-473 BCE)
c. “ten years of training/instruction, ten years of building/gathering [resources/soldiers]”
[shínián jiàoxùn, shínián shēngjù 十年教訓，十年生聚 ]
4. “Four Great Beauties” [sì dà měi nǚ 四大美女 ]
a. Xī Shī 西施 (consort of Goujian)(c. 506- ? BCE)
1) “sinking fish, falling geese; hiding moon, bashful flowers” [chényú luòyàn, bìyuè
xiūhuā 沉魚落雁, 閉月羞花]
b. Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君
(1st cent. BCE)
c. Diāochán 貂蟬(Three Kingdoms period)
d. Yáng Guìfēi (consort of Tang Xuanzong) 楊貴妃
(719-756)
VI. LEGALISM
1. fǎ 法 = laws, rules; methods
2. Guǎnzi 管子 , a.k.a. Guǎn Zhòng 管仲 (d. 645 BCE)
3. Shāng Yāng 商鞅 (fl. 361-338 BCE)
4. punishments [xíng 形，刑 ]
5. Shen Buhai 申不害(fl. 351-337 BCE)
6. "techniques" (of government) [shu 術 ]
7. Han Feizi 韓非子(d. 223 BCE)
8. "rich country, strong military" [fùguó qiángbīng 富國強兵 ]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
4
VII. DAOISM
1. Daò 道
2. “complementary duality”
a. yīn 陰
b. yáng 陽
3. "myriad objects" [wàn wù 萬物 ]
4. wúwéi [無為 ] = "non-purposive action"
5. "artificial," "false" [wěi 偽 ]
6. "culture/patterns" [wén 文 ] vs. "simplicity/essence" [zhí 質 ]
7. "immortal" [xiān 仙 ]
8. the Eight Trigrams [bā guà 八卦 ]
9. Lǎozi 老子
10.Classic of the Dao [Dào Dé Jīng道德經 ]
Dào kě dào fēi cháng Dào 道可道非常道
Míng kě míng fēi cháng Míng 名可名非常名
11.Zhuāngzi 莊子 (c. 365-290 BCE)
a. “transformation of things” [wùhuà 物化]
VIII.
CONFUCIANISM
1. Confucius [Kǒng Fūzi 孔夫子 ] (c. 551-479 BCE)
a. Rú 儒 = expert on ritual & government
2. jūnzi 君子 = "gentleman"; “exemplary person”
a. dé 德 = "virtue" / ”fortitude” / “excelling”
3. "inferior man" [xiǎorén 小人 ]
a. profit, benefit [lì 利 ]
4. "sense of shame" [chǐ 恥]
5. self-cultivation [xiūshēn 修身 / xiūjǐ 修己]
6. "rectification of names" [zhèngmíng 正名]
7. "five constant virtues" [wǔ cháng 五常]
a. rén 仁 = "benevolence" / “authoritative conduct”
b. yì 義 = "righteousness"; “appropriate / fitting”
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
5
c. lǐ 禮 = [observing] "propriety", “ritual”, “rites”
d. zhì 智 = "wisdom"; “realizing”
e. xìn 信 = "trustworthiness”; “making good on one’s word”
8. xiào 孝 = "filial submission/piety/responsibility"
9. loyalty [zhòng 忠 ]; “doing one’s utmost”
10.reciprocity [shù 恕 ]; “putting oneself in the other’s place”
11. shàn 善 = “being good at…”
12.phrases from Confucius= writings:
a. I state but don’t make (up new truths...) [shù ér bù zuò 述而不作]
b. a gentleman is not a tool [jūnzi bù qì 君子不器]
c. in teaching, there should be no distinction of classes [yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 ]
d. when I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers [sān rén xíng, bì
yǒu wǒ shī yān 三人行， 必有我師焉]
e. respect the spirits but keep them at a distance [jìng gǔishén ér yuǎn zhī 敬鬼神而遠之]
f. my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity [wǔ Dào yī yǐ guàn zhī 吾道一以貫之]
13.Confucian "classics" / canonical writings1:
a. “Four Books” [Sì Shū 四書 ]:
1) Analects [Lùn Yǔ 論語 ]
2) Doctrine of the Mean [Zhōng Yōng 中庸 ]
3) Great Learning [Dà Xué 大學 ]
4) Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子 ]
b. “Five Classics” [Wǔ Jīng 五經 ]:
1) Classic of Songs (or Book of Poetry) [Shī Jīng 詩經 ]
2) Classic of Changes [Yì Jīng 易經 ]
3) Record of Ritual [Lǐ Jì 禮記]
4) Classic of Documents [Shū Jīng 書經 ]
5) Spring and Autumn Annals [Chūn Qiū 春秋]
14.Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子], c. 370-290 BCE
1For
this translation, see Ricci, Matteo, S.J. The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (Tianzhu Shiyi) [天
主實義] Trans., with Intro. and notes by Douglas Lancashire and Peter Hu Kuo-chen, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute
of Jesuit Sources, 1986) [BX 3746 .C5 R479 1985], p. 33.
