The Skull Question Where does the frontal bone meet the parietal bones Where do the 2 parietal bones meet Where do the parietal bones meet the occipital bone What does the optic canal (optic foramen) transmit What is the most important structure transmitted by the inferior orbital fissure What fossa does the superior orbital fissure communicate with What does the superior orbital fissure transmit What does the foramen ovale transmit What is the relation of the foramen spinosum to the foramen ovale What does the foramen spinosum transmit What does the foramen rotundum conduct What does the foramen lacerum transmit What does the foramen magnum transmit What does the jugular foramen transmit What does the hypoglossal canal transmit What does the internal acoustic meatus transmit What does the facial canal transmit What does the stylomastoid foramen transmit What is the main foramina in the anterior cranial fossa What are the foramina in the middle cranial fossa that communicate with the orbit What is lateral to the foramen rotundum What is posterior to the foramen ovale What opens into the side wall of the foramen lacerum What bone is the internal acoustic meatus in What nerves enter the internal acoustic meatus Where are the intra-cranial venous sinuses found Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull What sinuses pass laterally from the internal occipital protuberance What is the sella turcica Answer At the coronal suture At the sagittal suture At the lamboid suture Optic nerve Ophthalmic artery Maxillary nerve – CNV2, continues as the infra-orbital nerve Middle cranial fossa Oculomotor nerve - CNIII Trochlear nerve – CNIV Abducent nerve – CNVI Terminal branches of ophthalmic nerve Ophthalmic veins Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve Foramen spinosum is posterior and slightly lateral to foramen ovale Middle menigeal artery to middle cranial fossa Maxillary nerve into pterygopalatine fossa Internal carotid artery Vertebral arteries Medulla oblongata as it becomes continuous with spinal cord Sigmoid sinus which is continuous below with IJV Accessory nerve – CNXI Vagus nerve – CNX Glossopharyngeal nerve – CNIX Hypoglossal nerve - CNXII Vestibulocochlear nerve - CNVIII Motor & sensory roots of facial nerve Labyrinthine vessels Facial nerve through petrous temporal bone to stylomastoid foramen Facial nerve Stylomastoid artery Cribriform plate Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Carotid canal – the pathway for the internal carotid artery Petrous part of the temporal bone Vestibulocochlear nerve Facial nerve Between the layers of dura Foramen spinosum Transverse sinuses A deep depression in the body of the sphenoid bone that Where is the jugular foramen on the base of the skull in relation to the occipital condyles What is anterior to the jugular foramen What is lateral to the jugular foramen, lying between the styloid and mastoid process What muscle does the external occipital protuberance give rise to What else does the external occipital protuberance give rise to What muscles attach to the mastoid process How do bones of the skull grow How do flat bones of the vault of the cranium & facial skeleton develop How do bones of the base of the skull and auditory ossicals develop What forms the zygomatic arch What are fibrous joints united by What is a syndesmosis Where are the 2 synovial joints of the skull What bones make up the cranium Which bones contain sinuses Where are the air sacs in the skull What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint What movements can occur at the atlantooccipital joint What movement occurs at the joint between the axis and atlas What forms the median ligament of the neck on the posterior aspect What is the ligamentum nuchae attached to on the skull Where do the dermatomes in the face arise from What innervates the skin posterior to the external ear Which cervical nerves innervate the skin of the neck Which nerves contribute to the brachial plexus What supplies the skin at the back of the neck & scalp Where do the muscles of facial expression lie contains the pituitary gland Jugular foramen is lateral to occipital condyles The carotid canal The stylomastoid foramen through which the facial nerve enters the face Trapezius Ligamentum nuchae Sternocleidomastoid Splenius capitus Longissimus capitus Intramembranous of endochondral ossification Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Union of temporal process of zygomatic bone with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone Fibrous tissue Type of fibrous joint where the bones are united with a sheet of fibrous tissue, this type of joint is particularly movable Between mandible & temporal bone Between the 3 ear ossicals within the middle ear Frontal Parietal (2) Occipital Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxillae Mastoid processes Synovial ellipsoid joint Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation Supraspinous ligament incorporated into ligamenum nuchae Ecternla occipital protruberance Each of the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve Cervical nerves C2-C3 C2-C4 Anterior primary rami of C5-T1 Branches of dorsal rami C2-C5 Within the superficial fascia of the face Which muscle of facial expression surrounds the orbit Which muscle of facial expression surrounds the mouth What does Buccinator form What is the important role of Buccinator What is the effect of platysma on facial expression Which cranial nerve divides in the parotid gland What are the 5 layers of the scalp What is the action of contraction of the frontal belly of occipitofrontalis What are all bellies of the occipitofrontalis supplied by What is the main provider of sensory innervation to the anterior part of the scalp How does autonomic (sympathetic) innervation reach the scalp What forms the arterial blood supply for the scalp What generally supplies the lateral & posterior aspect of the scalp What supplies the forehead area What supplies the periosteum of skull bones deep to the scalp What happens to the veins that drain the forehead Where do veins draining the lateral side of the scalp drain to Where do veins from the posterior scalp drain to What is the diploe of the skul What are emissary veins of the skull What are the 3 paired salivary glands What does the parotid gland produce Where does the parotid duct open in the mouth What is the nerve supply to the parotid gland What is the arterial supply of the parotid gland What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland What is the lymphatic drainage of the parotid gland What are the 3 structures that pass through the parotid gland Orbicularis oculi Orbicularis oris The cheek Compresing cheeks & lips against teeth during mastication Pulls down the lower lip and the edge of the mouth Facial nerve Skin – mostly with hair Subcutaneous connective tissue which contains numerous arterial branches The epicranial aponeurosis – a thin tendinous sheath that