Unip
Língua Inglesa
Sintaxe e Léxico
Prof. Mestre Silvana Nogueira da Rocha
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CURSO: Letras – Licenciatura em Línguas Portuguesa e Inglesa
SÉRIE: 5º/4º semestres
TURNO: Diurno e Noturno
DISCIPLINA: Língua Inglesa: Sintaxe e Léxico
CARGA HORÁRIA SEMANAL: 2h/aula
CARGA HORÁRIA SEMESTRAL: 40 h/aula
I – EMENTA
Introdução aos estudos da sintaxe e do léxico da língua inglesa. Estudo de
estruturas linguísticas da língua inglesa aliadas à práticas de leitura, escrita e
de compreensão e produção oral de textos.
II – OBJETIVOS GERAIS
Levar o aluno a desenvolver estratégias de compreensão de textos orais e
escritos a partir do estudo teórico e prático da língua inglesa (sintaxe) e da
construção de significado a partir da formação das palavras no idioma
estudado (léxico). Levar o aluno a reconhecer e a produzir as estruturas
estudadas. Acelerar o processo de aprendizagem de língua inglesa a partir da
integração e prática das habilidades de fala, audição, leitura e escrita.
III – OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
Levar o aluno a conhecer as estruturas da língua inglesa.
Criar condições e oportunidades de desenvolvimento contínuo na área de
sintaxe e léxico em língua inglesa.
Proporcionar a produção e a compreensão de textos orais e escritos em nível
intermediário.
IV – CONTEÚDO PROGRAMÁTICO
Have got e have / there is and there are;
Artigos e determinantes;
Simple Present para descrição; Verbos que descrevem atividades diárias;
Phrasal Verbs para descrever rotinas diárias;
Substantivos Contáveis e Não contáveis (a/an, some/any);
Comparações (Comparativo e Superlativo de Adjetivos);
Estabelecimentos em uma cidade;
Adjetivos (descrição de lugares);
Verbos (atividades diárias);
Phrasal Verbs (descrição de rotinas diárias);
Numerais;
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Horas;
Meses e datas comemorativas;
Clima;
Países e nacionalidades;
Roupas;
Membros da família;
Atividades de lazer e entretenimento;
Preposições de lugar;
Tarefas domésticas;
Profissões;
Transporte e lazer;
Adjetivos para descrever mercadorias;
Negócios e administração;
Invenções modernas.
Para falar sobre experiências de vida pessoal:
No presente: Uso de estruturas que marcam frequência (advérbios de
frequência); estruturas que descrevem habilidades (can e can’t); gostos e
preferências (verb + ing);
No passado: Estruturas sobre experiências de vida (Simple Past x Present
Perfect Simple); Used to
No Futuro: Estruturas sobre planos e intenções futuras (Present Tenses e
Present Continuous para planos futuros).
Prática como Componente Curricular:
Organizar um fórum interativo com o uso de novas mídias digitais em que os
alunos possam falar sobre si e sobre as regiões em que vivem, aplicando os
conteúdos trabalhados durante o curso. Sugerimos como base:
Leitura: Textos variados de nível intermediário para: entender ideias principais;
entender e transferir informações centrais; encontrar e entender informações
específicas em textos;
Prática Oral: Expressar preferências pessoais; perguntar e responder sobre
locais; perguntas e responder perguntas pessoais; apresentações pessoais;
falar sobre datas e eventos; perguntas e informações pessoais sobre
habilidades; falar sobre membros da família; indicar posição de objetos; falar
sobre rotinas; falar sobre tarefas e sobre quem as desempenha; dar e justificar
opiniões; falar sobre eventos futuros.
Compreensão de Textos Orais: Entender informações principais; entender o
tema ou assunto principal; extrair informações específicas.
Escrita: Organizar uma apresentação pessoal; escrever sobre rotinas diárias e
sobre a vida de terceiros;
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V – ESTRATÉGIAS DE TRABALHO
Aulas expositivas e práticas;
Exercícios de fixação das estruturas apresentadas;
Prática de leitura e compreensão de textos;
Produção orientada de textos orais por meio de recursos de áudio, vídeo e
multimídia em laboratório de informática;
Produção supervisionada de textos escritos.
VI – AVALIAÇÃO
Os alunos serão avaliados com DUAS provas no decorrer do semestre,
valendo de ZERO a DEZ, em hora e dia marcados pelo calendário oficial do
curso de Letras e da Universidade.
Avaliações complementares a critério do professor
Uma prova integrada institucional (valor: zero a dez).
A média final de cada semestre será o resultado de soma e divisão com os
respectivos pesos das avaliações parciais, seguindo regimento institucional de
aprovação.
VII – BIBLIOGRAFIA
Bibliografia Básica
ACKERT, P. & LEE, L. Reading and Vocabulary Development 1 Facts &
Figures International Student Edition. University of Arizona. Thomson Heinle .
4th ed. 2005.
FRAGIADAKIS, H. K. All Clear 1 - Listening and Speaking International
Student Edition. Thomson Heinle . 2nd ed. 2007.
MILNE, Brune & WEBB, B. Move - Intermediate - STUDENT'S PACK .
MacMillan do Brasil. 2006
Bibliografia Complementar
MCCARTHY, M.,O'DELL, F & MARK,G. English Vocabulary in Use
Elementary Book and CD-ROM with answers. Cambridge. 2006.
MURPHY, R. & NAYLOR, L. Essential Grammar in Use Edition with Answers
and CD-ROM PB Pack. Cambridge. 2007.
5
MURPHY, R. & NAYLOR, L. – Intermediate - English Grammar in Use Edition
with
Answers
and
CD-ROM
PB
Pack.
Cambridge.
2007.
6
SIMPLE PRESENT
INFINITIVE
To work
To play
To study
SIMPLE PRESENT
I / You / We / They work
I / You / We / They play
I / You / We / They study
SIMPLE PRESENT
He / She / It works
He / She / It plays
He /She studies
We use the Simple Present to talk about things in general. We are not thinking
only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or
repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the
action is happening at the time of speaking.
Examples:
1) The Earth goes round the sun.
2) Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
3) In Britain most of the shops close at 5:30pm
We use DO / DOES / DON’T / DOESN’T to make questions and negative
sentences:
Examples:
1) Excuse me, do you speak Spanish?
2) What does this word mean?
3) Do you accept a cigarette? No, thanks. I don’t smoke.
Practice:
1) Water _________________ at 100 degrees centigrade. (to boil)
2) George ____________________ to the movies very often. (not / to go)
3) How many languages _________________________? (you / to speak)
4) The swimming bath (a)____________________ at 9
______________ at 18:30 every day. (a. to open / b. to close)
and
(b)
5) What time ___________________ the banks _________________ in
Britain? (to close)
6) I have a car but I ______________________ it very often. (not / to use)
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7) How many cigarettes _________________ you ________________ a
day? (to smoke)
8) What ____________ you _____________? (to do) I’m an electrical
engineer.
9) Where _______________ your father _____________________? (to
come from) He’s from Scotland.
10) If you need money, why ___________________ you _____________ a
job? (not / to get)
11) I _________________ (to play) the piano, but I _________________ it
very well. (not/ to play)
12) I ________________________________ the word “deceive”. (not / to
understand)
13) The sun ____________________ in the west. (not / to rise)
14) Mice ________________ cats. (not / to catch)
15) Carpenters _________________________ things from metal. (not / to
make)
The third person of singular:
Practice:
She
washes.
(wash)
(Ela lava)
He
(go)
(Ele vai)
She
(fix)
(Ela conserta)
He
(miss)
(Ele sente falta)
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She
(study)
(Ela estuda)
He
(play)
(Ele joga / brinca / toca)
She
(cry)
(Ela chora)
He
(pray)
(Ele reza)
She
(watch)
(Ela assiste)
He
(eat)
(Ele come)
She
(like)
(Ela gosta)
He
(want)
(Ele quer)
She
(live)
(Ela mora)
He
(drink)
(Ele bebe)
She
(take)
(Ela leva)
He
(work)
(Ele trabalha)
She
(cook)
(Ela cozinha)
He
(get up)
(Ele se levanta)
She
(read)
(Ela lê)
He
(write)
(Ele escreve)
She
(do the ironing)
(Ela passa roupa)
He
(vacuum the carpet)
(Ele aspira o carpete)
She
(wax the floor)
(Ela encera o chão)
He
(clean)
She
(prefer)
(Ela prefere)
He
(go to bed)
(Ele vai dormir)
She
(look)
(Ela olha)
He
(fight)
(Ele briga)
She
(sweep)
(Ela varre)
(Ele limpa)
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He
(close)
She
(open)
(Ela abre)
He
(lock)
(Ele tranca / trava)
She
(finish)
(Ela termina)
He
(start)
(Ele começa)
Notes:
(Ele fecha)
10
COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES
Afghanistan
Afghan
Argentina
Argentinean
Australia
Australian
Austria
Austrian
Brazil
Brazilian
Britain
British
Canada
Canadian
Chile
Chilean
China
Chinese
Denmark
Danish
England
English
Finland
Finn
France
French
Greece
Greek
Italy
Italian
Ireland
Irish
Japan
apanese
Korea
Korean
Lebanon
Lebanese
Mexico
Mexican
New Zealand
New Zealander
Peru
Peruvian
Poland
Polish
Portugal
Portuguese
Saudi Arabia
Arab
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Scotland
Scott
Spain
Spanish
Sweden
Swedish
Switzerland
Swiss
Thailand
Thai
Turkey
Turkish
United States
American
Where are you from?
I’m from Greece.
What’s your nationality?
I’m Greek.