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
6
a. “All men have a mind which cannot bear [to see the sufferings of] others [rén jiē yǒu bù
rěn rén zhī xīn 人皆有不忍人之心] (Mencius, II.A.vi.1)
b. "kingly way" [wáng daò 王道]
c. "humane government" [rén zhèng 仁政 ]
d. mínshēng [民生 ] = "popular welfare," "livelihood"
e. "five relationships" [wǔ lún 五倫]
f. "three bonds" [sān gāng 三綱]
15.Xúnzi 荀子 (c. 298-238 BCE)
16. Mòzi 墨子
(479-438 BCE)
a. "universal love" [bóaì 博愛 / jiān’aì兼愛 ]
IX. QIN 秦 DYNASTY (221-206 BCE)
1. King Zheng [Zhèng Wáng 政王] reg. 246-210 BCE who becomes:
a. Qín Shǐhuángdì [秦始皇帝] = First Emperor of Qin (221-210 BCE)
2. Li Si 李斯
(d. 208 BCE)
3. commanderies and districts [jùnxiàn 郡縣]
4. Great Wall [Cháng Chéng 長 城]
5. "burning of books & burying of scholars" [fénshū kēngrú 焚書坑儒]
6. Second Emperor (of Qin) [èrshì huángdì 二世皇帝 ]
7. Chén Shèng [陳勝 ] and Wú Guǎng [吳廣 ]
a. "王侯將相寧有種乎" (wáng hóu jiāng xiāng níng yǒu zhǒng hu)
X. HAN 漢 (206 BCE – 220 CE)and the Consolidation of Imperial Government
1. Xiàng Yǔ 項 羽
2. Liú Bāng 劉 邦, who becomes:
a. Hàn Gāozǔ 漢 高 祖
reg. 206-195 BCE
3. Cháng’ān 長 安
4. “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]
5. Lù Jiǎ [Gǔ] 陸 賈
6. "men of talent" [réncái 人才 ]
7. Empress (Dowager) Lü [Lǚ Hoù 呂 后 ]
8. Sīmǎ Qiān 司 馬 遷
c. 145-86 BCE
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
7
a. Records of the Historian [Shǐ Jì 史 記 ]
1) lièzhuàn = 列傳“assembled biographies”
XI. HAN and the FRONTIER
1. Xiōngnú 匈奴
a. shànyú shanyu 單于
b. Modu / Máodùn 冒頓 (c.234-174 BCE)
2. policy of "peace and marriage" [héqīn 和親 ]
3. "use barbarians to control barbarians"[yi yi zhi yi 以夷制夷 ]
4. Hàn Wǔdì 漢 武 帝
reg. 140-87 BCE
5. Yuezhi 月氏
6. Zhang Qian 張騫 fl. late 2
nd
cent. BCE
7. Western Regions [Xi Yu 西域 ]
8. Wusun 烏孫
9. Da Yuan 大宛 = Sogdania / Ferghana
10.Da Xia 大夏 = Bactria
11.Li Guangli 李廣利
12.Dunhuang 敦煌
13. Yumen 玉門
14.Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君
(1st cent. BCE)
15.Discourses on Salt and Iron [Yán Tiě Lùn 鹽 鐵 論] 81 BCE
16.Nan Yue 南越
17.Joseon / Chosŏn [Chaoxian 朝鮮 ]
18.Lelang 樂浪
XII. Military organization
1. "rotational conscription" [gēng yì 更役 ] (Han)
2. professional border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ] (N. Wei)
3. military governors, or regional commanders [jiédùshǐ 節度使 ] (Tang)
4. "personal army" [yájūn 牙軍 ] (Five Dynasties)
5. "Forbidden Army" [jìnjūn 禁軍 ] (Five Dynasties; Song)
6. Zhào Kuāngyìn 趙匡胤 , who becomes:
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
a. Sòng Tàizǔ 宋太祖
8
reg. 960-976
7. Chen Bridge Mutiny [Chén Qiáo bīngbiàn 陳橋兵變 ] on 2 February 960
a. "putting on the yellow robe" [huáng páo jiā shēn 黃袍加身]
8. "disarmament over a wine-cup" [bēi jiǔ shì bīngquán 杯酒釋兵權 ]
9. "strong trunk, weak branches" [qiáng gān ruò zhī 強幹弱枝] (Song)
10."favoring civil over military" [zhòng wén qīng wǔ 重文輕武 ]
11."soldiers have no constant commander; commanders have no constant soldiers"
[bīng wú cháng jiāng, jiāng wú cháng bīng 兵無常將， 將無常兵 ]
12.garrison army [xiāngyǒng 鄉勇]
XIII.
Government organization
1. Inner Court [nèi tíng 內庭 ] vs. Outer Court [wài tíng 外庭 ]
2. Central government offices [Sān Shěng 三省 ] (Tang)
a. Imperial Secretariat [Zhōngshūshěng 中書省 ]
b. Imperial Chancellary [Ménxiàshěng 門下省 ]
c. Department of State Affairs [Shàngshūshěng 尚書省 ]
3. local government (Tang):
a. circuit [dào 道 ]
b. prefecture [zhōu 州 ]
c. district/county [xiàn 縣 ]
4. local government (Song):
a. prefectures (four types):
1) ordinary [zhōu 州 ]
2) superior [fǔ 府 ]
3) military [jūn 軍 ]
4) industrial [jiàn 監 ]
b. circuits [dào 道 ; become lù 路 after 997]
c. circuit intendants [jiànsī 監司 ]
5. Bureau of Military Affairs (Privy Council) [Shūmìyuàn 樞密院 ]
6. Finance Commission [Sānsī 三司 ]
7. Censorate [Yùshǐtái 御史臺 ]
8. "remonstrating officials" [jiàn guān 諫官 ]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
9
XIV.
