1. Decreased blood supply to the organs causes hypoxia that activates fibroblasts function. Volume of what
elements is increased in this case?
A. Intercellular substance
B. Lymphatic vessels
C. Nerve elements
D. Parenchymatous elements of the organ
E. Vessels of microcircular stream
2. The increased intraocular tension is observed in the patient with glaucoma. Secretion of aqueous humor by the
ciliar body is normal. Injury of what structure of the eyeball wall caused the disorder of flow-out from the anterior
chamber?
A. Venous sinus
B. Ciliary muscle
C. Ciliar body
D. Posterior epithelium of cornea
E. Choroid
3. The ventral roots of 5 frontal segment of spinal cord were cut during experiment in the animal. What changes
will take place in the innervation region?
A. Loss of movements
B. Loss of proprioceptive sensitivity
C. Loss of touch sensitivity
D. Hypersensitivity
E. Loss of temperature sensitivity
4. In the blood of a 26-year-old man it was revealed 18% of erythrocytes of the spherical ball-shaped, flat and
horn-like shape. Other erythrocytes were in the form of the bi concave disks. How is such phenomenon called?
A. Physiological poikilocytosis
B. Pathological poikilocytosis
C. Physiological anisocytosis
D. Pathological anisocytosis
E. Erythrocytosis
5. Lung of premature infant is presented on electronic photomicrography of biopsy material. Collapse of the
alveolar wall caused by the deficiency of surfactant was revealed. Disfunction of what cells of the alveolar wall
caused it?
A. Alveocytes type II
B. Alveolar macrophages
C. Alveocytes type I
D. Secretory cells
E. Fibroblasts
6. Patient with injured muscles of the lower extremities was admittted to the traumatological department. Due to
what cells is reparative regeneration of the muscle fibers and restoration of the muscle function possible?
A. Satellite-cells
B. Fibroblasts
C. Myoblasts
D. Myofibroblasts
E. Myoepithelial cells
7. Moving of the daughter cromatids to the poles of the cell is observed in the mitotically dividing cell. On what
stage of the mitotic cycle is this cell?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Prophase
D. Interfase
E. Metaphase
8. The cell of the laboratory animal was overdosed with Roentgen rays. As a result albuminous fragments formed
in the cytoplasm. What cell organoid will take part at their utilization?
A. Lysosomes
B. Golgi complex
C. Ribosome
D. Emdoplasmic reticulum
E. Cells centre
9. The specimens present sections of haemopoetic and immunogenetic organs. Organ has lymph tissue forming
different structures (lobules, cortex and medulla, concentrically, arranged epithelioreticular cells). In what organ
does antigen-independent proliferation and differantiation take place?
A. Thymus
B. Lymphatic nodes
C. Hemolymph nodes
D. Spleen
E. Tonsil
10. A 2-year-old child experienced convulsions because of lowering calcium ions concentration in the blood
plasma. Function of what structure is decreased?
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Hypophysis
C. Pineal gland
D. Thymus
E. Adrenal Cortex
11. Middle part of cochlea of internal ear was destroyed in animal during the experiment. It will cause
abnormalities of the sound perception of the following frequencies:
A. Middle
B. High
C. No abnormalities
D. Low
E. High and low
12. Low level of albumins and fibrinogen was detected in the patient’s blood. Decreased activity of what
organelle of the liver hepatocytes can cause it?
A. Granular endoplasmatic reticulum
B. Mitochondrions
C. Agranular endoplasmatic reticulum
D. Lysosomes
E. Golgi complex
13. In the microspecimen of red bone marrow there were revealed multiple capillares through the walls of which
mature blood cells penetrated. What type of capillares is it?
A. Sinusoidal
B. Somatic
C. Fenestrated
D. Visceral
E. Lymphatic
14. During histological examination of the stomach it was found out that glands contain very small amount of
parietal cells or they are totally absent. Mucose membrane of what part of the stomach was studied?