Practice:
1) I was born in France, so I’m
2) You were born in Australia, so you are
3) He was born in Mexico, so he is
4) She was born in Canada, so she is
5) They were born in Italy, so they are
6) I was born in Peru, so I am
7) You were born in Sweden, so you are
8) He was born in Poland, so he is
9) She was born in Portugal, so she is
10) She was born in Spain, so she is
11) She was born in Switzerland, so she is
12) That chocolate is from Denmark, so it is
13) Those butter cookies are from Belgium, so they are
14) That blouse is from China, so it is
15) That software is from the U.S.A., so it is
16) My father was born in Uruguay, so he is
17) My friend Susan was born in Thailand, so she is
18) Those bottles of wine are from Chile, so they are
19) That perfume is from France, so it is
20) That piano is from Germany, so it is
21) Those flutes are from Austria, so they are
22) My cousin Philip was born in Scotland, so he is
23) My teacher Katherina is from Russia, so she is
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24) My boss was born in Japan, so he is
25) Youssef was born in Saudi Arabia, so he is
26) Sami was born in Israel, so he is
27) Charles was born in England, so he is
THE WEATHER
cloudy
hot/ sunny
cold
rainy
windy
*What’s the weather like? R: It’s cold/ sunny/ rainy/ etc…
Notes:
foggy
snowy
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Simple Present of To Be (am / are / is) + verb (- ing)
We use the Present Continuous to talk about something which is happening at
or around the time of speaking.
Examples:
1) The kettle is boiling. Can you turn it off, please?
2) Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?
3) Where’s Tom? He’s playing tennis.
We use the Present Continuous for a temporary situation.
Examples:
1) I’m living with some friends until I can find a flat.
2) That machine isn’t working. It broke down this morning.
We use the Present Continuous to talk about what you have already arranged
to do.
Examples:
1) What are you doing tomorrow evening? I’m going to the theater.
2) Are you playing soccer tomorrow? Yes, but Tom isn’t playing. He has
hurt his leg.
3) Are you meeting her at the station?
Some verbs are used only in Simple Tenses. Here is a list of verbs which are
not normally used in Continuous Tenses (but there are exceptions).
want – like – belong – know – suppose – remember – need – love – see –
realize – mean – forget – prefer – hate – hear – believe – understand - seem
Practice:
1) I ____________________ to a political party. (not / to belong)
2) Hurry!
The
bus _______________________
_________________ to miss it. (not / to miss)
(to
come).
3) The River Nile ____________________ into the Mediterranean. (to flow)
I
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4) The river _____________________ very fast today – much faster than
usual. (to flow)
5) We usually _______________________ (to grow) vegetables in our
garden, but this year we _________________________ any. (not / to
grow)
6) Can you drive? No, but I _______________________. (to learn)
7) You can borrow my umbrella. I ___________________ it at the moment.
(not / to need)
8) I usually ________________________ (to enjoy)
________________ this one very much. (not / to enjoy)
parties
but
I
9) George says he’s 80 years old but I ______________________ him. (not
/ to believe)
10) Ron is in London at the moment. He ________________________ at the
Hilton Hotel. (to stay)
11) She ____________________ with her sister at the moment until she
finds somewhere to live. (to live)
12) What ____________ your father _______________ ? (to do) He is a
teacher, but he ____________________________ at the moment. (not /
to work)
Notes:
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SIMPLE PAST
It is used for actions completed in the past at a definite time.
Very often the past simple ends in –ed:
Examples:
1) We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
2) The police stopped me on my way home last night.
3) She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
It is used for a past action when the time is given:
Examples:
1) I met him yesterday.
2) Pasteur died in 1895.
When the time is asked about:
Examples:
1) When did you meet him?
2) When did Pasteur die?
When the action clearly took place at a definite time even though this time is not
mentioned:
Examples:
1) The train was ten minutes late.
2) How did you get your present job?
3) I bought this car in Montreal.
The Simple Past Tense is used for an action whose time is not given but which
occupied a period of time now terminated:
Example:
1) He worked in that bank for four years. (He does not work there now)
Or for an action that occurred at a moment in a period of time now terminated:
Example:
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1) She lived in Rome for a long time. (She is not living there now)
The Simple Past tense is also used for a past habit:
Example:
1) He always carried an umbrella.
2) They never drunk wine.
SOME REGULAR VERBS
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST
to clean
cleaned
to sail
sailed
to cook
cooked
to smoke
smoked
to file
filed
to sort
sorted
to finish
finished
to stop
stopped
to fire
fired
to arrive
arrived
to fish
fished
to squeeze
squeezed
to happen
happened
to pretend
pretended
to hate
hated
to study
studied
to invite
invited
to talk
talked
to like
liked
to walk
walked
to live
lived
to want
wanted
to look (at)
looked (at)
to wash
washed
to love
loved
to watch
watched
to need
needed
to work
worked
to open
opened
to work overtime
worked overtime
to pray
prayed
to earn
earned
to prefer
preferred
to save
saved
to sail
sailed
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But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the past simple does
not end in –ed:
Examples:
1) We all left the party at 11 o’clock. (leave / left)
2) Yesterday I went to London to see a friend of mine. (go / went)
3) This house cost U$35,000 in 1990. (cost / cost)
SOME IRREGULAR VERBS
to arise (levantar-se)
arose
arisen
to awake (acordar)
awoke
awaken
to be (ser, estar)
was/were
been
to bear (suportar)
bore
born
to beat (bater)
bet
beaten
to become (tornar)
became
become
to begin (começar)
began
begun
to bite (morder)
bit
bitten
to bleed (sangrar)
bled
bled
to blow (soprar)
blew
blown
to break (quebrar)
broke
broken
to bring (trazer)
brought
brought
to build (construir)
built
built
to burn (queimar)
burnt
burnt
to buy (comprar)
bought
bought
to catch (apanhar)
caught
caught
to choose (escolher)
chose
chosen
to come (vir)
came
come
to cost (custar)
cost
cost
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to creep (rastejar)
crept
crept
to cut (cortar)
cut
cut
to dig (cavar)
dug
dug
to do (fazer)
did
done
to draw (desenhar)
drew
drawn
to dream (sonhar)
dreamt
dreamt
to drink (beber)
drank
drunk
to drive (dirigir)
drove
driven
to eat (comer)
ate
eaten
to fall (cair)
fell
fallen
to feed (alimentar)
fed
fed
to feel (sentir)
felt
felt
to fight (lutar)
fought
fought
to find (encontrar)
found
found
to fly (voar)
flew
flown
to forbid (proibir)
forbade
forbidden
to foresee (prever)
forsaw
foreseen
to forgive (perdoar)
forgave
forgiven
to forsake (abandonar)
forsook
forsaken
to freeze (congelar)
froze
frozen
to get (conseguir)
got
gotten
to get up (levantar-se)
got up
gotten up
to give (dar)
gave
given
to go (ir)
went
gone
to grow (crescer)
grew
grown
to hang (pendurar)
hung
hung
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to have (ter)
had
had
to hear (escutar)
heard
heard
to hide (esconder)
hid
hidden
to hit (bater)
hit
hit
to hold (segurar)
held
held
to hurt (machucar)
hurt
hurt
to keep (manter)
kept
kept
to know (saber)
knew
known
to lay (colocar)
laid
laid
to lead (conduzir)
led
led
to lean (apoiar-se)
leant
leant
to leave (partir, deixar)
left
left
to lend (emprestar)
lent
lent
to let (deixar)
let
let
to lie (deitar)
lay
lain
to lose (perder)
lost
lost
to make (fazer)
made
made
to meet (encontrar)
met
met
to put (pôr)
put
put
to quit (desistir)
quit
quit
to read (ler)
read
read
to ride (cavalgar)
rode
ridden
to rise (elevar-se)
rose
risen
to run (corer)
ran
run
to say (dizer)
said
said
to see (ver)
saw
seen
20
to seek (procurar)
sought
sought
to sell (vender)
sold
sold
to send (enviar)
sent
sent
to set (estabelecer)
set
set
to shake (sacudir)
shook
shaken
to shine (brilhar)
shone
shone
to show (mostrar)
showed
shown
to shut (fechar)
shut
shut
to sing (cantar)
sang
sung
to sit (sentar)
sat
sat
to sleep (dormir)
slept
slept
to smell (cheirar)
smelt
smelt
to slide (escorregar)
slid
slid
to spend (gastar, passar)
spent
spent
to speak (falar)
spoke
spoken
to spill (derramar)
spilt
spilt
to spin (girar)
spun
spun
to split (dividir ao meio)
split
split
to spoil (estragar)
spoiled / spoilt
spoiled / spoilt
to spread (espalhar)
spread
spread
to spring (saltar)
sprang
sprung
to stand (ficar de pé)
stood
stood
to steal (roubar)
stole
stolen
to sting (picar)
stung
stung
to stink (feder)
stunk
stunk
to strike (golpear)
struck
struck
21
to swear (jurar)
swore
sworn
to sweat (suar)
sweat
sweat
to sweep (varrer)
swept
swept
to swim (nadar)
swam
swum
to take (levar)
took
taken
to teach (ensinar)
taught
taught
to tear (rasgar)
tore
torn
to tell (contar)
told
told
to think (pensar)
thought
thought
to throw (lançar, arremessar)
threw
thrown
to undergo (submeter-se)
underwent
undergone
to understand (entender)
understood
understood
to undo (desfazer)
undid
undone
to wear (usar, vestir)
wore
worn
to weave (tecer)
wove
woven
to weep (chorar)
wept
wept
to win (vencer)
won
won
to wind (dar corda no relógio)
wound
wound
to write (escrever)
wrote
written
In the past simple questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + the infinitive.
Examples:
1) It rained. / 2) It didn’t rain. / 3) Did it rain?
22
FLIGHTSEEING
It’s Wednesday May 30th. Alicia is talking to Simon about her flightseeing trip.
“I took some great pictures! It was a fantastic trip. There were only four of us
and we went on a small float plane. We took off from Vancouver Harbor and
flew for about forty minutes. We flew right over the mountains, and then we
landed on a small lake high up in the mountains. You can’t get there on foot.
Well, you can, but it’s a two-day hike and climb. You can only get there easily
by float plane. The plane taxied across the lake, and we got down onto a small
beach. Our pilot had a picnic lunch in the plane, and he gave us sandwiches
and drinks. It was so quiet, and the air was so clean! The pilot has a spray can
of bear deterrent because there are bears in the mountains, but we didn’t see
any. We stayed there for about an hour. We took off and circled around the
lake three times…we weren’t high enough to get over the mountain the first
time. Finally, we made it over the mountain and flew back here…and landed on
the harbor. We have to put these pictures in your brochure!”