Land and Taxes (N. Wei through mid-Tang)
1. "equal-field" [juntian 均田 ] system
a. mu, mou [mu 畝 ]
b. arable land [lutian 露田 ]
c. "mulberry" land [sangtian 桑田 ]; permanently-held land [yongyetian 永業田 ]
2. “estates” [zhuangyuan 莊園 ]
3. dīng 丁 = adult male, for taxation purposes
[mù bu shì dīng 目不識丁]
4. taxes [shui 稅 ]:
a. main:
1) in grain [zu 租 ]
2) in cloth [diao 調 ]
3) in corvée labor [yong 庸 ]
b. examples of other taxes
1) household tax [hushui 戶稅 ]
2) land tax [dishui 地稅 ]
c. "double tax" system [liangshuifa 兩稅法 ] (780)
5. Six Ministries [Liù Bù 六部 ]
a. Personnel [Lì Bù 吏部 ]
b. Revenue (households) [Hù Bù 戶部 ]
c. Rites [Lǐ Bù 禮部 ]
d. Military [Bīng Bù 兵部 ]
e. Justice (punishment) [Xíng Bù 刑部 ]
f. Public Works [Gōng Bù 工部 ]
XV. Civil Service (Song)
1. desirable qualities in recruiting officials (Han period) [for reference only]:
a. "virtuous and good" [xianliang 賢良 ]
b. "square and upright" [fangzheng 方正 ]
c. "obedient to elders and incorrupt" [xiaolian 孝廉 ]
d. "flowering talent" [xiucai 秀才 ]
2. types of office:
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
10
a. "titular office" [ben guan 本官]
b. "commission" [chaiqian 差遣 ] or Aassignment@ [zhi 職 ]
3. government officers:
a. "generalists" [guān 官 ]
b. "specialists" [lì 吏 ]
4. “basic government institutions” [tǐzhì [體制]
5. appointing to office (“filling a gap”) [ bǔqué 補缺 ]
6. yìnbǔ 蔭補 = to designate a dependent for office through "protection" or “shadow
privilege”
7. examinations [kèjǔ 科舉 ]
8. "men of talent" [réncái 人才 ]
9. jìnshì 進士 = "presented scholar" ("doctorate")
10."hiding of names" [mifeng 彌封 ]
11."copying" (of exam essays) [tenglu 謄錄 ]
12.palace examination [dianshi 殿試 ]
13.to memorize or repeat a book by rote [背書 bèishū]
14."Eight-legged Essays" [baguwen 八股文 ]
15.“regularly-submitted names” [zhengzouming 正奏名 ]
16."guaranteed sponsorship" [bǎorèn 保任 / jǔjiàn 舉薦 ]
XVI.
Xin 新 (“New”) PERIOD (9 - 23 CE)
1. latter emperors of the Early Han [for reference only]
a. Yuandi 元帝 , reg. 49-33 BCE
b. Chengdi 成帝 , reg. 33-7 BCE
c. Aidi 哀帝 , reg. 7-1 BCE
1) “passion of the cut sleeve” [duanxiu zhi pi 斷袖之癖 ]
d. Pingdi 平帝 , reg. 1 BCE - 5 CE
2. Wáng Mǎng 王莽reg. 45 BCE – 23 CE
3. Liu Xin 劉歆
4. "Red Eyebrows" [chi mei 赤眉 ]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
11
LATTER HAN [Hou Han 後漢 ] or EASTERN HAN [Dong Han 東漢 ] DYNASTY
XVII.
(23-220)
1. “restoration” [zhōngxīng 中興]
2. Liú Xiù 劉秀 , > Han Guangwudi 漢光武帝
3. various emperors of the Latter Han [for reference only]
a. Hédì 和帝 reg. 89-106
b. Shùndì 順帝 reg. 126-144
c. Huándì 桓帝 reg. 146-167
d. Língdì 靈帝 reg. 168-189
e. Shàodì 少帝
reg. 15 May – 28 Sep 189
f. Xiandi 獻帝 reg. 189-220
4. eunuchs [huàn guān 宦官 ] and the Hóngdū 鴻都 School
5. Hé Jìn 何進 (d. 189) and Dǒng Zhuò 董卓 (d. 192)
6. "Yellow Turbans" [huáng jīn 黃巾 ] and Zhāng Jué 張角 (d. 184)
Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó 三國 ]:
XVIII.
1. founders and states
a. Cáo Cāo (155-220) 曹操 in Wèi [魏]
b. Liú Bèi 劉備 (161-223)and Zhūgě Liàng 諸葛亮 (181-234) in Shǔ Hàn [蜀漢 ]
c. Sūn Quán 孫權 (182-252) in Wú [吳 ]
2. sources
a. Record(s) of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Zhì 三國志] by Chén Shòu 陳壽
(233-297)
b. Romance of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Yányì 三國演義 ] by Luó Guànzhōng
羅貫中(c.1330-1400)
3. phrases
a.
