KEY POINTS: Chapter 24
Essential Question: What was characteristic about the pattern of European imperialism?
Identify:
Boers – Dutch settlers in Cape Colony
British Raj – gov’t of British East India Company; developed as result of rivalry between France and Britain in India
Captain James Cook – voyages to Hawaii 1777-1779, opened islands to W; convinced Kamehameha to est. unified kingdom
Cecil Rhodes – British entrepreneur, came in when diamonds were found in Orange Free State 1867
Contested settler colonies – big European settlements despite existing large indigenous societies; resulted in great conflict
Great Mahele – Hawaiian edict 1848; imposed W concept of prop on Hawaiian land previously shared by Hawaiians; most of private
prop sold off to W commercial interests by Hawaiian monarchy
Kamehameha – fought series of wars backed by British weapons and advisors, unified kingdom 1810; encouraged W merchants to
establish export trade in Hawaiian goods to promote economic change
Maoris – residents of New Zealand; migrate to NZ from Society Islands 8 th century AD
Nabobs – British reps of East India Company, went briefly to India to make fortunes thru graft and exploration
Nawab Sirãj-ud-daula – ruler of Bengal, lost to Robert Clive at Battle of Plassey
Robert Clive – architect of British victory at Plassey; est. foundations of British Raj in N India (18 th century = 1700s)
Sepoys – troops that served British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India
Settlement colonies – areas both conquered by European invaders and settled by large #s of European migrants who made area
permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants
Tropical dependencies – colonies w/ European minority controlling non-Western majority
White Dominions – colonies w/ European majority, small #s of natives typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest
What were European motives for overseas expansion in the 18 th century? Material things they couldn’t make, threatened by
powerful external enemies, precious metals, manufactured goods, luxury items, getting converts
What were European motives for overseas expansion after 1800? Raw materials, internal rivalries in Europe
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia
Describe how the Dutch took control of territory in Java. Concentrated on gaining monopoly control over spices, intervened in
wars between rival claimants to the Mataram throne, backed side that won so demanded land in return
How was the British rise to power in India somewhat like the Dutch’s in Java? Intervened, trusted by princes, serious rivals, land
What key battle helped the British gain control of the Bengal region? When? Battle of Plassey 1757
What empire was finally broken down as the British consolidated rule in India? Mughal Empire
Why were the British so successful against the Indian princes? Intervened succession disputes, conflicts, & assaults, weaken them
How were Indian soldiers being used by the British? Punish Chinese and Afghans; conquer Burma, Malaya, S and E Africa
Describe how the Dutch and the British fit into the existing social systems of Java and India. New class above everyone else
What are some examples of how Europeans living in the tropical colonies started to adopt Javanese and Indian culture?
Wore looser-fitting cotton clothing, sarongs, appreciated cuisines, mixed marriages, traveled in style like nobility
Why did the British government start passing reform laws in the 1790’s? Misconduct of nabobs, company officials corrupted
What were some of the major reforms made in India by the British in the 19th century? Reduced power of local British
administrators and severely limited Indian participation in governing the empire, sati outlawed, Westernization
In Depth
Why did the colonizers begin to educate the colonized? Couldn’t recruit enough Europeans, cheap labor, gov’t jobs
What were the differences between British and French schools? Language learned, race of students
What resulted in the colonies from the establishment of Western style schools? Common language in elite, common attitudes and
ideas, gave members of diverse groups a common body of knowledge, similar occupational opportunities, new middle class
Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914
Why did the political leaders of Europe see colonies as a necessity? Aspired status as great powers, insure against raw material
shortage and loss of overseas market outlets to European or North American rivals
Why did the political leaders of European nations have a greater role in the conquest of colonies in the later half of the 19 th
century? Improved communications (telegraph and railways)
What new technologies gave the Europeans the advantage in warfare and colonization? Secret mineral resources, deadly
explosives, mass production of light, mobile artillery pieces, more accurate and faster rifles, machine gun, railroads, steam power
How did some African and Asian peoples respond to the imposition of colonial rule? Guerilla resistance, large groups of natives
What Southeast Asian territory remained independent? Why? Siam b/c Britain and France couldn’t decide who should have it
What nation controlled the Philippines by the beginning of the 20 th century? USA!!!!!
What was Europe’s relationship with China, Persia, and the Middle East at the close of the 19th century?
Great influence as prelude to possibly formal annexation
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change
Describe the economic and social relationship between Europeans and the colonies in the late 19 th century. Europeans in the
colonies distanced themselves from the people they ruled. Europe and N America became even more dominant in the world market
system, with much of the rest of the world supplying them with low-priced raw materials in return for the more highly priced, massproduced consumer goods of the West.
What were 2 examples of White Dominion colonies? USA, Canada, Australia
What caused conflict in contested settler colonies? Give examples. Survival and great growth of indigenous populations; fought
over land rights, resource control, social status, and cultural differences; S Africa, New Zealand, and Hawaii
Describe the divide-and-rule strategy. Cause conflicts, divide the people into groups, gain loyalty from minority and rule!
Explain how native peoples were used in the administration of colonies. Helped rule new areas, gov’t clerks, railway mechanics
In Africa, which groups were largely responsible for the building of schools/providing education? Why?
Protestant and Catholic missionaries to convert the peoples
How were colonized people made to work for the Europeans? Servants and nannies
What became characteristic about the economies of the colonies? Cheap hard labor, had to reach quotas, laborers and colonial
economies dependent on European-dominated world market
What changes in agriculture occurred in the colonies? Uncultivated/crop-growing lands  production land for cocoa, rubber, etc.
What was common about the European settlement of Canada, Australia, and South Africa? Contested settler colonies
When did the British annex South Africa? 1815
Why did the Boers and the British not get along in South Africa? Different culture, Boers backward, British try to change culture
What happened to the Boers on the Great Trek? Mass migration, conflict with Bantu peoples, British followed them
What two Boer Republics were established in Africa? Orange Free State and Transvaal
Why did the British and the Boers go to war – Boer War (1899-1902)? Boers had too many restrictions on them
What resulted from the Boer War?
Decolonization for European settlers in S Africa, later dominance of Boer minority over African majority
What conditions almost led to the end of the Maoris people? Disease, conflicts, religion failed to help them
What type of system eventually resulted in New Zealand? Multiracial society
Describe how the United States came to control Hawaii. British guy Captain Cook comes over and they make a colony. All this
stuff happens and then the Hawaiian kings are getting worse. Their power was declining after 1872. 1887 was when the American
gov’t claimed naval rights at the Pearl Harbor Base. The last Hawaiian monarchs promoted culture instead of worrying about politics
and economics so the US steps in and says that it’s time for them to control Hawaii. So the ruler was deposed and Congress took over
the islands in 1898.