1) Identify the verbs in the text that are in the Simple Past, write their
Infinitive Form and give their translation as the example below:
Took (to take) = tirar, levar
23
AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE
Hi, how are things? Thanks for your e-mail. Congratulations on passing your
driving test. Is it still safe to go out on the road?
We had a superb weekend last weekend. We didn’t go when you were here,
but do you remember the mountain? Mount Olympus? The one with the fires
that burn naturally out of the rock? We decided to go and see them _ and it was
great. There are some photos at the end of the message _ they’re really great!
We traveled from Antalya by bus and arrived in Çiralli on Friday evening at
about four o’clock. The bus stopped on the main road and we walked down to
the village with our tents and backpacks. We were really tired when we got
there! We had a cup of tea and something to eat in one of the cafés. Then we
started the walk up the mountain. We arrived at the flames after about 40
minutes. And then the sun started to go down. What a view! We watched the
sun go down and the sky turn red and then the stars started to come out. It was
really beautiful. The flames are incredible. We cooked sausages over one of the
flames. We stayed awake all night. We talked and told stories. One of my
friends had a guitar and he played all our favorite songs. Then the sun came up
_ it was fantastic. We didn’t want to leave.
Next time you come to visit we can go there together.
Take care,
Orich
1) Identify the verbs in the text that are in the Simple Past, write their
Infinitive Form and give their translation as the example below:
Had (to have) = ter
24
MEMORIES AND REMEMBRANCES
Paula,
I can’t believe my trip is over. I arrived in
Egypt just two weeks ago! I was with a group
from the university. We went to the desert to
dig in some old ruins. I didn’t find anything,
but I learned a lot. I’m tired, but I loved every
minute of my trip.
Take care, Margaret
Hi, Laura!
My Hawaiian vacation just ended, and I am
very relaxed! I spent my whole vacation at a
spa in Koloa, Kauai. Every day for a week I
exercised, did yoga, meditated, and ate
vegetarian food. I also went swimming and
snorkeling. I feel fantastic!
Love
Sue
Anchorage
Dear Michael,
Alaska is terrific! I was just on a trip in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
There were six people on the trip. We hiked for ten days. Then we took rafts to
the Arctic Ocean. I saw a lot of wildlife. Now, I’m going to Anchorage.
See you in 3 weeks!
Kevin
25
QUESTIONS
1) How many people were together with Paula in Egypt?
2) What did Paula do in the desert?
3) In Hawaii, where did Sue stay?
4) Which things did Sue do in Hawaii?
5) Where did Kevin take rafts?
6) What did Kevin see in Alaska?
7) What’s the next place is he going to visit?
26
DAILY ROUTINE / ACTIVITIES
VERBS
To wake up
=
To take a shower / a bath
=
To get dressed / to put on clothes
=
To brush (one’s) teeth
=
To comb / brush (one’s) hair
=
To have breakfast
=
To have lunch
=
To have dinner
=
To work
=
To take a bus / train / taxi / subway
=
To go to work
=
To come back from work
=
To call / telephone
=
To send emails / messages
=
To answer emails / messages
=
To take a nap
=
To talk to people
=
To attend meetings
=
To book
=
To schedule
=
To make a reservation
=
To go back home
=
To watch T.V.
=
To listen to music
=
27
1) Write sentences in the Simple Past using all the verbs above:
28
CHORES
To cook
To do the ironing
To iron the clothes
To do the washing up
To wash the dishes
To hang the clothes on
the clothesline
To sweep the floor
To trim the plants
To vacuum the rug
To vacuum the carpet
To wash the clothes
To water the plants /
flowers
To wax the floor
To wash the floor
To wax the furniture
What are you doing now? I’m cooking.
What is she doing now? She’s doing the washing up.
What is he doing now? He’s trimming the plants in the garden.
What are they doing now? They are doing the ironing.
Notes:
29
TO BE + GOING TO
We use TO BE + GOING TO when we say what we have already decided to do,
what we intend to do in the future.
Examples:
1) A: There’s a film on television tonight? Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I’m too tired. I’m going to have an early night.
2) A: I hear Ann has won a lot of money. What is she going to do with it?
B: I’ve heard she’s going to travel round the world.
3) A: Have you made the coffee yet?
B: No, but I’m going to make it.
We prefer to use the Present Continuous when we say what someone has
arranged to do – for example, arranged to meet someone, arranged to travel
somewhere. Going to is also possible:
Examples:
1) What time are you meeting Ann? (or “are you going to meet Ann?”)
2) I’m travelling to Scotland on Monday. (or “I’m going to travel to Scotland on
Monday”)
We use GOING TO when the speaker is saying what he thinks will happen.
Usually there is something in the present situation that makes the speaker sure
about what will happen.
Example:
1) The man can’t see where he is going. There is a hole in front of him. He
is going to fall in the hole.
Notes:
30
HAVE / HAVE GOT
We often use HAVE GOT / HAS GOT rather than HAVE / HAS alone. So you
can say:
Examples:
1) Have you got any money? I haven’t got any money.
2) Do you have any money? I don’t have any money.
3) Has she got a car? She hasn’t got a car.
4) Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car.
In the past we don’t normally use GOT.
Examples:
1) When she was a child, she had long hair.
2) Did you have a car when you lived in London?
3) He didn’t have a watch, so he didn’t know what time it was.
We also use HAVE for a number of actions.
Examples:
Have breakfast / lunch / dinner / a meal / a drink / a cup of coffee / a cigarette…
Have a swim / a walk / a rest / a holiday / a party / a good time…
Have a bath / a shower / a wash
Have a look (at something)
Have a baby (=give birth to a baby)
Have a chat (with someone)
When you use HAVE for actions, you can use continuous forms (is having / are
having / was having / were having)/
Examples:
1) Where’s Tom? He is having a bath.
2) Where were you yesterday at 9pm? I was having dinner with my mother.
Practice 1:
1) I can’t make a phone call. (any change)
I haven’t got any change.
2) I couldn’t read the notice. (my glasses)
31
3) I can’t climb up onto the roof. (a ladder)
4) We couldn’t visit the museum. (enough time)
5) He couldn’t find his way to our home. (a map)
6) She can’t pay her bills. (any money)
7) I couldn’t make an omelette. (any eggs)
8) I can’t get into the house. (my key)
9) They couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera)
10) We couldn’t go out in the rain. (an umbrella)
Practice 2:
1) Excuse me, have you got a light, please?
2) Did you have a lot of friends when you lived in London?
3) Why
are
you
holding
your
_________________________ a toothache?
mouth
like
that?
4) ____________________________ enough time to answer all the
questions in the exam last week?
5) I need a stamp for this letter. _______________________ any?
6) A: It started to rain when I was walking home. B: Did it?
__________________________ an umbrella?
7) A: __________________________ the time, please? B: Yes, it’s ten past
seven.
32
8) _________________________ a beard before you joined the army?
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
(a) always / continually / frequently / occasionally / often / once (once
a day / week / month / year) / twice (twice a day / week / month /
year) / periodically / sometimes / usually
(b) ever / hardly ever / never / rarely / scarcely ever / seldom
Adverbs in both the above groups are normally placed:
1) After the simple tenses of to be:
He is always in time for meals.
2) Before the simple tenses of all other verbs:
They sometimes stay up all night.
3) With compound tenses, they are placed after the first auxiliary:
He can never understand.
4) After auxiliary + subject (questions), they are placed before the main verb:
Have you ever ridden a camel?
5) Frequency adverbs are often placed before auxiliaries when these are used
alone, in addition to remarks or in answers to questions:
Can you park your car near the shops? Yes, I usually can.
6) Adverbs in group (a) can also be put at the beginning or end of a sentence or
clause:
Exceptions: Always is rarely found at the beginning of a sentence/clause
except with imperatives.
Always be the best! (imperative)
Exceptions: Often, if put at the end, normally requires very or quite:
Often he walked.
He walked quite often. (very often)
7) Adverbs in group (b) above hardly ever, never, rarely, etc. (but not ever
alone), can also be put at the beginning of a sentence, but inversion of the
following main verb then becomes necessary:
Hardly/Scarcely ever did they manage to meet unobserved.
8) Hardly / scarcely ever / never / rarely and seldom are not used with
negative verbs.
9) Ever means “at any time” and is chiefly used in the interrogative:
Has he ever marched in a demonstration? - No, he never has.
10) Ever can be used with a negative verb and, especially with compound
tenses, can often replace never + affirmative:
33
I haven’t ever eaten snails. / I have never eaten snails.
11) Ever + affirmative is possible in comparisons and with suppositions and
expressions of doubt:
This is the best beer that I have ever drunk. (comparison)
This was the worst film that he had ever seen. (comparison)
I don’t suppose he ever writes to his mother. (supposition)
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
BIG
ATTRACTIVE
CLEAN
AMAZING
COLD
BEAUTIFUL
FAST
COMFORTABLE
HOT
DANGEROUS
NEW
DELICIOUS
SAD
EXPENSIVE
SHORT
FORGETFUL
SMALL
IMPORTANT
STRANGE
INTELLIGENT
TALL
PLEASANT
THIN
STUBBORN
UGLY
TALENTED
WARM
WONDERFUL
SHORT ADJECTIVES
COMPARISON
THE SUPERLATIVE
BIG
BIGGER THAN
THE BIGGEST
CLEAN
CLEANER THAN
THE CLEANEST
COLD
COLDER THAN
THE COLDEST
FAST
FASTER THAN
THE FASTEST
34
HOT
HOTTER THAN
THE HOTTEST
NEW
NEWER THAN
THE NEWEST
SAD
SADDER THAN
THE SADDEST
SHORT
SHORTER THAN
THE SHORTEST
SMALL
SMALLER THAN
THE SMALLEST
STRANGE
STRANGER THAN
THE STRANGEST
TALL
TALLER THAN
THE TALLEST
THIN
THINNER THAN
THE THINNEST
UGLY
UGLIER THAN
THE UGLIEST
WARM
WARMER THAN
THE WARMEST
LONG ADJECTIVES
COMPARISON
THE SUPERLATIVE
ATTRACTIVE
MORE ATTRACTIVE THAN
THE MOST ATTRACTIVE
AMAZING
MORE AMAZING THAN
THE MOST AMAZING
BEAUTIFUL
MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN
THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
COMFORTABLE
MORE COMFORTABLE THAN
THE MOST COMFORTABLE
DANGEROUS
MORE DANGEROUS THAN
THE MOST DANGEROUS
DELICIOUS
MORE DELICIOUS THAN
THE MOST DELICIOUS
EXPENSIVE
MORE EXPENSIVE THAN
THE MOST EXPENSIVE
FORGETFUL
MORE FORGETFUL THAN
THE MOST FORGETFUL
IMPORTANT
MORE IMPORTANT THAN
THE MOST IMPORTANT
INTELLIGENT
MORE INTELLIGENT THAN
THE MOST INTELLIGENT
PLEASANT
MORE PLEASANT THAN
THE MOST PLEASANT
STUBBORN
MORE STUBBORN THAN
THE MOST STUBBORN
TALENTED
MORE TALENTED THAN
THE MOST TALENTED
WONDERFUL
MORE WONDERFUL THAN
THE MOST WONDERFUL
35
Examples:
1) I am shorter than my mother. My mother is taller than me. But, my sister is
the tallest.
