HONORS Biology Final Exam & Keystone Review Sheet
To access your understanding of Biology you will participate in two formal assessments. The Biology
Keystone Exam given by the state of Pennsylvania and the Final Exam given by Central Bucks School District.
Both tests will require preparation. The Keystone exam will be given a few weeks before the end of the
semester in class. It consists of two parts. Each part includes multiple choice and essay questions. The final
exam will occur in the last week of the semester. It consists of 50 multiple choice questions. The exam makes
up 10% of your overall grade.
The study guide below is designed to help you prepare for both of these assessments. It is very important that
you take them seriously! Studying is not an option, it is required. On each due date you must have completed:
(1) detailed answers to the study guide questions (they do not have to be in sentences, just detailed, and they
must be on a separate sheet of paper), and/or (2) the Quia quiz(zes). Each Quia quiz will be recorded as a
formative grade. You may take the quizzes as many times as you like.
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1
Study Guide
Section
Cell Physiology
Keystone: Cell Physiology Review Quiz
2
Cell Energy
Keystone: Cell Energy Review Quiz
3
Molecules of Life
Keystone: Biochemistry Review Quiz
4
Genetics
Keystone: Genetics Review Quiz
5
Ecology and
Evolution
Keystone: Evolution Review Quiz &
Keystone: Ecology Review Quiz
6
Embryology
No Quia Quiz
7
Microbiology
No Quia Quiz
Quia Quiz
Due Date
Cell Physiology
1. Draw a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Include at least 6 pieces of
information. Give an example of each.
2. What is the function of each of the following organelles?
a. Nucleus**
f. Lysosomes
b. Plasma Membrane**
g. Golgi body
c. Ribosomes
h. Vacuoles**
d. Mitochondrion
i. Cell wall
e. Chloroplasts**
**Be able to identify/label these organelles in a plant or animal cell.
What organelles are found in most prokaryotic cells?
What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell?
In which cells in the body would you expect to find lots of mitochondria? Lysosomes?
What are the levels of organization from simplest to most complex?
Create a table comparing active and passive transport. Include the following information: 1) what
direction is the concentration gradient? 2) Is ATP required? 3) what is the goal of this process?
8. Define the following terms and classify them as active or passive transport:
a. diffusion
d. endocytosis
b. osmosis
e. exocytosis
c. facilitated diffusion
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9. Draw the cell membrane. Label: phospholipid bilayer, protein, carbohydrate chain, and cholesterol.
10. Draw a phospholipid bilayer (include 8 phospholipids total) and label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic
regions. Which area(s) would be exposed to water?
11. Draw an example and describe what would happen in cells of the following solutions: hypertonic,
hypotonic, isotonic.
a. What type of passive transport is occurring in these examples?
b. What is moving in and out of the cell in each of these 3 scenarios?
12. What is the meaning of homeostasis?
Cell Energy (photosynthesis and respiration):
13. Draw the structure of ATP and ADP and label the parts. What is the difference in structure between
these two molecules? Which one is higher in energy?
14. Compare and contrast the chloroplast and mitochondrion. (What types of organisms contain each?
Single or double membrane? What is its function – what process occurs here?)
15. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related to each other? How are they similar? How are
they different?
Molecules of Life (biochemistry)
16. What are the 4 most common elements found in living things? What element of those is the basis for
organic chemistry?
17. Differentiate between a covalent and ionic bond.
a. Make a table that lists the follow organic compound and identifies: 1) monomers, 2) polymers, and
3) major function(s) in the body. In doing so include the following vocabulary: Cellulose,
Polypeptide, Polysaccharide, Glycerol and fatty acids, Starch, Phospholipids, Glucose, and Simple
sugars
b. Carbohydrates c. Lipids
d. Proteins
e. Nucleic acids
18. Differentiate between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. Include which one makes bonds and which
one breaks bonds, and also which one stores energy and which one releases energy.
19. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water.