話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分 (Huà shuō, tiānxià dàshì, fēn jiǔ bì hé, hé jiǔ bì fēn / It’s
generally said that when All under Heaven has been long divided, it must unite; if united, it must divide.)
b.
謀事在人，成事在天(móu shì zài rén，chéng shì zài tiān / man proposes, heaven disposes)
c.
說到曹操， 曹操就到 (Shuō dào Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo jiù dào / speak of the devil…)
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
12
Six Dynasties [Liù Cháo 六朝 ] (220-589) / "Northern and Southern Courts" [Nán
XIX.
Běi Cháo 南北朝 ], 420-589
1. Wú [吳 ] 222-265/280, with its capital at Jiànyè 建業 (= modern Nanjing)
2. Jìn2
a. Western Jin [Xī Jìn 西晉 ], at Luoyang, 265-316
b. Eastern Jin [Dōng Jìn 東晉 ], at Jiànkāng 建康 (Nanjing), 317-420
3. in the south, four successor states (420-589) to Wú and Jìn, to complete the rest of
the "Six Dynasties": (reference only)
a. Liú Sòng 劉宋 (420-476)
b. Southern Qi [Nán Qí 南齊 ] (479-=502)
c. Liáng 梁 (502-557)
1) Liáng Wǔdì 梁武帝
d. Chén 陳 (557-589)
4. in the north:
a. "Sixteen Kingdoms" [Shíliù Guó 十六國 ], 304-439
1) "internal disorder, external disaster" [nèi luàn wài huàn 內亂外患 ]
2) "five barbarian tribes throw China into disorder" [wǔ hú luàn Huá 五胡亂華]
3) “sinification’ / “sinicization” [Hàn huà 漢化]
b. Northern Wei [Běi Wèi 北魏 ], 386-535
1) Toba clan [Tòbá shì 拓跋氏 ] of the Xiānbēi 鮮卑 ] (Tabgach / proto-Mongol)
a) rulers:
(1) Míngyuándì 明元帝 (reg. 409-423)
(2) Tàiwǔdì 太武帝 (reg. 424-452)
(3) Xiàowéndì 孝文帝 (reg. 471-499)
2) institutions:
a) professional border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ]
b) collective guarantee [bǎojiǎ 保甲] system
c) "equal-field" [jūntián 均田 ] system3
c. minor successor states (535-589) to the N. Wei:
2often
spelled “Tsin” in older texts
3distinguish
from the "well-field" [jingtian 井田 ] system
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
13
1) Western Wei [Xī Wèi 西魏] (535-557)
2) Eastern Wei [Dōng Wèi 東魏 ] (534-550)
3) Northern Qi [Běi Qí 北齊 ] (550-577)
4) Northern Zhou [Běi Zhōu 北周 ] (577-581)
d. wénruò 文弱 = weakness of the literati; “the effeteness of erudition”
XX. SUI [隋 ] DYNASTY
1. Yáng Jiān 楊堅 ], who becomes Suí Wéndì 隋文帝 (541-604; reg. 589-604)
2. Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 who becomes Suí Yángdì 隋煬帝 (569-618; reg. 605-617)
3. "ever-normal granaries" [chángpíngcāng 常平倉 ] and "relief granaries" [yìcāng 義倉
or shècāng 社倉 ]
4. Grand Canal [Yùnhé 運河]
5. Turks [Tújué 突厥 ]
6. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 (in Tibet) and Goguryeo / Koguryŏ [Gaojuli 高句麗 ] (in Korea)
XXI.
TANG 唐 DYNASTY
1. Li Yuan 李淵 (565-635), who becomes:
a. Tang Gaozu 唐高祖
reg. 618-627
b. “retired emperor” = tàishànghuáng 大上皇
2. Li Shimin 李世民 , who becomes:
a. Tang Taizong 唐太宗
3. Gaozong 高宗
reg. 627-649
reg. 649-683
4. Wu Zhao 武曌 (624-705), who becomes:
a. Empress Wu [Wu Hou 武后 ] 655-683;
b. Empress Dowager (Huang Taihou (皇太后) 684–690
c. Sacred and Divine Emperor (Shèngshén Huángdì (聖神皇帝) a.k.a. Wu Zetian 武則天
of the Zhou 周
reg. 690-705
5. Lái Jùnchén 來俊臣, d. 697
a. invite the gentleman into the urn" (請君入甕, qing jun ru weng) = “hoist with one’s own
petard”
6. Dí Rénjié 狄仁傑, (630-700)
7. Xuanzong 玄宗
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
14
a. a.k.a. Ming Huang 明皇 reg. 713-756
8. Li Linfu 李林甫
9. Yang Yuhuan 楊玉環 , better known as:
a. Yang Guifei 楊貴妃 ] or, "Lady Yang"
10.Yang Guozhong 楊國忠
11."my sorrow continues w/o end" [ci hen mianmian wu jueqi 此恨綿綿無絕期]
12.An Lushan 安祿山
13.wangming [亡命 ] = refugees (from justice); criminal elements
14.Wang Xianzhi 王仙芝
15.Huang Chao 黃巢
16.Li Keyong 李克用
17.Shato Turks [Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 ]
18.Zhu Wen 朱溫 , also known as:
a. Zhu Quanzhong 朱全忠
FIVE DYNASTIES [Wu Dai 五代 ] PERIOD
XXII.