2) Australia is more beautiful than Cancun. But, New Zealand is the
beautiful.
most
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
I am as rich as Susan.
He is as forgetful as James.
EXCEPTIONS:
GOOD
BETTER THAN
THE BEST
BAD
WORSE THAN
THE WORST
FAR
FARTHER THAN / FURTHER THAN
THE FARTHEST / THE FURTHEST
Practice:
1. _______________________________ country is Alaska. (o mais frio)
2. ______________________________ country is Egypt. (o mais quente)
3. In my opinion, ____________________________ food is pizza. (a mais
deliciosa)
4. Alaska is _______________________________ than Canada. (mais
frio)
5. Am I __________________ than you? (mais baixo)
6. Bob is _________________________
quanto)
his brother. (tão esquecido
7. Brazil is ________________________ than Switzerland. (maior)
36
8. Everybody wants to be _______________________ (o melhor).
9. He is ____________________________ man of this shop. (o mais
ocupado)
10. His girlfriend is __________________ today than she was yesterday.
(mais triste)
11. How’ve you been? I’ve been ____________________ you are. (tão feliz
quanto)
12. I am _______________________ than you are. (mais esperto)
13. I think _________________________
escuro)
hair is my mother’s. (o mais
14. I think his brother is _____________________________ (o mais
esquecido).
15. Is your mother ______________________ than your aunt? (mais alta)
16. Japan is ________________________ country in the East. (o mais rico)
17. Mary is __________________________ Charles. (tão teimosa quanto)
18. Mine are ________________________ than yours. (mais espertos)
19. My bicycle is ____________________ than your bicycle. (mais nova)
20. My hair is _______________________ than yours. (mais escuro)
21. My pajamas are ______________ than my socks. (mais limpos)
37
22. My purse is ___________________ than your purse. (menor)
23. My suitcase is ____________________ than hers. (mais pesada)
24. My sister is ________________________________ than her boyfriend.
(mais inteligente)
25. Paul is __________________________ my father. (tão rico quanto)
26. Paul isn’t sad. He is ______________________ day after day. (mais
feliz)
27. Sally is _____________________ than her friends. (mais rica)
28. She is ____________________ than her sister. (mais jovem)
29. Susan is ______________________________ girl of this school. (a mais
inteligente)
30. That bag is ______________________ than Paul’s. (mais leve)
31. That belt is ______________________ than that tie. (mais bonito)
32. That boy is
esquecido)
_____________________ student of the class. (o mais
33. That car is _______________________________ than this one. (mais
veloz)
34. My car is ___________________ than yours. (mais velho)
35. This film is _________________ than the one I watched last Sunday.
(mais triste)
38
36. That is ___________________________ toy that I’ve bought. (o mais
perigoso)
37. That man is __________________ than these ones. (mais saudável)
38. I think Bob is _______________________ man of this city. (o mais
pobre)
39. That restaurant is ________________________ than that one. (mais
chique)
40. That salesman is _______________ today. (mais ocupado)
41. The coffee is ___________________ than the soup. (mais quente)
42. The food is _________________________ than the coffee. (mais fria)
43. The USA is ____________________ country of the world. (o mais rico)
44. This armchair is ___________________________ than that chair. (mais
confortável)
45. This blouse is ____________________________ than that one. (mais
bonita)
46. This cake is __________________________ than that pie. (mais
delicioso)
47. This dessert is _______________________ than that one. (mais doce)
48. This dress is _________________________ than those shoes. (mais
caro)
49. This is
_________________________________ place I know. (o
mais maravilhoso)
39
50. This is _____________________ than that. (pior)
51. This is ________________________ house of the street. (a maior)
52. This is __________________ wine I’ve ever drunk. (o melhor)
53. This is _________________________ computer on sale. (o mais novo)
54. This is ____________________________ place. (o mais distante)
55. This is ____________________________ place. (o mais perto)
56. This is ________________________ fabric I’ve ever bought. (mais
suave)
57. This lesson is _______________________. (mais fácil)
58. This place is ________________________________ place that I know.
(o mais agradável)
59. This price is _________________ than that one. (melhor)
60. This text is _________________________ (mais difícil)
61. This toy is ______________________ than that one. (mais perigoso)
62. Those jackets are ________________________ than those pants. (mais
atraentes)
63. Those pants are __________________ than this blouse. (mais baratas)
64. Today is my birthday. It’s _____________________ day of my life. (o
mais feliz)
40
65. Zurich is _________________________________ city I’ve ever visited.
(a mais maravilhosa)
Practice:
ADJECTIVE
TRANSLATION
ANGRY
ZANGADO, BRAVO
BAD
RUIM, MAU
BEAUTIFUL
BONITO
COMPARISON
SUPERLATIVE
ANGRIER THAN
THE ANGRIEST
MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN
THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
BIG
GRANDE
BITTER
AMARGO
BRIGHT
BRILHANTE
BUSY
OCUPADO
CALM
CALMO
CHEAP
BARATO
CLEAN
LIMPO
CLEVER
ESPERTO
CLOSE
PERTO
COLD
FRIO
COMFORTABLE
CONFORTÁVEL
*COMMON
COMUM
CRAZY
LOUCO
CURLY
ENCARACOLADO
DAMP
ÚMIDO
DANGEROUS
PERIGOSO
DARK
ESCURO
DEEP
PROFUNDO
DELICIOUS
DELICIOSO
41
DIRTY
SUJO
DRY
SECO
EASY
FÁCIL
EMPTY
VAZIO
EXPENSIVE
CARO
FANTASTIC
FANTÁSTICO
FAR
LONGE, DISTANTE
FAST
RÁPIDO, VELOZ
FAT
GORDO
FULL
CHEIO
GOOD
BOM
GORGEOUS
LINDO
GREAT
GRANDE
HAPPY
FELIZ
HARD
DURO
HEAVY
PESADO
HIGH
ALTO (NÃO P/ PESSOAS)
HOT
QUENTE
HUNGRY
FAMINTO
IMPORTANT
IMPORTANTE
INTELLIGENT
INTELIGENTE
INTERESTING
INTERESSANTE
LIGHT
LEVE
LONG
COMPRIDO
LOUD
ALTO (P/ SOM)
LOW
BAIXO (NÃO P/ PESSOAS)
LUCKY
SORTUDO
MARVELOUS
MARAVILHOSO
MODERN
MODERNO
42
NARROW
ESTREITO
NEAR
PERTO
NEW
NOVO
NICE
LEGAL
OLD
VELHO
PLEASANT
AGRADÁVEL
POOR
POBRE
PRETTY
BONITA
RARE
RARO
RICH
RICO
RIDICULOUS
RIDÍCULO
SAD
TRISTE
SAFE
SEGURO
SCARCE
RARO
SCRUMPTIOUS
DELICIOSO
SENSITIVE
SENSÍVEL
SHALLOW
RASO
**SHY
TÍMIDO
SHORT
BAIXO, CURTO
SLIM
MAGRO
SMALL
PEQUENO
SMART
ESPERTO
SMOOTH
LISO
SOFT
MACIO
STRONG
FORTE
STUBBORN
TEIMOSO
STUPID
BURRO
SWEET
DOCE
TALENTED
TALENTOSO
43
TALL
ALTO
TASTY
SABOROSO
THICK
GROSSO
THIN
MAGRO, FINO
TOUGH
RUDE
WEAK
FRACO
WET
MOLHADO
WIDE
LARGO, AMPLO
WONDERFUL
MARAVILHOSO
YOUNG
JOVEM
Notes:
*both forms are correct: commoner than / the commonest
*both forms are correct: more common than / the most common
*shy: shyer than (here you don’t replace “y”)
*shy: the shyest (here you don’t replace “y”)
Notes:
44
NUMBERS
1
one
2
two
3
three
4
four
5
five
6
six
7
seven
8
eight
9
nine
10
ten
11
eleven
12
twelve
13
thirteen
14
fourteen
15
fifteen
16
sixteen
17
seventeen
18
eighteen
19
nineteen
20
twenty
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twentyfour, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine
30
thirty
31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three, thirty-four,
thirty-five, thirty-six, thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine
40
forty
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 forty-one, forty-two, …
50
fifty
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 fifty-one, fifty-two, …
45
60
sixty
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 sixty-one, sixty-two, …
70
seventy
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 seventy-one, seventy-two, …
80
eighty
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 eighty-one, eighty-two, …
90
ninety
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 ninety-one, ninety-two, …
100
one hundred
101,102,103,104,105, … one hundred and one, one hundred and two, one
hundred and three, one hundred and four, one hundred and five, …
200
two hundred
300
three hundred
400
four hundred
500
five hundred
600
six hundred
700
seven hundred
800
eight hundred
900
nine hundred
1,000 one thousand
2,000, 3,000, 4,000, …
Practice:
1) 214
2) 235
3) 214
4) 453
5) 578
6) 789
two thousand, three thousand, four thousand, ...
46
7) 876
8) 1,230
9) 10,543
10) 500,123
11) 678,321
Notes:
47
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE DETERMINERS
A / AN / SOME
A / AN
Countable nouns are things we can count. We can make them plural.
