Agapornis roseicollis
rosy-faced lovebird
By Jessica Vonck
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Subfamily: Psittacinae
Genus: Agapornis
Species: Agapornis roseicollis
Geographic Range
Peach-faced or rosy-cheeked lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) have a range centered on
the south-western portion of Africa. They inhabit the north-west corner of South Africa,
through the western half of Namibia, and into the southwest corner of Angola. The area
around Lake Ngami is quickly becoming populated by A. roseicollis due to natural
range expansion. This species is kept as a cage bird in many parts of the world,
including the United States and Japan. (De Grahl, 1984; Rowan, 1983)
Habitat
Elevation
1500 m (high)
(4920 ft)
Agapornis roseicollis lives in dry regions near permanent standing water. Habitats used
by this species include the outskirts of deserts and woodlands, and poorly wooded areas,
as long as the few trees are located near water. Preferred regions vary from sea level to
elevations over 1500 m. (Rowan, 1983)
Physical Description
Mass
48 to 61 g; avg. 54.80 g
(1.69 to 2.15 oz; avg. 1.93 oz)
Length
15 cm (average)
(5.91 in)
Wingspan
98 to 102 mm; avg. 99.60 mm
(3.86 to 4.02 in; avg. 3.92 in)
Agapornis roseicollis is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful lovebird species.
These birds weigh about 55 g, and are 15 cm long. Females tend to be slightly heavier
than males. Wingspans range from 98 mm to 102 mm in males, and 99 mm to 106 mm
in females. The average wingspans for males and females are 99.6 and 102.6 mm,
respectively.
This species shows age-related and, to a lesser extent, sexual variation in coloration.
Males have rosy pink foreheads, chins, throats, upper breasts and cheeks. The remainder
of the body is typically bright green, although the underside is slightly lighter. The feet
are a mix of greenish-grey and the bill is horn-colored. The rump and the feathers
covering the tail are bright blue; the tail feathers themselves are green with blue tips,
and all but the central feathers have a black band with red patches toward the end. The
females of this species are very similar but slightly duller in color.
The young initially have much paler faces than adults. Birghter feathers erupt after their
first molt at around 4 months of age. Also, the upper mandible of young birds is black at
first, only later becoming the horn-color common in adults.
There are two subspecies of A. roseicollis; these are A. roseicollis roseicollis, and A.
roseicollis catumbella. Agapornis roseicollis catumbella can be recognized by its
brighter colors. The throat is much redder with a touch of lavender. The green color is
much deeper, and the rump is more purple than blue. The beak is also much different
than that described above; it is white with green dots. Agapornis roseicollis catumbella
is less common than A. roseicollis roseicollis, and it typically inhabits the small region
of Benguela, an area of Angola.
A blue mutation occurs in both the wild and in captivity, although it is not particularly
common. In captivity, several color mutations of this species have been selectively bred.
(Rowan, 1983; Smith, 1979; Vriends, 1978)
Reproduction
Breeding interval
Agapornis roseicollis is a seasonal breeder in the wild, and a year-round breeder in
captivity. This has led some ornithologists to conclude that the species breeds when
conditions are favorable, not at a specific time of the year.
Breeding season
It is hypothesized, though not certain, that breeding takes place between February and
May in the wild.
Eggs per season
4 to 6; avg. 5
Time to hatching
23.30 days (average)
Time to fledging
42.80 days (average)
Time to independence
2 months (average)
Age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
2 months (average)
Age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
2 months (average)
In this species pair formation is very rapid and can occur at as early an age as two
months. Pairs formed between siblings are not uncommon. Females are dominant and
males wait for female approval before approaching. Females show this approval by
assuming a fluffed position.
Males feed their mates during courtship. Because feeding is an important component of
the interaction between mates, males use head bobbing, similar to the movement used in
feeding, to attract females. Scratching is also used during courtship. A male will
position himself near a female and scratch her head, especially the area around the beak
and the beak itself. When a male is trying to approach a female, he creeps towards her
in a sideways fashion known as sidling. If she appears aggressive, he tries to approach
from the other side in a process known as switch sidling; however, if she seems
receptive he continues sidling toward her. (Rowan, 1983)
Agapornis roseicollis has been observed to be a seasonal breeder in the wild, but in
captivity can breed year-round. Its eggs are typically 23.5 x 17.3 mm. On average, 4 to
6 eggs are laid in one season. In captivity as many as 8 have been laid. Eggs hatch after
about 23 days of incubation, and young fledge at about 43 days of age. The young begin
to form pairs at around 2 months of age, and also begin to seek their own nests at this
time. (Rowan, 1983)
Eggs are laid every other day during the breeding season. Beginning when the first egg
is laid, a female spends the majority of her time in the nest incubating the eggs. Males
often bring their mates food during the period of incubation. The average incubation
period is 23.3 days.
After the young hatch, a female regurgitates food brought to her by the male to feed the
young. Food that the young eat has therefore been regurgitated twice. Starting midway
through the nestling period, which lasts between 5 and 6 weeks, both parents feed the
young directly.
Little is known about the behavior of wild A. roseicollis in regards to parental
investment after fledging. In captivity, the young remain dependent upon the parents for
two more weeks and frequently fly back to the nest to receive food; this happens for as
long as the parents permit. When the young leave the nest, after around 42.8 days, they
are fully feathered and able to fly.
Agapornis roseicollis shows variability in both nest choice and nest usage. In the wild,
these birds commonly breed in the large, communal nests of sociable weavers. They
also use the nests of white-browed sparrow-weavers. It is not known if A. roseicollis
forces these other birds out of their nests or if they use vacated nests. In captivity A.
roseicollis pairs build their own nests. A female prepares strips of bark by cutting them
with her beak into relatively uniform shapes and sizes. To carry the bark to the nest site,
a female tucks them into the feathers of her rump. Together the male and female build
the nest in the shape of a deep cup using bark, leaves, and grass. (De Grahl, 1984;
Rowan, 1983; Vriends, 1978)
Lifespan/Longevity
Average lifespan (captivity)
20 years
Extreme lifespan (captivity)
15 to 25 years
The typical lifespan in captivity of A. roseicollis is 15 to 25 years. It is not known what
limits the lifespan of this species. It is also not known what the typical lifespan in the
wild is, although it is likely to be shorter than that seen in captivity. (De Grahl, 1984)
Behavior
Agapornis roseicollis is a very social bird. It tends to move around in flocks of at least
5, with typical groups sizes ranging between 5 and 20 birds. At times, usually when
grass seeds ripen in their natural environment, groups of about 100 are not uncommon.
Movement is primarily by flight, but over short distances these birds prefer to walk or
sidle sideways. This species has been recorded flying at 58 km/hr. Long flights are
regularly interrupted by periods of gliding. Gliding periods are most often accompanied
by a characteristic squawking sound. These birds can climb up vertical walls using feet
and beak, often beating their wings rapidly to facilitate movement.
Allopreening and bathing are behaviors observed in these birds, but water bathing in
this species is far less common than in other Agapornis species.
When cold, the birds fluff their feathers out and even huddle together in pairs or in
groups of 4 or 5 in order to conserve heat.
Agapornis roseicollis sleeps at night and is active in the day. At night these love birds
roost in the nests of the white-browed sparrow-weavers or of sociable weavers. (Rowan,
1983; Vriends, 1978)
Communication and Perception
This lovebird makes a sharp screeching noise. This can be given as a single sound or as
a series of squawks. This species also can make a soft, rasping mechanical noise by
rubbing its mandibles together. Mates communicate for breeding purposes as discussed
in the previous section on mating systems, using visual signals like bobbing. These
birds also allopreen as a form of communication and to help maintain the pair bond.
(Rowan, 1983)
Food Habits
Agapornis roseicollis typically feeds on seeds, especially seeds native to its habitat,
such as those from Albizia and Acacia. It eats the seeds by either picking them off
growing plants or by picking them up off the ground, then husking them rapidly using
the tongue, mandible and the cutting edge of the maxilla. It feeds on flowers by
plucking them from trees and clipping off the petals and stamens with the beak. This
species is known to drink water several times per day in order to cope with the demands
placed upon it by the hot, arid habitat in which it lives. (Rowan, 1983)
Plant Foods:
seeds, grains, and nuts; flowers.
Predation
Known predators