1. "orthodox succession" [zhèngtǒng 正統 ]
2. the five "dynasties" [for reference only]:
a. Latter Liang [Hou Liang 後梁 ], 907-923, under Zhu Wen
b. Latter Tang [Hou Tang 後唐 ], 923-937, under Li Keyong
c. Latter Jin [Hou Jin 後晉 ], 937-946
d. Latter Han [Hou Han 後漢 ], 947-950
e. Latter Zhou [Hou Zhou 後周 ], 951-960
3. "ten kingdoms" [shi guo 十國 ] (902-979)
4. “palace commissioners” (formerly “personal assistants”) [qinli 親吏]
5. "personal army" [yájūn 牙軍 ] > "Forbidden Army" [jìnjūn 禁軍 ]
6. Feng Dao 馮道 (882-954)
a. jiān 奸 – wide range of meanings, encompassing “opportunistic”, “traitorous”, “slippery”, “unprincipled”,
etc. – here, taken as the opposite of zhōng 忠 (loyal)
7. Khitan [Qidan 契丹 ] Mongols, who form the:
a.
Liao 遼 dynasty
8. "sixteen prefectures" of Yenyun [Yanyun shiliu zhou 燕雲十六州 ] under the Liao
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
15
XXIII. HAN PHILOSOPHY
1. Zoū Yǎn 鄒 衍
2. "synchronicity of heaven and mankind" [Tiān rén zhī qí 天 人 之 齊 ]
3. the "five agents" [wǔ xíng 五 行 ]
a. in "modern" order:
1) metal [jīn 金 ]
2) wood [mù 木 ]
3) water [shǔi 水 ]
4) fire [huǒ 火 ]
5) earth [tǔ 土 ]
b. "mutual production" [xiāngshēng 相 生 ] order (wood-fire-earth-metal-water)
c. "mutual conquest" [xiāngshèng 相 勝 or xiāngkè 相克 ] order
(wood-metal-fire-water-earth)
4. the ten celestial stems [tiāngān 天干] and twelve earthly branches [dì zhī地支]
(see separate sheet)
5. portents [fúmìng 符 命 ]
6. Dong Zhongshu 董 仲 舒 ] (179-104 BCE)
7. "Imperial Academy" (from the Jìn 晉 dynasty on) [Guózǐjiān 國 子 監 ]
8. Tiānzǐ 天 子 = "Son of Heaven"
9. sacrifices to heaven and earth [fēng shàn 封禪 ]
10."spirit hall" cosmic house [míng táng 明堂 ]
11.Yāng Xióng 楊雄
(53 BCE - 18 CE)
12.Wáng Chōng 王充
(27-100 CE)
a. Critical Essays (or, Balanced Discussions) [Lùn Héng 論衡 ]
XXIV. POST-HAN PERIOD
1. Seven Scholars of the Bamboo Grove [zhú lín qī xián 竹林七賢 ]
a. Ruǎn Jí 阮藉
(210-263)
b. Liú Líng 劉伶
(fl. c. 265)
2. "naturalness" [zìrán 自然 ]
3. "madmen" [chī 癡 ]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
16
4. qīngtán 清談 = "pure talk," "cult of repartee"
5. Gé Hóng 葛洪 (283-343)
XXV.
BUDDHISM [Fójiào 佛教 ]
1. Sākyamuni [Shìjiāmúní釋迦牟尼] / Siddhārtha Gautama (c. 483-400 BCE)
2. Four Noble Truths [sìshèngdì 四聖諦 ]
1) Nature of dukkha (“suffering”) [kǔdì 苦諦 ]
2) Origin of dukkha [jídì 集諦 ]
3) Cessation of dukkha [mièdì滅諦]
4) Path/Way of cessation [dàodì 道諦]
3. Eight-fold Path
1) Right view
2) Right intention
3) Right speech
4) Right action
5) Right livelihood
6) Right effort
7) Right mindfulness
8) Right concentration
4. Three Treasures/Jewels [sānbǎo 三寶]
a. Buddha = “enlightened one” [Fó 佛]
b. dharma / vinaya = “teachings” / “disciplines” [fǎ 法 ]
c. sangha = “monastic community” [sēng 僧 ]
5. Theravada [Xiǎo Chéng 小乘 ]
a. arhat [luóhàn 羅漢]
6. Mahāyāna [Dà Chéng 大乘 ]
a. bodhisattva [púsà 菩薩]
7. "matching concepts" [géyì 格義]
8. karma [yīnyuán 因緣 / yèyīn 業因]
9. samsara [dàlúnhuí 大輪迴]
10.nirvana [nièpán 涅盤]
11.Amitābha [Amítuófó 阿彌陀佛]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
17
12.Avalokiteśvara, or Guānyīn 觀音
13.Čakravartin-rāja
14.niànfó 念佛
15.various sects of Buddhism:
a. True Word [Zhēnyán 真言]
b. Pure Land [Jìngtǔ 淨土]
c. Tiāntái 天台
d. Chán / Zen 禪
16.gradualism [jiàn 漸]
17. subitism [dùn 頓]
XXVI.