Examples:
1) A dog / two dogs
2) A job / six jobs
3) A girl / many girls
Before singular countable nouns you can use a / an:
Examples:
1) That’s a good suggestion.
2) Do you need an umbrella?
We often use a/ an + noun when we say what something/someone is, or what
something/someone is like:
Examples:
1) A dog is an animal.
2) This is really a beautiful house.
3) What a lovely dress!
We use a / an for jobs:
Examples:
1) Tom’s father is a doctor.
2) I wouldn’t like to be an English teacher.
Notes:
48
SOME
We also use SOME with plural countable nouns. Some = a number of / a few of
(but we don’t know or say exactly how many):
Examples:
1) I’ve seen some good films recently.
2) Some friends of mine are coming to stay at the weekend.
We don’t use SOME when you are talking about things in general:
Example:
1) I love bananas.
Sometimes you can use SOME or leave it out:
Example:
1) There are (some) eggs in the fridge if you are hungry.
We have to use SOME when we mean SOME BUT NOT ALL / NOT MANY:
Examples:
1) Some children learn English very quickly. (Not all children)
2) Some policemen in Britain carry guns but most of them don’t.
Practice 1:
What are these things? Try and find out if you don’t know:
Example: an ant? It’s an insect.
1) a cauliflower? It’s
2) A pigeon?
3) A dandelion?
4) A skyscraper?
49
5) Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter? They
6) The Rhine? The Nile? The Mississippi?
Practice 2:
Put in a / an / some / or leave a space:
1) have you got _______________ camera?
2) Would you like to be _______________ actor?
3) Bill’s got ________________ big feet.
4) Do you collect ________________ stamps?
5) Tom always gives Ann ________________ flowers on her birthday.
6) Those are _____________ really nice trousers. Where did you get them?
7) What ______________ beautiful garden!
8) What ______________ lovely children!
9) ________________ birds, for example, the penguin, cannot fly.
10) Jack’s got ________________ very long legs, so he’s __________ fast
runner.
11) You need ___________ Visa to visit _________________ foreign
countries, but not all of them.
12) I’m going shopping. I’m going to get ________________ new clothes.
13) Jane is ______________ teacher. Her parents were _____________
teachers too.
14) When we reached the city center, _______________________ shops
were still open but most of them were already closed.
15) Do you enjoy going to ______________ concerts?
16) When I was ___________ child, I used to be very shy.
50
ARTICLE
THE
We use THE when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we mean.
For example, in a room we talk about the light / the floor / the ceiling / the door /
the carpet / etc.
Examples:
2) Can you turn off the light, please? (the light is in the room)
3) Where is the toilet, please? (the toilet is in the building / house)
4) The postman was late this morning. (our usual postman)
5) I took a taxi to the station. (the station of that town)
We say THE when there is only one of something:
Examples:
1) What is the longest river in the world?
2) We went to the most expensive restaurant in town.
3) The only television program he watches is the news.
4) Paris is the capital of France.
5) Everybody left at the end of the meeting.
6) The Earth goes round the sun. (Also: the moon / the world / the universe)
We say: the sea / the sky / the ground / the countryside / the country
Examples:
1) Would you rather live in a town or in the country?
2) Don’t sit on the ground. It’s wet!
3) We looked up at all the stars in the sky.
We say go to sea / be at sea (without the) when the meaning is go/be on a
voyage:
51
Example:
1) Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea.
We say space (not the space) when we mean space in the universe:
Example:
1) There are millions of stars in space. (in the universe)
2) He tried to park his car but the space wasn’t big enough.
We say the cinema / the theater:
Example:
1) We went to the cinema last night.
2) Do you often go to the theater?
We usually say the radio:
Examples:
1) We often listen to the radio.
2) I heard the news on the radio.
We usually say television (without the):
Examples:
1) We often watch television.
2) I watched the news on television.
But: Can you turn off the television, please? (the television set)
We don’t usually use the with the names of meals:
Examples:
1) What time is lunch?
2) We had dinner at a restaurant.
52
3) What did you have for breakfast?
4) Ann invited me for dinner.
Practice 1:
1) This morning I bought ____________ newspaper and ______________
magazine. ______________ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know
where ______________ magazine is.
2) My parents have ____________ cat and ___________ dog.
______________ dog never bites _______________ cats but
_______________ cat often scratches _______________ dog.
3) I saw _________________ accident this morning. ______________ car
crashed into ______________ wall. _______________ driver of
_____________ car was not hurt but ______________ car was quite
badly damaged.
4) When you turn into Lipson Road, you will see three houses:
___________ red one, _________________ blue one and
____________ white one. I live in _________________ white one.
5) We live in _____________ old house in ____________ middle of the
village. There is ________________ beautiful garden behind
____________ house. ______________ roof of ____________ house is
in very bad condition.
6) Would you like ___________ apple?
7) Could you close ____________ door, please?
8) We live in ____________ small flat near ____________ center of the
city.
9) Have you finished with ____________ book I lent you last week?
10) We went out for ____________ meal last night. ________________
restaurant we went to was excellent.
11) Did ____________ police find ____________ person who stole your
bicycle?
12) This is _________ nice house. Has it got ___________ garden?
13) It was sunny and warm, so we decided to sit in ___________ garden.
14) This morning I had ______________ boiled egg and toast for breakfast.
53
15) ___________ President of the United States is elected every four years.
16) As I was walking along the street, I saw __________ 10 note on
_____________ pavement.
17) I went to ____________ shop and asked to speak to ___________
manager.
18) Have you got _____________ car? No, I’ve never had ___________ car
in my life.
19) There’s no need to buy any milk. ______________ milkman brings it
every morning.
Practice 2:
1) There were no chairs so we all had to sit on _____________________.
2) As soon as I saw the fire, I called ______________________.
3) We didn’t have any stamps, so we had to go to __________________.
4) I had a toothache,
____________________.
so
I
made
an
appointment
with
5) Ann had to catch a train, so I took her to ____________________.
6) When we found that someone had broken into our house, we
called________________________.
7) Bill wasn’t feeling well, so he went to _______________________.
8) We didn’t have any money,
________________________.
so
9) The
plane
was
delayed,
so
we
_______________________ for three hours.
we
had
had
to
to
go
to
wait
at
10) I wrote my name at ________________ top of the page.
11) __________ moon goes round _________ earth every 27 days.
12) The Soviet Union was _________ first country to send a man into
________________.
13) Did you see the movie on _______ television or at ________ cinema?
54
14) After __________ lunch, we went for a walk by _________ sea.
15) I’m not hungry. I had ________________ big breakfast.
16) John was ____________ only person I talked to at the party.
17) Tim lives in ________ small village in _________ country.
18) Peru is _________ country in South America. ______________ capital
is Lima.
19) I never listen to _________ radio. In fact I haven’t got _______ radio.
20) It was ________ beautiful day. _______ sun shone brightly in ________
sky.
21) I’ve invited Tom to __________________ next Wednesday.
22) What is ________ highest mountain in ________ world?
23) We don’t go to __________ theater very much these days. In fact, in
__________ town where we live there isn’t _________ theater.
24) It was a long voyage. We went at _____________ sea for four weeks.
25) I prefer swimming in ____________ sea to swimming in pools.
26) Can you turn _______ television down, please? It’s a bit loud.
Notes:
55
MODAL VERBS (CAN / CAN’T / COULD / COULDN’T)
AFFIRMATIVE:
I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they can
NEGATIVE:
I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they can’t
INTERROGATIVE:
Can I? / you? / she? / he? / it? / we? / you? / they?
INTERROGATIVE/NEGAT: Can’t I? / you? / she? / he? / it? / we? / you? / they?
AFFIRMATIVE:
I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they could
NEGATIVE:
I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they couldn’t
INTERROGATIVE:
Could I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they?
INTERROGATIVE/NEGAT:
Couldn’t I / you / she / he / it / we / you / they?
We use CAN to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability
to do something.
Examples:
1) You can see the sea from your bedroom window.
2) Can you speak any foreign language?
3) I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday.
BE ABLE TO is possible instead of CAN, but CAN is more usual.
Example:
1) Are you able to speak any foreign language?
COULD and WAS BE ABLE TO
Sometimes COULD is the past of CAN. We use COULD especially with these
verbs: see / hear / smell / taste / feel / remember / understand
Examples:
1) When we went into the house, we could smell burning.
2) She spoke in a low voice but I could understand what she was saying.
When we mean that someone managed to do something in one particular
situation, you have to use WAS / WERE ABLE TO
56
Examples:
1) The fire spread through the building very quickly but everyone was able
to escape.
2) They didn’t want to come with us at first but in the end we were able to
persuade them.
The negative COULDN’T is possible in all situations.
Examples:
1) My grandfather couldn’t swim. (ability)
2) We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us. (managing
to do something)
Practice 1:
1) ____________________ he understand what you were talking about?
2) My sister ____________________ play tennis now.
3) I _______________ walk when I was less than a year old.
4) _________________ you tell me what time it is, please? (Polite)
5) My grandfather __________________ walk without any help last night.
6) I would like to _______________________ play the piano.
7) How long have you_______________________ drive?
8) I’ll ______________________ help you.
9) ______________ you help me? I ________________ never understand
this.
10) Will man ________________________ live forever one day?
Practice 2:
1) Last week we
2) Maybe the Smiths
3) If you try hard, you
swimming, this week we can't. (can / to go)
a new house next year. (can / to build)
your examinations. (can / to pass)
57
4) When I was five, I
. (not / can / to swim)
5) Dennis
the trumpet after four months. (can / to play)
6) Luke has passed his driving test, now he
drive)
7) For three weeks I
speak)
8) Alex
can / to do)
to him on the phone. (not /can / to
his homework when his desk is in such a mess. (not /
9) They were so busy, they
write)
10) Lisa
Notes:
a car. (can /to
me a text message. (not /can / to
her dress. She can wear it again. (can / to clean)
58
EXPRESSING TIME
What time is it? / Do you have the time?