none known
Agapornis roseicollis deals with predators by mobbing. As part of their mobbing
behavior, individuals initially stand upright and squawk loudly. If the predator moves
closer, they flap their wings wildly, holding their bodies erect, and increase their
squawking to even higher-pitched squeaks. They also move toward the attacker as if to
attack. If the predator does not back down, large groups of birds will attack. (Smith,
1979)
Ecosystem Roles
Agapornis roseicollis has two known parasites. These are the ectoparasites Pellonyssus
viator, a mite, and the feather louse Afrimenopon waar Amblycera. Other ways that this
species affects its ecosystem are through its interactions with other species of birds,
especially the ones whose nests it uses. As a result of its seed-based diet, A. roseicollis
probably has some impact on plant ecology. (Rowan, 1983)
Commensal or parasitic species (or larger taxonomic groups) that use this species
as a host

Pellonyssus viator

Afrimenopon waar
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Agapornis roseicollis also has few negative affects on humans, with the notable
exception of the damage it causes to farmers’ seed crops. It is an important pest on
millet and other small-grained crops, which has led to a rapid population decline due of
persecution by farmers trying to protect their crops. (Smith, 1979; Vriends, 1978)
Ways that these animals might be a problem for humans:
crop pest.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Agapornis roseicollis has little positive economic importance for humans apart from its
popularity as a cage bird. This species is found all over the world as a pet, and its many
color mutations and outgoing personality make it a favorite. A second, and more minor
economic value, is tourism. People from around the world take trips to Africa, often to
the area around Lake Ngami, now part of this species' territory, to see the beautiful
wildlife. (De Grahl, 1984; Smith, 1979; Vriends, 1978)
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: [link]:
Least Concern.
US Migratory Bird Act: [link]:
No special status.
US Federal List: [link]:
No special status.
CITES: [link]:
No special status.
Agapornis roseicollis is not currently considered a threatened or endangered species.
Other Comments
Agapornis roseicollis has a long history of being kept and bred in captivity, but it has
not been widely studied in the wild. The first record the peach-faced lovebird in
captivity is from 1869. (Smith, 1979)
Contributors
Organisms and Populations (BS 110) [01/05 - 05/05], Michigan State University.
Pamela Rasmussen
(editor, instructor), Michigan State University. Jessica Vonck
(author), Michigan State University.
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
References
De Grahl, W. 1984. The Parrot Family. New York: Arco Publishing, Inc.
Rowan, M. 1983. The Doves, Parrots, Louries and Cuckoos of Southern Africa.
Claremont, South Africa: David Phillip.
Smith, G. 1979. Lovebirds and Related Parrots. London: Paul Elek Ltd.
Vriends, M. 1978. Encyclopedia of Lovebirds. Neptune, N.J.: T. F. H. Publications, Inc.
Ltd.
2009/03/01 01:40:05.549 US/Eastern
To cite this page: Organisms and Populations, P. Rasmussen and J. Vonck. 2005.
"Agapornis roseicollis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 03, 2009 at
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Agapornis_roseicollis
.html
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.