connects the parts of the occipitofrontalis muscle Layer of loose fatty connective tissue Pericranium or periosteum covering outer surface of bones Raising the eyebrows Facial nerve Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve In the blood vessels Branches from external and internal carotid arteries form an anastomotic network External carotid artery Internal carotid artery via the ophthalmic artery Arterial branches on inside of skull – including middle meningeal artery Come together at medial side of orbit to form facial vein – to IJV External jugular vein in neck Vertebral veins located around the spinal cord in the spinal column Spongy bone layer between inner and outer compact bone layers of skull Veins with no valves that are continuous with blood sinuses in the diploe and inside the skull and with veins of the scalp Parotid glands Sublingual glands Submandibular glands Enzyme rich secretions Opposite upper 2nd molar tooth Parasympathetic secretomotor fibres from glossopharyngeal nerve Directly from external carotid artery To the retromandibular vein which drains to the external jugular vein To parotid lymph nodes within the gland which then drain to deep cervical lymph nodes Facial nerve Retromandibular vein External carotid artery What forms the retromandibular vein What happens to the external carotid artery within the parotid gland Describe the secretion for the sublingual gland Oral cavity What lines the oral cavity and tongue What are the cheeks lined with What forms the cheek What are the gums (gingivae) composed of What provides the sensory innervation for the gums of the upper jaw What provides the sensory innervation for the gums of the lower jaw How do the teeth receive sensory innervation What muscle protrudes the tongue What muscle depresses the tongue What muscles pulls the tongue backwards What connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth What are the 3 types of papillae Where are the taste buds What provides general sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue What provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue What provides general and special sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue Where does the tongue receive blood from Where does venous blood from the tongue drain to What joint do the muscles of mastication act on What are the muscles of mastication What are the muscular contents of the infratemporal fossa What artery passes through the infratemporal fossa, what happens as it passes How does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve enter the infratemporal fossa What forms the hard palate What forms the floor of the nasal cavity What are the nerve roots of the cervical nerve plexus Superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein which enter parotid gland superiorly Divides to give superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery Serous and mucous Stratified squamous non-keritinising epithelium Stratified squamous non-keritinising epithelium Buccinator muscle Dense connective tissue covered with mucous membrane Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve for teeth of upper jaw, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve for teeth of lower jaw Both genioglossus acting together Hyoglossus Styloglossus and platoglossus Frenulum Filiform papillae – across superior surface of anterior 2/3 of tongue Fungiform papillae – across lateral margins and tip of tongue Vallate papillae – large structures located in a row anterior to sulcus terminalis Within the walls of the gutters surrounding vallate papillae Lingual nerve – a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve Facial nerve (chorda tympani branch) Glossopharyngeal nerve Branches of external carotid artery (lingual, facial, ascending phraryngeal) Internal jugular vein Temperomandibular joint Temporalis Masseter Lateral ptyergoid Medial pterygoid Temporalis muscle Lateral & medial pterygoid muscle The maxillary artery passes through and gives rise to the middle meningeal artery Through the foramen ovale Palatine process of maxilla Flat palates of palatine bone Hard palate Ventral rami of C1-C4 Describe the dermatome of C2 Describe the dermatome of C3 What supplies the skin over the anterior part of the neck down to the sternal angle Behind ear to midline below chin Anterolateral part of midneck Supraclavicular nerves (C3, C4) What is the anterior cerebral artery a branch of What is the middle cerebral artery a branch of What is the posterior cerebral artery a branch of Where does the thalamus receive blood from What does the hypothalamus receive blood from Where does the midbrain receive its arterial supply from What supplies blood to the medulla What supplies blood to the pons and cerebellum Where does the dura receive blood from Internal carotid artery Internal carotid artery Basilar artery What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of What does the ophthalmic artery arise form Where is the choroids plexus located Where is the carotid sinus What is the carotid sinus What do sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in Where is the carotid body What is the carotid body What is the main role of the pia mater What are the principle dural folds, what do they separate What makes the veins of the brain very thin walled What is a feature of the veins of the brain What forms the great cerebral vein What does the great vein drain into Where is the superior sagittal sinus Where is the inferior sagittal sinus What forms the straight sinus What sinus enters the jugular foramen Where are the cavernous sinuses What structures are present in the (wall of the) carotid sinus Posterior cerebral (and others) Posterior and anterior cerebral Posterior cerebral artery Direct branches from vertebral arteries Branches from the basilar arteries Meningeal branches of internal carotid artery (front of brain) and vertebral arteries (back of brain) Maxillary artery Direct branch of internal carotid 3rd and 4th ventricles Swelling on terminal part of common carotid artery Pressure receptor which monitors blood flow to the head Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves Posterior wall of terminal part of common carotid artery A chemoreceptor – sensitive to low oxygen levels Carry branches of main blood vessels as they are distributed over the brain Tentorium cerebelli – cerebellum from cerebral hemispheres Falx cerebri – 2 cerebral hemispheres Falx cerebelli – 2 halves of cerebellum They have no tunica media in their walls They have no valves Internal cerebral vein of each cerebral hemisphere Straight sinus In the superior margin of the falx cerebri In the inferior margin of the falx cerebri The joining of the inferior sagittal sinus and the great vein Sigmoid sinus On either side of the body of the sphenoid bone Internal carotid artery Occulomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves Ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal nerve