1:00 =
It’s one o’clock
2:05=
It’s two o-five
3:15=
It’s three fifteen / It’s a quarter past three
3:30=
It’s three thirty /It’s half past three
3:45=
It’s three forty-five / It’s a quarter to four
3:50=
It’s three fifty / It’s ten to four
12:00=
It’s midnight
12:00=
It’s noon / It’s midday
Practice:
1) 1:20 = It’s
2) 3:30 =
3) 5:50 =
4) 9:45 =
5) 10:55 =
6) 11:15 =
7) 9:00 =
8) 12:00 =
59
9) 3:05 =
Notes:
60
PREPOSITIONS
Todas as preposições da Língua Inglesa regem o caso objetivo, estabelecendo
relações de lugar, tempo, posição, origem, causa, instrumento, maneira,
exclusão, etc. As preposições vem sempre antes da palavra que modifica,
exceto em interrogativas e em sentenças adjetivas que podem vir no final da
oração.
A maioria das preposições é usada de formas muito diferentes; apenas
algumas preposições apresentam uma lógica de uso, se consideradas em
grupo.
IN
1) em (dentro), idéia de inclusão:
Put the chalk in the box.
The table is in your room.
2) assinala um período de tempo:
in January, in 1978, in (the) summer, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the
evening, in the 18th century, in a week, in three months, etc...
I will go to Europe in September.
He is coming in the evening.
3) in bed, in time, in the car, in the trunk, in the taxi, in the way, in the end,
in the corner. in the navy, in the country, in ink, in mourning, in blue, in the
beginning, in behalf of, etc...
ON
1) em (sobre), algo toca uma superfície externa:
The book is on the table.
There is a painting on the wall.
2) assinala dia certo: on Friday, on February 1st, on a cold morning, on
Christmas Day, etc.
The students arrived on Tuesday.
61
It happened on a hot afternoon.
3) expressões preposicionais: on fire, on a diet, on and on, on business, on
sale, on show, on the telephone, on page two, on time, on foot, on the bus,
on the radio, on the first floor, on the way, on the dot, on the corner, on the
river, on the lake, on the beach, on the road, on the farm, on an axis, on the
right, on one’s finger, on me, on the house, on duty, on purpose, on Paulista
Ave, on the Continent, etc...
AT
1) em (implica posição em algum lugar):
We sat at the table.
He is at the bus stop.
I live at 579 Paulista Ave.
2) assinala um momento certo: at 10 o’clock, at Christmas, at midday, at
night, at the moment, at the age, etc...
The ghosts appear at midnight.
I start working at 8 p.m.
3) expressões preposicionais: at a loss, at all, at best, at one’s disposal, at
first sight, at hand, at most, at one, at random, at the bottom, at last, at
once, at times, at the end, at the corner, at liberty, at 50 mph, at auction, at
the door, at the beginning, at the back, etc...
OVER; acima de “sobre”, (algo não toca a superfície):
The balloon was over the city.
The cat jumped over the fence.
The sky is over our heads.
A captain is over a lieutenant.
He had water over his chest.
It weighs over ten pounds.
ABOVE: acima de “sobre” (algo não toca a superfície):
The helicopter flew above the trees.
There is a picture above the bed.
62
The text above is very interesting.
The President is above the Minister.
He is above suspicion.
There were above fifty students.
UNDER: sob, debaixo, em:
There is a boy under the bed.
We are under his order.
That happened under the monarch.
The weight is under 10 pounds.
BELOW: abaixo de, para baixo de:
It is five degrees below zero.
It’s the third shop below the hospital.
No hell below us.
He is below his schoolmates.
BETWEEN: entre (duas coisas ou pessoas):
The house is between the lake and the park.
Paul is between Charles and Mary.
The river lies between the hills and the houses.
He will come between 2 and 4pm.
AMONG: “amongst” entre (várias coisas ou pessoas):
The candies were divided among the kids.
Paul is among those guys.
The one-eyed are kings among the blind.
NEAR: perto de:
The chair is near the door.
We live near the church.
63
FAR FROM: longe de:
The library is far from here.
Campinas is far from Rio de Janeiro.
BEHIND: atrás de, depois de:
The broom is behind the door.
He came behind his hour.
THROUGH: através de, por, durante:
The train went through the tunnel.
We walked through the streets.
We remained awaked through the night.
The arrow entered through his arm.
He studied through three years.
The letter was sent through a tourist.
ACROSS: através de; do outro lado; em contato com:
We swam across the river.
There’s a restaurant across the street.
I came across this book yesterday.
ALONG: ao longo de, junto a:
The horses galloped along the road.
I walked along the banks of the river.
AROUND: ao redor de:
There is a shop around the corner.
They walked around the building.
UP: para cima:
We went up the river.
He climbed up the hill.
64
1) expressões preposicionais: up against, ups and downs, up to, up to now,
etc...
DOWN: para baixo:
We went down the river.
He came down the hill.
FROM: de (procedência), desde:
She is coming from Paris.
Did you hear from your aunt?
Adapted from the magazine.
Don’t take her from me.
That shop is opened from 9 to five.
He jumped from the window.
1) expressões preposicionais: from above, from bad to worse, from beginning
to end, from head to foot, from now on, from scratch, from time to time, etc...
TO: para, em direção a, até, contra:
He is going to Paris.
They are coming to my house.
She is an exception to the rule.
He was wet to the skin.
She was kind to her guests.
I will bet ten to one.
OUT OF: para fora de (movimento):
Get out of the bus.
I am going out of this room.
INTO: em; para dentro de (movimento):
He jumped into the water.
They came into the room.
65
Translate into Portuguese.
She came into an inheritance.
OFF: fora de (separação, afastamento):
Keep off the grass.
He fell off his horse.
Take the boxes off the table.
He is off duty.
ONTO: em direção a (movimento):
The king walked onto the platform.
He came on to the balcony.
The boy threw the ball onto the roof.
INSIDE: dentro de (fechado):
The cars are inside the garage.
We live inside the park.
I have got you inside my heart.
Don’t go inside the house.
OUTSIDE: fora de, exceto:
I heard footsteps outside the door.
We live outside the park.
Nobody knows where he is, outside his family.
BEYOND: além de, depois de:
Love is beyond all human control.
What lies beyond the mountains?
We won’t stay here beyond Autumn.
BY: por volta de, em torno de, perto de, por meio de, por:
I shall be here by five o’clock.
66
I will leave by the end of the month.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
We live by the river.
They were sitting by the window.
She lives by herself.
The news was sent by telegram.
They are coming by plane.
This room is 15 feet by 10 feet.
We can go by bus.
The engine is driven by gas.
I will go by your leave.
1) expressões preposicionais: by accident, by day, by degrees, by far, by
heart, by-pass, by product, by sight, by the way, by no means, by means of,
etc...
OF: de:
This man has nerves of iron.
May I have a glass of water?
The keys of the car are here.
These are symptoms of depression.
His breath smelled of tobacco.
He is a boy of seven.
AFTER: atrás de, depois de, em homenagem a, parecido com:
The police were running after the thief.
They left after dinner.
He was named Henry after his uncle.
He takes after his father.
BEFORE: diante de, antes de, perante:
67
They were sitting before the fireplace.
He will arrive before noon.
The poor and rich are alike before God.
He stood before his father.
SINCE: desde:
I haven’t seen him since last month.
She hasn’t come home since then.
TILL = UNTIL: até:
I will wait till the end of the month.
They’ll stay here until August.
WITH: com, de:
She is very popular with her colleagues
You can cut it with a knife.
He was shivering with cold.
We differ with your father.
She was received with a smile.
It was made with water.
FOR: para, por, quanto a (geralmente, usado com os reflexivos,
oblíquos, shall, could):
We have lived here for ten years.
An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.
They are leaving for Paris.
She works hard for $300.
I will buy a book for myself.
There is a letter for him.
Shall I open this bottle for you?
Could you carry this for me?
68
The house was not for sale.
I will vote for you.
You are the man for this job.
He is young for his age.
1) expressões preposicionais: for all, for example, for sale, for God’s sake,
for keeps, for the first time, for fun, for the sake of, etc...
AGAINST: contra, em troca de:
Abortion is against his principle.
Palmeiras is playing against Vasco.
We took machinery against coffee.
Lean the ladder against the wall.
Practice:
I'm Peter and I live
Germany.
Italy, because
summer I took a plane
went to our hotel
summer I like to travel
the weather and the people there. Last
Munich to Rome.
bus. We stopped
a quick meal. The driver parked the bus
could find the bus and the driver, so we waited
one hour. The driver was walking
the airport we
a small restaurant for
the restaurant. Nobody
the restaurant
the small park
the restaurant which we did not know. So we were very angry
him. But my holidays were great. We sat
went dancing
Notes:
the early mornings.