Other Religious Contacts
1. Nestorianism [Jǐngjiào 景教 ]
2. Islam [Qīngzhēnjiào 清真教 ; Huìjiào 回教 ]
3. Judaism [Yóutàijiào 猶太教 ]
XXVII. BEGINNINGS of "NEO-CONFUCIANISM"
1. terms for Confucian studies:
a. "studies/students" of the Dao" [Daoxue /jia 道學 / 道學家 ]
b. 'ordinary' Confucianists [Rúlín 儒林 ]
c. Song studies [Sòngxué 宋學 ]
2. Han Yu 韓愈 (768-824)
a. Han-period, or "ancient," writing-style [guwen 古文 ]
3. Hu Yuan 胡瑗 (993-1059)
a. private academies [shuyuan 書院 ]
b. three aspects of the Dao:
1) principle (lit., "body") [ti 體 ]
2) practice [yong 用 ]
3) literary expression [wen 文]
XXVIII. "NEO-CONFUCIANISM"
1. Shao Yong 邵雍 (1011-1077)
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
18
2. Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017-1073)
a. tàijí 太極 / ☯ = "supreme ultimate"
b. Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate [Taiji Tushuo 太極圖說 ]
c. "sincerity" [cheng 誠 ]
d. "public-spiritedness" [gong 公 ]
e. "tranquility" [jing 靜 ]
f. "emptiness" [xu 虛 ]
3. Zhang Zai 張載 (1021-1077)
a. qì 氣 = "matter," "psycho-physical stuff", Aconfigurational energy@
4. Cheng Yi 程頤 (1032-1107)
a. lǐ 理 = "principle," "order"4
b. "reverence" / Arespect@ [jìng 敬 ]
5. School of Principle [Lǐxué 理學 ]
6. Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200)
a. Reflections on Things Close at Hand [Jinsilu 近思錄 ]
b. "investigation of things" / Aapprehending the principle in things@ [géwù 格物]
7. xìng 性 = "nature"
8. xīn 心 = "mind" (lit., "heart")
9. "self-cultivation" [xiushen 修身 ]
10.”false learning" [wei xue 偽學 ]
XXIX.
School of the Mind [Xinxue 心學 ]
1. Lu Jiuyuan 陸九淵 (1139-1192)
a. H.5 = Xiangshan 象山
2. Cheng Hao 程顥 (1032-1085)
a. H. = Mingdao 明道
b. "Principle of Nature" ("Natural Law") [Tianli 天理 ]
3. Wang Xizhi 王羲之 (321-379)
4. Wang Shouren 王守仁 (1472-1529)
4distinguish
5
from the homonym meaning "ritual" or "propriety" [li 禮]
“H” = hào (號), or “courtesy name”
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
19
a. H. = Yangming 陽明
5. "ideas" [yi 意 ]
6. "intuitive knowledge" [liangzhi 良知 ]
a. "extension of innate knowledge of the good " [zhi liangzhi 致良知 ]
7. wù [悟 ] = enlightenment, revelation, (J. = さとり/ satori )
8. "unity of knowledge and action" [zhi xing he yi 知行合一 ]
9. jìngzuò [靜坐] = “quietly sitting”, “tranquil repose”, meditation
10.Li Zhi 李贄 (1527-1602)
XXX.
INSTITUTIONAL REFORM in the SONG
1. mid-Song emperors [for reference only]:
a. Renzong 仁宗 reg. 1022-1063
b.
Shenzong 神宗
c.
Zhezong 哲宗
d. Huizong 徽宗
reg. 1068-1085
reg. 1086/1093-1100
reg. 1101-1125
1) “Flower and Stone Convoy” [huāshígāng 花石綱]
2. "popular customs" [fēngsú 風俗 ]; “national mood”
a. rù jìng wèn sú 入境問俗 = “when entering the territory, ask about the customs”; i.e. “when
in Rome…”
b. rù xiāng súi sú 入鄉隨俗 = “when entering the countryside, follow the customs”
3. Fàn Zhòngyān 范仲淹 (989-1052)
a. “pacify the interior / repel the outsiders” [ ānnèi ràngwài 安內攘外]
b. “first in the world to assume its worries; last to enjoy its pleasures” [xiān tiānxià zhi
yōu er yōu; hòu tīanxìa zhi lè er lè 先天下之憂而憂； 後天下之樂而樂]
4.
Wang Anshi 王安石
(1021-1086)
a. known as the "Obstinate Prime Minister" [Ao Xianggong 拗相公]
b. Ten-thousand Word Memorial [Wanyanshu 萬言書 ] (1058)
5. The "New Policies" (ALaws@) [Xinfa 新法 ]
a. farming (Agreen sprouts@) loans [qingmiao qian 青苗錢 ]
b. hired service system [muyifa 募役法 ]
c. land survey and equitable tax [fangtian junshui 方田均稅 ]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
20
d. baojia 保甲 system
e. ”cliques" [dǎng 黨 ] (now used for “political party”
SOUTHERN SONG [Nán Sòng 南宋 ]
XXXI.
