Ch. 6 Deviance and Social Control
What is Deviance?

How norms make social
life possible.

Competing explanations
of deviance: sociology,
biology, and psychology.
The Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective of Deviance

Differential Association
Theory

Control Theory

Labeling Theory
The Functionalist Perspective

Can deviance really be
functional for society?

Strain Theory: How
social values produce
deviance.

Illegitimate Opportunity
Structures: Social class
and crime.
The Conflict Perspective

Class, crime, and the
Criminal Justice System

Deviance: ______________________________________

Howard S. Becker: ______________________________________

Erving Goffman: ______________________________________

Negative Sanctions: ______________________________________

Positive Sanctions: ______________________________________

XYY Theory: ______________________________________

Edwin Sutherland: ______________________________________

Walter Reckless: ______________________________________

Social Bond: ______________________________________

Techniques of Neutralization: developed by ______________________________________to
______________________________________

William Chambliss: ______________________________________

Emile Durkheim______________________________________

Robert Merton: developed __________ Theory which is based ____________________________

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin: developed the concept of _____________________________
that explains how ______________________________________

White Collar Crime: ______________________________________

Street Crime: ______________________________________

Capitalist Class: ______________________________________

Working Class: ______________________________________
Marginal Working Class: ______________________________________
Reactions to Deviance

Street crime and prisons.

Recidivism.

Death Penalty.

Legal Change.

The Medicalization of
Deviance.

The need for a humane
approach.
I.