campfires and
69
CLOTHING (CLOTHES,CLOTHS, PATTERNS, MATERIALS, ACCESSORIES
& JEWELRY)
TRANSLATION
APRON
AVENTAL
ARMLET
PULSEIRA
BACKPACK
MOCHILA
BAG
BOLSA, SACOLA
BATHING SUIT
MAIÔ
BATHROBE
ROUPÃO
BELT
CINTO
BERET
BOINA
BIKINI
BIQUINI
BLAZER
BLAZER (CASACO COM BOTÃO)
BLOUSE
BLUSA
BOBBYPIN (AME)
GRAMPO DE CABELO
BONNET
BONÉ
BOOTS
BOTAS
BOW-TIE
GRAVATA BORBOLETA
BRA
SUTIÃ
BRACELET
PULSEIRA
BRAID
TRANÇA
BRIEFCASE
MALETA (MASCULINA)
BROOCH
BROCHE
BUCKLE
FIVELA (CINTO, BOLSA, SAPATO)
BUTTON
BOTÃO
CAGOULE
CASACO COMPRIDO COM CAPUZ
CANVAS
LONA
CAP
GORRO, BONÉ
CHAIN
CORRENTE, COLAR
CHAMOIS
CHAMOIS,
CAMURÇA
(TECIDO
FEITO
DA
PELE
DO
70
CABRITO-MONTÊS)
CHANGE PURSE
PORTA MOEDAS
CHECKED
XADREZ (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
CLIP
GRAMPO
CLOAK
PONCHO
CLOG
TAMANCO (FECHADO NA FRENTE)
COAT
CASACO
COMB
PENTE
COTTON
ALGODÃO
COWBOY BOOTS
BOTAS (ESTILO COWBOY)
CUFF LINKS
ABOTOADURAS
DIAMOND
DIAMANTE
DINNER JACKET
SMOKING
DR. MARTENS
BOTINA, CUTURNO
DRESS
VESTIDO
DUNGAREES
MACACÃO
EARRINGS
BRINCOS
EMBROIDERED
BORDADO
EMERALD
ESMERALDA
ENGAGEMENT RING
ANEL DE NOIVADO
EVENING GOWN
TRAJE DE NOITE
EYE SHADOW
SOMBRA P/ OLHOS
FELT
FELTRO
FLIP-FLOP (BRE)
CHINELO HAVAIANA
FLOWERED
FLORIDO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
FOOTBALL BOOT
CHUTEIRA
FUR COAT
CASACO DE PELE
GARMENT
QUALQUER PEÇA DE ROUPA
GIRDLE
CINTA (FEMININA)
71
GLASSES
ÓCULOS
GLOVES
LUVAS
GOLD
OURO
GYMSHOE (BRE)
TÊNIS
HAIR PIN
PRESILHA DE CABELO
HAIRBRUSH
ESCOVA DE CABELO
HAIRGRIP (BRE)
GRAMPO DE CABELO
HAIRPIECE
APLIQUE (CABELO)
HALF SLIP
SAIOTE
HANDKERCHIEF
LENÇO DE BOLSO
HAT
CHAPÉU
HELMET
CAPACETE
HERRINGBONE
ESCAMA DE PEIXE (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
HIGH-HEELED SHOES
SAPATOS DE SALTO ALTO
HIGH-TOP SNEAKERS
TENNIS DE CANO ALTO
HOOD
CAPUZ
HOOK
GANCHO
HOOK AND EYE
COLCHETE
JACKET
BLAZER (CASACO ABERTO)
JEANS
BRIM, CALÇA FEITA DESSE TECIDO
JERSEY
CAMISETA P/ ESPORTES
JEWELRY
JÓIAS EM GERAL
JOGGING SUIT
CALÇA E CASACO (AGASALHO)
KERCHIEF
LENÇO DE PESCOÇO
KEY RING / KEY CHAIN
CHAVEIRO
KILT
SAIA ESCOCESA (P/ HOMENS)
KNAPSACK
MOCHILA
KNEE SOCKS
MEIAS ATÉ O JOELHO
LACE
RENDA
72
LAPEL
LAPELA
LEATHER
COURO
LEOTARD
COLLANT (P/ ATIVIDADES ESPORTIVAS)
LINEN
LINHO
LIPSTICK
BATOM
LYCRA SHORTS
SHORT OU BERMUDA DE LYCRA
MAKE-UP
MAQUIAGEM
MESH
MALHA (TECIDO)
MITTEN
LUVA DE UM DEDO
MOCCASIN
SAPATO MOCASIN
MOON BOOT
BOTA TÉRMICA (USADA EM DIAS FRIOS)
NECKLACE
COLAR
NIGHTGOWN
CAMISOLA
OUTFIT
CONJUNTO
OVERALL (BRE)
CAPA PARA TRABALHAR (USADA SOBRE A ROUPA)
OVERALLS (AME)
MACACÃO
OVERCOAT
SOBRETUDO
OVERSHOES
GALOCHAS
PANAMA HAT
CHAPÉU PANAMÁ
PANTIES
CALCINHA
PANTS
CALÇA
PANTYHOSE
MEIA-CALÇA
PARKA
PARCA
PEAKED HAT
QUEPE
PEARL
PÉROLA
PENDANT
PINGENTE
PIG-TAIL
MARIA-CHIQUINHA
PIN
ALFINETE
PLAID
XADREZ (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
73
PLAITED
TRANÇADO
PLASTIC
PLÁSTICO
PLIMSOLL (BRE)
TÊNIS
POCKET
BOLSO
POLKA-DOT
BOLINHA (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
POLO NECK
GOLA PÓLO
PONY-TAIL
RABO-DE-CAVALO
PORTFOLIO
PASTA P/ DOCUMENTOS
PRESS STUD (BRE)
BOTÃO DE PRESSÃO
PRINT
ESTAMPADO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
PURSE
BOLSA
PYJAMAS
PIJAMA
RAINCOAT
CAPA DE CHUVA
RIBBON
FITA, FITILHO
RING
ANEL
RUBBER
BORRACHA
RUBBER BOOT (AME)
BOTA DE BORRACHA
RUBY
RUBI
RUCKSACK
MOCHILA
SAFETY PIN
ALFINETE DE SEGURANÇA
SAILCLOTH
BRIM
SANDALS
CHINELO, SANDÁLIA
SAPPHIRE
SAFIRA
SATIN
CETIM
SCARF
CACHECOL, ECHARPE
SEWING
COSTURA
SHAMMY (CHAMOIS)
CHAMOIS, CAMURÇA
CABRITO-MONTÊS)
SHAWL
XALE
(TECIDO
FEITO
DA
PELE
DO
74
SHIRT
CAMISA
SHOES
SAPATOS
SHORTS
SHORTS, BERMUDAS
SILK
SEDA
SILVER
PRATA
SKI JACKET
CASACO DE NYLON PARA NEVE
SKIRT
SAIA
SLEEVE
MANGA
SLIP
COMBINAÇÃO
SLIPPERS
CHINELO DE QUARTO, PANTUFAS
SNAP FASTENER (AME)
BOTÃO DE PRESSÃO
SNEAKERS (AME)
TÊNIS
SOCKS
MEIAS
SOLE
SOLADO DE SAPATO
SOLID
LISO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
SOLITAIRE
SOLITÁRIO
SOMBRERO
CHAPÉU MEXICANO
STOCKING CAP (AME)
GORRO DE LÃ
STOCKINGS
MEIAS DE NYLON
STRING OF PEARLS
COLAR DE PÉROLAS
STRIPED
LISTRADO (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
SUEDE
NAPA
SUIT
TERNO, PALETÓ
SUITCASE
MALA DE VIAGEM
SUNGLASSES
ÓCULOS DE SOL
SUSPENDERS
SUSPENSÓRIOS
SWEAT PANTS
CALÇA DE AGASALHO
SWETER
SUÉTER
SWIMMING-SUIT
MAIÔ
75
TANK
CAMISETA REGATA
TARTAN
XADREZ (PADRÃO ESCOCÊS)
TENNIS SHOES
TÊNIS
THONG (AME)
CHINELO HAVAIANA
TIE
GRAVATA
TIE-CLIP
PRENDEDOR DE GRAVATA
TOGGLE
BOTÃO DE MADEIRA
TOP HAT
CARTOLA
TRAINER (BRE)
TÊNIS
TRIM
QUALQUER DETALHE BORDADO EM ROUPA, SAPATO,
BOLSA, ETC
TROUSERS
CALÇAS
T-SHIRT
CAMISETA
TURTLE NECK
CAMISETA DE GOLA ALTA
TUX
SMOKING
(INFORMAL WAY)
TUXEDO
SMOKING
UMBRELLA
GUARDA-CHUVA
UNDERSKIRT
SAIOTE
VEIL
VÉU
VEST
COLETE
V-NECK SWEATER
SUÉTER EM DECOTE “V”
WALLET
CARTEIRA
WEDDING DRESS
VESTIDO DE NOIVA
WELLINGTON
(BRE)
BOOT
BOTA DE BORRACHA
WOOL
LÃ
ZIG ZAG
ZIGUE-ZAGUE (PADRÃO DE TECIDO)
ZIPPER (AME)
ZÍPER
76
Notes:
77
FAMILY
Grandparents
Grandmother (grandma)
Grandfather (grandpa)
Grandchildren
Granddaughter
Grandson
Parents
Mother (mum)
Father (dad, daddy)
Stepmother
Stepfather
Children
Daughter
Son
Foster son
Foster daughter
Relatives
Aunt (auntie)
Uncle
Cousin
Brother
Sister
Niece
Nephew
In-laws
Mother-in-law
Father-in-law
Brother-in-law
Sister-in-law
Son-in-law
Daughter-in-law
At weddings
Bride
78
Groom
Best friend
Marital Status
Single
Married
Divorced
Widow
Widower
Engaged
Notes:
79
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
How do you go?
By
How do you go?
On
Foot
Airplane
Horseback
Boat
Bus
Car
Ferry boat
Hovercraft
Ship
Subway
Street car
Train
LIKES AND DISLIKES
ENTERTAINMENT AND HOBBIES
I like going jogging at weekends.
I don’t like going to the gym every day.
I like playing the keyboard.
I don’t like listening to country music.
Some verbs:
Go rollerblading / Go ice skating / Go swimming / Go to the gym (fitness center)
/ Go shopping / Go to the movies / Go to the theater / Go to a concert / Play
soccer / Play volleyball / Play the flute / Play the cello / etc.
Practice:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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f)
g)
READING TECHNIQUES (SKIMMING AND SCANNING)
There are different styles of reading for different situations. The technique you
choose will depend on the purpose for reading. For example, you might be
reading for enjoyment, information, or to complete a task.
If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document. If you're
searching for information, you might scan for a particular word. You need to
adjust your reading speed and technique depending on your purpose.
Many people consider skimming and scanning search techniques rather than
reading strategies. However when reading large volumes of information, they
may be more practical than reading. For example, you might be searching for
specific information, looking for clues, or reviewing information.
Web pages, novels, textbooks, manuals, magazines, newspapers, and mail are
just a few of the things that people read every day. Effective and efficient
readers learn to use many styles of reading for different purposes. Skimming,
scanning, and critical reading are different styles of reading and information
processing.
Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read
the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're
scanning the text. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than
normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a
limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be
of interest in your research.
Strategies that can be used when skimming: Some people read the first and last
paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move
down the page or screen. You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and
illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph. This
technique is useful when you're seeking specific information rather than reading
for comprehension. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places. It
might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts.
Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone
book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most cases, you know
what you're looking for, so you're concentrating on finding a particular answer.
Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific
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words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to
determine whether it will answer your questions. Once you've scanned the
document, you might go back and skim it.