1. Khitan [Qìdān 契丹 ] Mongols / Liao [Liáo 遼 ] dynasty
2. Shanyuan/Danyuan) Treaty [Dǎnyuān zhī méng澶淵之盟] (1004)
3. Jurchen [Nǚzhēn女真], who are a branch of the:
a. Tungus [Mòhé 靺鞨 ] people and form the:
b. Jīn 金 dynasty6
c. with their capital at Yānjīng 燕京 (now Beijing)
d. “raw” shengfan 生番 vs. “cooked” shufan 熟番 “barbarians”
4. Lín’ān 臨安 , now known as Hangchow [Hángzhōu 杭州 ]
5. Yuè [Yo] Fēi 岳飛 ] (1103-1141)
a. "completely loyal in devoting oneself to the national cause" [jìn zhōng bào guó
盡忠報國 ]
b. Qin Gui [秦檜 ]
6. "partial peace/security" [bianan 偏安 ] (1141)
7. Tangut [Dǎngxiàng 黨項 ] people, who form the:
a. Xī Xià 西夏
8. with their capital at today’s Níngxià 寧夏
6Distinguish
.
among:
Qín 秦 (Ch’in) = state which forms the first empire
Jìn 晉 (Chin/Tsin) = state which unites the Three Kingdoms
Jīn 金 (Chin/Kin) = state formed by the Jurchens
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
XXXII.
21
The YUAN 元 DYNASTY (1272/9-1368)
1. Karakorum [Hālàhélín 哈剌和林 ]
2. quriltai = "convocation," "grand meeting"
3. Yelü Chucai耶律楚材 1190-1244
4. Mongol rulers:
a. Temüjin, > Chinggis Khan, known as Tàizǔ 太祖 , b. ca. 1167; reg. 1206-1227
b. Ögödei, known as Tàizōng 太宗 , reg. 1229-1241
c. Möngke/Mangu, known as Xiànzōng 憲宗 , reg. 1251-1260
d. Qubilai, known as Shìzǔ 世祖 , reg. 1260-1294
e. Shùndì 順帝 , reg. 1333-1370
5. capitals:
a. Shàngdū 上都
b. Dàdū 大都
6. Central Secretariat [Zhōng Shū Shěng 中書省 ]
7. Privy Council [Shū Mì Yuàn 樞密院 ]
8. Metropolitan Province [Fùlǐ 腹裏 ]
9. "replica" or "branch" secretariats [Xíng Zhōng Shū Shěng 行中書省]
10.lǐjiǎ 里甲 system
11.four social groups:
a. Mongols [Mèng rén 蒙人 ]
b. Semu [Sèmù 色目 ], or "nationalities" (“people of various states”) [zhū guó rén 諸
國人]
c. Northern Chinese [Hàn rén 漢人 ]
d. Southern Chinese [Nán rén 南人 ]
12.paper currency [jiāo chāo 交鈔 ]
13.Zhào Mèngfǔ 趙孟頫 (H. Zhào Zǐ’áng 趙子昂 ) (1254-1322) & Guǎn Dàoshēng 管道
昇 (1262-1319)
14.Ní Zàn 倪瓚 (1301-1374)
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
22
XXXIII. Popular Literature
1. wényán 文言 = "classical" language
2. báihuà 白話 = "vernacular"
3. short story genres:
a. xiǎoshuō 小說 = "small talk" (Han)
b. bǐjì 筆記 = "jottings" (Six Dynasties)
c. chuánqí 傳奇 = tales of the unusual or supernatural (Tang onward)
1)
e.g., "Golden Phoenix Hairpin" [Jīn Fèng Chāi Jì 金鳳釵記 ], from New Tales Written While Cutting the Wick Jiǎn Dēng Xīn
Huà 剪燈新話 ], by Qú Yòu 瞿祐 , 1341-1427
吳防禦
崔
merchant Wú family
official Cuī family
興娘
慶娘
興哥
舅僕
金榮
Xīngniáng ♀
Qìngniáng ♀
Xīnggē ♂
servant Jīnróng
d. biànwén 變文 = "changed" (or "popularized") literature (Tang)
e. huàbĕn 話本 = "prompt-books" (Song)
f. gōngàn 公案 = "detective stories"
4. "knight-errant" [yóuxiá 遊俠 ]
5. chéngyǔ 成語 , or aphorisms (often from classical fables):
a. "Waiting for a Rabbit by the Stump" [shǒuzhū dàitù 守株待兔 ] (Han Feizi)
b. "Sword and Shield" (i.e., "contradiction") [máodùn 矛盾 ] (Han Feizi)
c. "Adding Legs to a Snake" [huàshé tiānzú 畫蛇添足 ] (Zhanguoce)
d. "Old Man at the Border Loses His Horse" [sài wēng shī mǎ / 색옹실바 塞翁失馬 ]
(Huai Nanzi)
XXXIV. Poetry
1. Shěn Yuè 沈約 (441-513) and "regulated verse" (lǜshī 律詩)
2.
Dù Fǔ 杜甫 (712-770)
3.
"literati painting" (wénrénhuà 文人劃 )
4.