20. List definitions for the following terms: cohesion, hydrogen bond, non-polar
21. What is an example of an organic compound that is “non-polar”?
22. Explain acids and bases using the pH scale.
23. What is the function of enzymes? List some specific names of enzymes – what do the names have in
common?
24. Define a catalyst.
25. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?
26. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the enzyme?
Genetics (includes information from: cell division, DNA & protein synthesis, and genetics unit)
27. Describe the shape and composition of a DNA molecule.
28. What is the function of DNA?
29. What is the structure of a nucleotide?
30. What are the complementary base pair rules for DNA to DNA? How are
complementary bases bonded?
31. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
32. What is the function of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA?
33. What is a codon? What does it code for? How many letters make up each
codon?
34. If you were given the following mRNA sequence (UUC GUU GGA ACC),
what would be the amino acid sequence and DNA template? (use the genetic code provided here)
35. What is the difference between a gene and chromosome mutation?
36. Define and illustrate a point and frameshift mutation.
a. How many codons change in a point mutation? In a frameshift mutation?
37. Describe transcription and translation. Where does each step occur?
38. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
a. Include general drawings of each type of cell division using 4 chromosomes.
b. What must occur in ALL CELLS prior to the cells dividing?
c. If a cell starts with 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would there be after mitosis?
after meiosis?
39. Define the following terms:
a. Genotype
d. Heterozygous
b. Phenotype
e. Dominant
c. Homozygous
f. Recessive
40. How are the following words related? DNA, gene, RNA, protein, trait
41. Complete the following genetics crosses:
a.
Monohybrid Heterozygote Parents (Tt x Tt)
b. Determine the parents genotypes and perform a punnett square for the following problem.
Blonde hair is dominant to brown. Two parents are mated one with blonde hair and one with
brown, and some of their children end up with blonde and some with brown.
c.
Dihybrid Heterozygote Parents (TtYy x TtYy)
d. A colorblind male with a female carrier. (Hint: colorblindness is x linked recessive)
e.
A Red snapdragon with a pink snapdragon. (Hint: RR = red, rr = white, Rr = pink is the
heterozygote showing incomplete dominance.)
42. Analyze the following pedigrees. Determine if the type of inheritance is dominant, recessive, or sexlinked based on the people that inherit a certain trait.
A
B
C
Ecology (only on the Keystone Exam)
43. Differentiate between: organism, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere.
44. What is the difference between a biotic and abiotic factor?
45. Why does the amount of energy available to organisms decrease as you move up the energy pyramid?
46. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
47. Define the following terms: predation, symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
48. What is ecological succession?
Evolution (only on the Keystone Exam)
49. What is natural selection?
50. How does natural selection impact allele frequency?
51. New species are formed by genetic drift.
a. What is genetic drift?
b. What is the founder effect?
c. Differentiate between the following types of isolation: Geographic, Habitat, Mechanical,
Behavioral, Gametic, Temporal, and Reproductive
52. What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution?
53. List 4 pieces of evidence for evolution.
Embryology (only on the Final Exam)
54. What is the benefit of sexual reproduction?
55. What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells? Classify somatic cells and gametes as each of
these.
56. If a skin cell of an animal had 52 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in an egg cell from
this species?
57. What is a karyotype? How can you tell a female from a male? How many chromosomes does a healthy
male have?
58. What is nondisjunction?
59. What is trisomy 21?
60. Place the following words in chronological order & then define them:
a. Fertilization
e. Implantation
i. Embryo
b. Blastula
f. Morula
j. Fetus
c. Gastrula
g. Cleavage
d. Zygote
h. Gastrulation
61. What are stem cells?
62. What is differentiation?
63. What is the role of the placenta?
Microbiology (only on the Final Exam)
64. Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses. What do they have in common? What are differences
between them?
65. How do some bacteria help humans?
66. What are antibiotics? What are they used to treat?
67. What is antibiotic resistance? How/why does it occur?
68. Why do you have to get some vaccines every year instead of only once?
69. Describe the structure of a virus. What are the 2 main parts?
70. What is a retrovirus?