When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers,
letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold
faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will
put key ideas in the margin. Reading off a computer screen has become a
growing concern. Research shows that people have more difficulty reading off a
computer screen than off paper. Although they can read and comprehend at the
same rate as paper, skimming on the computer is much slower than on paper.
FUNCTIONS (EXPRESSING PERSONAL PREFERENCES)
DIALOG: PRICES
Steve:
Maria:
Steve:
Maria:
Steve:
Maria:
Steve:
Maria:
Steve:
Oh, look at those earrings, Maria. They’re perfect for you.
These red ones?
No, the yellow ones.
Oh, these? Hmm. Yellow isn’t a good color for me.
Well, that necklace isn’t bad.
Which one?
That blue one right there. How much is it?
It’s $42 dollars! That’s expensive!
Hey, let me get it for you. It’s your birthday present.
Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English
FUNCTION (MAKING TELEPHONES CALLS)
DIALOG: TELEPHONE FACILITIES
Michael:
Operator:
Michael:
Operator:
Michael:
Operator:
Michael:
Hollywood
May I have the number for directory assistance?
Is this for long distance assistance?
Yes.
You dial 1, then the area code, then 5-5-5, 1-2-2.
Sure, OK. But, what is the area code for Hollywood?
It’s 2-1-3.
Thank you.
Operator: Hello, Directory Assistance. What is the name and
the address that you require?
Michael:
Studios Inn Hotel, Hollywood Boulevard.
Operator:
Just one moment, please.
Recorded message:
The number is area code 2-1-3, 1-3-1-, 6-8-5-3.
Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English
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FUNCTION (GIVING OPINIONS / SUGGESTIONS)
DIALOG: GIVING SUGGESTIONS
David:
Maria:
David:
Maria:
David:
Maria:
David:
Maria:
David:
Can you tell me a little about Mexico City?
Sure I can. What would you like to know?
Well, what’s a good time to visit?
I think you can go anytime. The weather is always nice.
Oh, good! And what should I see there?
Well, you should visit the National Museum and go to
the
Palace of Fine Arts.
What else?
Oh, you shouldn’t miss the Pyramid of the Sun. It’s very
interesting.
It all sounds really exciting!
Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English
FUNCTION (TALKING ABOUT ROUTINES)
DIALOG: TALKING ABOUT HOBBIES
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
Pierre:
Josie:
What do you like doing in your free time?
Free time? We don’t have free time in this job.
Oh, come on! Don’t be silly!
Well, I like playing tennis. And you?
I like aerobics, dancing and swimming.
What about tennis? I love tennis.
Well, I like it, but I am not very good at tennis.
I can give you some lessons.
Really? That’s very kind of you.
When shall we start? Maybe next week?
Sorry, Pierre. It will take a few months.
Why? Are you working harder than me?
I am taking a post-graduation course after work.
You are crazy. Be careful! You’ll get stressed.
I think I will stop working.
Curtin, John; Viney, Peter. Survival English
FUNCTION (MAKING REQUESTS)
DIALOG: MAKING A RESERVATION
Clerk:
Caller:
Caesar Park Hotel, may I help you?
Yes, I’d like to make a reservation, please
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Clerk:
Caller:
Clerk:
Caller:
Clerk:
Caller:
Clerk:
Caller:
Clerk:
Caller:
Clerk:
Caller:
Clerk:
Caller:
Notes:
Could you hold the line for a moment?
Yes, I can wait. I am not in a hurry.
Sorry, sir. The hotel is fully booked.
It is just a single room, for one night!
Just one night? Which date exactly, sir?
It’s April 21st. I will arrive at 12 o’clock.
Eh... I have a single for that date. Could you tell me your name,
please?
David Lewis. I work for the government
Oh, really? I think you have stayed with us before.
Yes, this is my third time in Paris.
Will you be paying by credit card?
Yes. It is Visa. Do you accept Visa?
Yes, sir. What is the number?
It’s 4335 1713 6094.
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PLACE DESCRIPTIONS
VANCOUVER / CANADA
The City of Vancouver, in the province of
British Columbia, is just over 100 years old
(1886). The population of British Columbia
is four million, and more than half lives in
Greater Vancouver. It is the third largest
city in Canada. It has a beautiful location
with water on three sides. Vancouver has
a mild climate. You can get to the ocean, the beach, or the mountains very
quickly. It is only 25 miles from the border with the U.S.A. Vancouver is a major
North-American port (the second largest in America). It’s the largest port of the
West Coast. It’s also a major center of tourism. The most famous building is
Canada Place (1986). Canada Place is the terminal for cruise ships to Alaska.
Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
How old is the City of Vancouver?
How many people live in British Columbia?
How many people live in Greater Vancouver?
Is it the largest city in Canada?
What’s the weather like in Vancouver?
How far is it from the U.S.A. border?
Is it difficult to arrive at the ocean, beach or mountains in Vancouver?
Is the city important for tourism?
What is the most famous building in that city?
Answers
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DESCRIBING SAN DIEGO
San Diego / state / California
More than 220 years old / (1769)
Population 2.6 million
2nd city / California
Dry, sunny climate
Oceans, mountains, desert
San Diego Zoo – largest in the world
18 miles / Mexico
Tourism 3rd largest industry (1st = manufacturing, 2nd = U.S. military)
Building – old Spanish Mission (San Diego de Alcalá) (1769)
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DESCRIBING YOUR CITY
87
TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF
Alicia Romero
Born: San Diego, California
School: San Diego, California
College: USC (University of Southern California), San Diego, 4 years,
degree in Art (majoring in Photography)
Experience: Photographic Assistant, Kiddle Portraits, Del Mar, 4 weeks
Photographic Assistant, San Diego Sun newspaper, 2 years Official
photographer, Janet Jackson U.S. Tour, 3 months Photographer,
Sagebrush Marketing
I’m Alicia Romero. I was born in San Diego California…
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TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF
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PHRASAL VERBS
In modern English it is very usual to place prepositions or adverbs after certain
verbs so as to obtain a variety of meanings:
Examples:
Give up / look after / look for / look out / run over / etc…
It is also important to learn whether the combination is transitive (requires an
object) or intransitive (cannot have an object):
Examples:
Look for = is transitive: I am looking for my glasses.
Look out = is intransitive: Look out! The truck is coming fast!
Be over (intr.) = be finished
The storm is over now; we can go on.
Be up (intr.) = be out of bed
Don’t expect her to answer the doorbell at 8 o’clock on Sunday morning. She
won’t be up.
Bear out (trans.) = confirm
This report bears out my theory.
This report bears my theory out. (This report bears it out)
Bear up (intr.) = support bad news bravely, hide feelings.
The news of her death was a great shock to him but he bore up.
Blow out (trans.) = extinguish (a flame) by blowing
The wind blew out the candle. (The wind blew the candle out)
Blow up (trans. or intr.) = destroy by explosion
They blew up the bridges so that the enemy couldn’t follow them.
Break down = cause to collapse by using force
The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house.
The firemen had to break the door down. (The firemen had to break it down)
Break up (intr.) = terminate (used of schools terms, meetings, parties, etc)
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The school broke up on 30 July and all the boys went home for the holidays.
Bring up = educate and train children
She brought up her children to be truthful.
She brought her children up to be truthful. (She brought them up to be truthful)
Call off = cancel something not started yet, or abandon something already
in progress.
They had to call off the match as the ground was too wet to play on.
They had to call the match off as the ground was too wet to play on. (They had
to call it off as the ground was too wet to play on.
Practice:
Come across = find by chance
Come along = come with me
Come in = enter
Come out = be revealed, exposed (the subject here is normally the truth/the
facts/the whole story etc and usually refers to facts which the people concerned
were trying to keep hidden)
Come up = rise to the surface
Do away with = abolish
Be fed up with = be completely bored
Find out = discover
Get away = escape
Get out = to leave an enclosed space
Get out of = free oneself from an obligation or habit
Get over = recover from illness, distress or mental weakness)
Get through = finish a piece of work, finish successfully
Get through = get into telephone communication
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Give up = abandon or discontinue a habit, sport, study
Go ahead = proceed, continue
Go back = return
Go off = explode, be fired (of guns, usually accidentally), be successful, start a
journey, leave
Go on = continue
Go over = examine, study or repeat carefully
Go through = examine carefully
Go through = suffer
Go up = rise (of prices)
Hand out = distribute
Hold on = wait
Keep up = maintain (an effort)
Keep up with = remain abreast of someone who is advancing; advance at the
same pace as
Look after = take care of
Look forward to = expect with pleasure
Look over = inspect critically, read again, revise quickly
Look through = examine a number of things, often in order to select some of
them
Look up to = respect
Make for = travel towards
Make up one’s mind = come to a decision
Make up (a story, excuse, explanation) = invent
Make up for = compensate for
Mix up = confuse
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Pull through = recover from illness
Put off (an action) = postpone
Ring up = telephone
Run after = pursue
Run into = collide with
Run into / run across = meet someone accidentally
Run out of = have none left, having consumed all the supply
Send for = summon
Show off = display (skill, knowledge, etc) purely in order to win notice or
applause
Stand for = represent
Take after = resemble (one’s parents/grandparents etc)
Take in = deceive
Take off = remove
Take off = leave the ground (of aeroplanes)
Take over = assume responsibility
Take to = begin a habit
Take up = begin a hobby, sport or kind of study
Talk over = discuss
Think over = consider
Try out = test
Turn on = switch on
Turn off = switch off
Turn up = increase the pressure, force, volume
Turn down = decrease the pressure, force, volume
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Turn out = produce
Wash up = wash the plates (after a meal)
Watch out = look out
Notes:
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UNITED STATES LEGAL FEDERAL HOLIDAYS / 2010
January 1: New Year's Day
January 18: Martin Luther King Day (3rd Monday in Jan)
February 15: Presidents Day (3rd Monday in Feb). *note: Presidents Day is
also Washington's Birthday
May 31: Memorial Day (last Monday in May)
July 4: Independence Day
July 5: Federal employees extra day off for July 4th
September 6: Labor Day (1st Monday in September)
October 11: Columbus Day (2nd Monday in October)
November 11: Veterans' Day
November 25: Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday in November)
December 24: Federal employees extra day off for Christmas
December 25: Christmas Day