Three Strikes and You’re Out Laws: ______________________________________

Recidivism Rate: ______________________________________

Furman v. Georgia: ______________________________________

Medicalization of Deviance: ______________________________________

Thomas Szasz: ______________________________________
What is Deviance? Crime? _______________________
A. Sociologists use the term deviance to refer to _________________________________.
1. According to sociologist Howard S. Becker, it is not the act itself
that makes an action deviant, but rather ________________________________.
2. Because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to
some ______________________________________.
3. Deviants are people who ______________________________________. To
sociologists, all people are deviants because __________________________
4. Erving Goffman used "stigma" to refer to _____________________________;
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Chapter 6
Deviance and Social Control
a stigma (e.g., physical deformities, skin color) defines a person's
______________________________________.
B. Norms make social life possible by ______________________________________.
1. Without norms, ______________________________________ would exist.
2. The reason deviance is seen as threatening is because it
______________________________________.
3. What is social control? ______________________________________ Is
necessary for social life? ______________________________________.
C. Deviance and conformity are reinforced or extinguished through
______________________________________.
1. Disapproval of deviance, called negative sanctions, range from
______________________________________ to ______________________________________.
2. What are some examples of positive sanctions________________________
They are used to do what? ______________________________________.
D. Comparing Biological, Psychological, and Sociological Explanations
1. Psychologists and sociobiologists explain deviance by looking
______________________________________. Sociologists look
______________________________________.
2. Biological explanations focus on ______________________________________.
a. Factors such as intelligence and “XYY” theory. What is
the “XYY” theory?
3. Psychiatrist Dorothy Lewis found that _________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________..
4. Psychological explanations focus on personality disorders (such as
what? ______________________________________.). Yet, these do not
necessarily result in ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________..
5. Sociological explanations where? ______________________________________..
a. Crime is a violation of what? _________________________________.
b. Social influences—such as what?
________________________________. —may “recruit” some people
to ______________________________________.
II.
The Symbolic Interaction Perspective
A. Differential association is whose term? ______________________________________. It
indicates that those who associate with groups oriented toward deviant
activities ______________________________________ ______________________________________.
______________________________________ ______________________________________..
1. The key to differential association is ____________________________________
_____________________________________ ______________________________________.
Some groups teach members to ______________________________________.
Give examples. _______________________________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________.
2. Symbolic interactionists stress that people are
______________________________________ ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________..
B. Control Theory
1. According to control theory ______________________________________
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______________________________________ ______________________________________.
It was suggested by ______________________________________.
2. Inner controls are ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________.
Sociologist Travis ______________________________________noted that strong
bonds to society ______________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________.
C. Labeling theory is the view that the labels people are given affect
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ .
1.
______________________________________use
the term "techniques of
neutralization" to describe ______________________________________
______________________________________. These are (1)
______________________________________; (2)
______________________________________; (3______________________________________;
(4) ______________________________________; and
(5______________________________________.
2. Sometimes an individual's deviant acts begin _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Most people resist being labeled deviant, but some
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
4. William J. Chambliss's study of the Saints
(______________________________________) and the Roughnecks
(______________________________________) provides an excellent illustration
of ______________________________________.
a. Labels given to people affect how others ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
b.
The study showed ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________.
III.
The Functionalist Perspective
A. Emile Durkheim stated that deviance, including ________, is _________
____________________________________________________________________________ .
1. Deviance clarifies ______________________________________ (a group's ideas
about how people should act and think) and affirms ________________.
2. Deviance promotes ______________________________________ (by
______________________________________).
3. Deviance promotes ______________________________________ (if boundary
violations gain enough support, ______________________________________).
B. Robert Merton developed ______________________________________to analyze what
happens when _________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
1. Merton used "______________________________________" (Durkheim's term)
to refer ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
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Chapter 6
Deviance and Social Control
2. The most common reaction to cultural goals and institutionalized
means is ______________________________________. Explain:
____________________________________________________________________________
3. He identified _____ types of deviant responses to anomie:
______________________________________ ______________________________________;
______________________________________ ______________________________________;
______________________________________ ______________________________________;
and ______________________________________ ____________________________________.
Give examples of each.
4. According to ________ theory, deviants are _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
C. Illegitimate Opportunity Theory
1. Social classes have distinct styles of ___________________________________
______________________________________ ______________________________________.
2. Illegitimate opportunity structures are _________________________
3. According to sociologists Richard ________and Lloyd ________,
they may result ____________________________________________________________.
4. For the urban poor, there are opportunities ___________________________.
____________________________________________________________________________
The “hustler” is a role model because _________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
5. What is white-collar crime? ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
They result from
___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
D.
IV.
a. Such crimes exist in _________ numbers than commonly
perceived, and can be very ___________________________________.
b. They can involve __________ harm and sometimes
________; for instance, unsafe working conditions kill
about ____________ Americans each year—about _____
times the number of people killed by street crime.
There have been some recent changes in the nature of white-collar crime.
1. A major change is ______________________________________.
2. As women have become more involved in the professions and the
corporate world, they too have been enticed by ______________________
______________________________________.
3. Today nearly as many women as men are arrested for _____________
______________________________________.
The Conflict Perspective
A. The state's machinery of social control represents ____________________________
1. This group determines ___________________________________
criminal justice system _______________________________.
B. The law is an instrument of ______________________________________ .
1. It is a tool designed to ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
2. When members of the working class get out of line, they are ___________
______________________________________ ______________________________________
3.
The criminal justice system directs its energies against
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____________________________________________________________________________
4.
The publicity given to this level of white collar crime helps to
stabilize the system by ______________________________________.
C. Law enforcement is a cultural device through which capitalists
______________________________________ ______________________________________ .
V.
Reactions to Deviance Capital punishment?
A. Degradation ceremonies are rituals designed to _____________________
_________________________________________ ______________________________________.
1. Typically, what happens? _____________________ ___________
2. When pronounced guilty, _____________________ ___________.
3. Such proceedings signal what? _____________________
B. Imprisonment is an increasingly popular reaction to crime but fails to
_____________________ _____________________ ____________________
1. What is the recidivism rate? _____________________ in the US
runs as high as 85-90 %, & those given probation do no better.
2. There is disagreement within U.S. society as to why criminals
should be imprisoned.
3. Different reasons for imprisonment include
retribution - _____________________ ____________________;
deterrence-____________________________ ___________________
rehabilitation ________________________ ___________________
incapacitation ________________________ ___________________
Medicalization of deviance views deviance as ________________
1. Thomas _______ argues that mental illness is simply _________:
some forms of "mental" illnesses have organic causes such as
_____________________________________________________
while others are responses to ______________________________.
2. Some sociologists find Szasz's analysis refreshing because it
indicates that _____________________________, and not
____________________, underlie bizarre behaviors.
3. Being mentally ill can sometimes lead to other problems like
homelessness; but being homeless can lead to ________________
_____________________________________________________
D.
With deviance inevitable, 1 measure of a society is ____________
________________ ________________
E.
The larger issues are _______________________________ ________________
Capital punishment
capitalist class control theory
control theory
control theory
crime
criminal justice system
cultural goals
cultural goals differential association
genetic predisposition hate crime
illegitimate opportunity structure
institutionalized means marginal working class
medicalization of deviance personality disorders
labeling theory
recidivism rate
social control
social order stigma
working class
strain theory
street crime
techniques of neutralization
white-collar crime or corporate crime positive sanction
negative sanction
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