"one who knows the tone" (zhīyīn 知音 )
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
23
XXXV. YUAN-MING TRANSITION
1. White Lotus sect [Bái lián jiào 白蓮教 ]
2. Maitreya Buddha [Mí Lè Fó 彌勒佛 ]
3. Manichæism [Míng jiào 明教 ]
a. King of Brightness [Míng Wáng 明王]
4. Red Turbans [hóng jīn 紅巾 ]
5. local militia [yìbīng 義兵]
6. Latter Song [Hoù Sòng 後宋]
XXXVI. MING [Míng 明 ] DYNASTY (1368-1644)
1. Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋, who becomes
a. the Hóngwǔ 洪武 Emperor, or
b. Míng Tàizǔ 明太祖 , reg . 1368-1398
2. hào 號 = "fancy name," "style," "professional name"
a. "reign name" = niánhào 年號
b. "temple name" = miàohào 廟號
3. Grand Secretariat [nèigé 內閣 ]
4. Grand Secretary [dà xué shì 大學士 ]
5. Inner Court [nèitíng 內庭 ] / Outer Court [wàitíng 外庭 ]
6. the "nine offices" [jiǔ qīng 九卿 ]:
a. Six Ministries [liù bù 六部 ]
b. Chief Surveillance Office (Censorate) [Dūchá Yuàn 都察院 ]
1) censors [yùshǐ 御史 ]
c. Supreme Court [Dàlǐsī 大理司 ]
d. Office of Transmission [Tōngzhèngsī 通政司 ]
7. "literary inquisitions" [wénzì yù 文字獄 ]
8. court beatings [tíng zhàng 庭杖 ]
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
24
9. political sensitivity under the Ming founder:
a. Zhū 朱 / zhū 豬
b. “In the bright empire, Heaven has given birth to a sage, making rules for the
world” [guāng tiān zhī xià, tiān shēng shèng {sēng} rén, wéi shì zuò zé {zéi} 光天
之下，天生聖{僧}人, 為世作則 {賊}]
10.Zhū Yǔnwen 朱允炆(1377-1402)
a. the Jiànwén 建文 Emperor (1398-1402)
11.Zhū Dì 朱棣 (1360-1424)
a. the Yǒnglè 永樂 Emperor, or
b. Míng Chéngzǔ 明成祖 , reg. 1403-1424
12.Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮 (1427-1464)
a. the Zhèngtǒng 正統 Emperor, reg. 1435-1449
b. the Tiānshùn 天順 Emperor, reg. 1457-1464
XXXVII. Ming Economy
1. "sprouts of capitalism" [zībĕnzhǔyì méngyá 資本主義萌芽 ]
2. "yellow" registers [huáng cè 黃冊 ]
3. "fish-scale" registers [yúlín túcè 魚鱗圖冊 ]
4. qǐng 頃 = 100 mǔ 畝 (6⅔ ha / ~16.47 acres)
5. lǐjiǎ 里甲 system
a. li chief [lǐzhǎng 里長 ]
b. grain chief [liángzhǎng 糧長]
6. Zhāng Jūzhèng 張居正 (1525-1582)
a. "single whip" system [yī tiáo biānfǎ 一條編/鞭法 ]7
b. tael8, or liang [liǎng 兩 ], = 1.3 oz. av.
7. Jǐngdézhèn 景德鎮
a. "government assistance and private firing" [guān dā mín shāo 官搭民燒 ]
7The
character
8From
編 ("put together, arrange") is a homophone for 鞭 ("whip")
the Malay tahil, "a weight," via Portuguese.
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC
History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms
25
XXXVIII. MING CHINA and the OUTSIDE WORLD
1. Zhèng Hé 鄭和 (Mǎ Hé 馬和 ) 1371-c. 1433
a. Sānbǎo Tàijiān 三寶太監 (“Three Treasure Admiral”)
2. Foreign Expeditionary Armada [xiàfān guānjūn 下番官軍 ]
3. "treasure ships" [bǎochuán 寶船 ]
4. qílín 麒麟 / zǔlàfǎ 祖剌法
5. “dwarf ([Sino]Japanese) pirates [wòkǒu 倭寇 ]
6. "overseas Chinese" [Huáqiáo 華僑
7. "Southern Ocean" [Nán Yáng 南洋 ]
XXXIX. The JESUITS [Yēsū Huì 耶穌會 ]
1. Matteo Ricci [Lì Mǎdòu 利瑪竇 ] (1552-1610)
a. True Doctrine of the Lord of Heaven [Tiānzhǔ Shíyì 天主實義 ]
2. other Jesuits [for reference only]:
a. (St.) Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
b. (St.) Francis Xavier (1506-1552)
c. Michele Ruggieri (1543-1607)
d. Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606)
e. "Three Pillars of the Church:" [kāijiào sān dà zhùshí 開教三大柱石 ] [Late Ming
/reference only]
1) Paul Hsu = Xú Guāngqǐ 徐光啟 (1562-1633)
2) Leo Li = Lǐ Zhīzǎo 李之藻 (1565-1630)
3) Michael Yang = Yáng Tíngyún 楊廷筠 (1557-1627)
Revised: 01 Dec 2014
06 Mar 16 (14:23) - D:\106756226.DOC