A. Pyloric part
B. Body of stomach
C. –
D. Cardiac part
E. Fundus of stomach
15. In the ovary specimen colored with hematoxylin-eosin, follicle is determined where cuboidal follicular
epithelial cells are placed in 1-2 layers, and pink covering (zona pellucida) is seen around ovocyte. Name this
follicle:
A. Primary
B. Atretic
C. Secondary
D. Mature
E. Primordial
16. The microscopic examination of wound lavage of a patient with acute woundy process of his skin revealed big
contents of irregular extended-formed cells, with big nucleus, the basophilic cytoplasm of which includes many
lysosomes, phagosomes and pinocytotic vesicles. What cells are found out in the wound?
A. Connective tissue macrophages
B. Fibroblasts
C. Plasmocytes
D. Fibrocytes
E. Tissue basophils
17. After the radiactive exposure a patient has stem cells disorder. The regeneration of what cells of friable (loose)
connective tissue will be damaged?
A. Macrophages
B. Fibroblasts
C. Pericytes
D. Adipocytes
E. Pigment cells
18. A 39-year-old patient after radiotherapy because of hepatoma developed ulcer of small intestine. It was caused
by the inhibition of mytotic activity of the cells, which are responsible for regeneration of small intestine surface
epithelium. Inhibition of what cells mitotic activity does this patient have?
A. Crypt columnar cells without brush border
B. Caliciform exocrynocytes
C. Endocrine cells
D. Exocrynocytes with acidophilic granules
E. Columnar cells
19. The auscultation of a patient with dry pleuritis has revealed plueral friction rub. What epithelium type can
cause such signs?
A. Simple flat (squamous) epithelium (mesothelium)
B. Transitional epithelium
C. Simple prismatic epithelium
D. Laminated epithelium
E. Simple cuboidal epithelium
20. The study of mitotic cycle phases of onion root revealed the cell, in which the chromosomes are situated in the
equatorial plane, forming a monaster. What stage of the cell mitosis is it?
A. Metaphase
B. Telophase
C. Anaphase
D. Prophase
E. Interphase
21. In the blood smear, stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa method, there are 20% big (20 mcm in
diameter), rounded cells with pale-basophilic cytoplasm and bean-shaped nucleus. How is this condition
characterised clinically?
A. Monocytosis
B. Neutrophilosis
C. Leukopenia
D. Reticulocytosis
E. Lymphocytosis
22. Because of present gallstone in the common bile duct, a patient has no bile excretion into duodenum. What
disorder can it cause?
A. Lipids digestion
B. Proteins absorption
C. Proteins digestion
D. Carbohydrates digestion
E. Carbohydrates absorption
23. During the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle the synthesis of proteins – tubulines, which take part in the
mitotic spindle formation, was destroyed. It can cause the impairment of:
A. Chromosome separation
B. Duration of mitosis
C. Chromosome despiralization
D. Chromosome spiralization
E. Cytokinesis
24. A tissue sample of benign tumor was studied under the electron microscope. A lot of small (15-20 nm)
spherical bodies, consisting of 2 unequal subunits were detected. These are:
A. Ribosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Microtubules
E. Golgi complex
25. Oval and round organelles with double wall are seen at the electron micrograph. The outer membrane is
smooth, the inner membrane folded into cristae contain enzyme ATPase synthetase. These are:
A. Mitochondria
B. Lysosomes
C. Ribosomes
D. Golgi complex
E. Centrioles
26. After breathing with poisonous steams there is an increased quantity of slime (mucous) in respiratory passages
of a chemical production worker. What of respiratory tract epithelial cells participate in mucosa moistening?
A. Goblet cells
B. Langergans cells
C. Intercalated cells
D. Fibroblasts
E. Endocrine cells
27. The reason of occurrence of some diseases of an oral cavity is connected with structural peculiarities of its
mucous membrane. What morphological attributes characterize these features?
A. No muscularis mucosa, stratified squamous epithelium
B. Simple columnar ciliated epithelium
C. Transitional epithelium, no submucosa
D. Transitional epithelium, no muscularis mucosa
E. Well developed muscularis, no submucosa
28. There is the change of teeth at the 6-8-year-old children: deciduous are replaced by permanent. What
embrionic tissues are the sources of formation of permanent teeth tissues?
A. Ectodermal epithelium of a tooth plate and mesenhyme
B. Mesodermal epithelium and mesenhyme
C. Entodermal epithelium of a tooth plate and mesenhyme
D. I, II brachial arches
E. Entodermal epithelium and mesoderm
29. A 30-year-old woman was diagnosed with insufficiency of exocrine function of pancreas. Hydrolisis of what
nutrients will be disturbed?
A. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates
B. Fats, carbohydrates
C. Proteins, carbohydrates
D. Proteins, fats
E. Proteins
30. In the specimen of one of the parts of respiratory system a tubular organ was found. It has low epithelium,
well developed muscular tunic, glands and cartilage are absent. Name this organ:
A. Minor bronchus
B. Median bronchus
C. Major bronchus
D. Trachea
E. Larynx
31. Microspecimen of spinal cord contains a nucleus that should be analyzed. Its neurons form motor endings in
the skeletal muscles. What nucleus of spinal cord is meant?
A. Proper nucleus of the anterior horn
B. Proper nucleus of the posterior horn
C. Intermediate lateral nucleus
D. Proper nucleus of gray substance
E. Thoracic nucleus
32. During pubescence the cells of male sexual glands begin to produce male sex hormone testosterone that calls
forth secondary sexual characteristics. What cells of male sexual glands produce this hormone?
A. Leidig cells
B. Sertoli’s cells
C. Sustentocytes
D. Spermatozoa
E. Supporting cells
33. Labeled aminoacids alanine and tryptophane were introducted to a mouse in order to study localization of
protein biosynthesis in its cells. Around what organelles will the accumulation of labeled aminoacids be
observed?
A. Ribosomes
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum
D. Cells center
E. Lysosomes
34. Histological examination of a 40 y.o. man’s thymus revealed decreased part of parenchymatous gland
elements, increased part of adipose and loose connective tissue, its enrichment with thymus bodies. The organ’s
mass was unchanged. What phenomenon is it?
A. Age involution
B. Accidental involution
C. Atrophy
D. Dystrophy
E. Hypotrophy
35. In course of indirect histogenesis of tubular bone tissue a plate is formed between epiphyseal and diaphyseal
ossificcation centres that provides further lengthwise growth of bones. What structure is it?
A. Metaphyseal plate
B. Osseous plate
C. Osteon
D. Osseous cuff
E. Layer of interior general plates
36. Vitamin A deficit results in the impairment of twilight vision. Name the cells that have the afore-mentioned
photoreceptor function:
A. Rod receptor cell
B. Ganglion neurocytes
C. Cone receptor cell
D. Horizontal neurocytes
E. Bipolar neurons
37. In course of an experiment a big number of stem cells of red bone marrow was in some way destructed.
Regeneration of which cell populations in the loose connective tissue will be inhibited?
A. Macrophages
B. Fibroblast
C. Pericytes
D. Pigment cell
E. Lipocytes
38. Examination of a 43 y.o. patient revealed that his stomach has difficulties with digestion of protein food.
Gastric juice analysis revealed low acidity. Function of which gastric cells is disturbed in this case?
A. Parietal exocrinocytes
B. Main exocrinocytes
C. Mucous cells
D. Endocrine cells
E. Cervical mucocytes
39. A 60 y.o. patient has a reduced perception of high-frequency sounds. what structures’ disorder of auditory
analyzer caused these changes?
A. Basilar membrane of cochlea near the oval window
B. Basilar membrane of cochlea near helicotrema
C. Muscules of middle ear
D. Eustachian tube
E. Tympanic membrane
40. In course of practical training students studied a stained blood smear of a mouse with bacteria phagocytozed
by leukocytes. What cell organella completes digestion of these bacteria?
A. Lisosomes
B. Mytochondrions
C. Ribosomes
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Granular endoplasmic reticulum
41. A teenager was irradiated with high radiation dose that resulted in serious damages of lymphoid system, lysis
of many lymphocytes. Restoration of normal hemogram is possible due to the functioning of the following glands:
A. Thymus
B. Thyroid
C. Adrenal
D. Liver
E. Pancreas
42. According to audiometry data a patient has a disturbed perception of mediumfrequency sounds. It might have
been caused by a damage of:
A. Middle part of cochlea
B. Cochlear nuclei
C. Quadritubercular structure
D. Lateral geniculate bodies
E. Spiral ganglion
43. An electron micrograph of a kidney fragment presents an afferent arteriole. Under its endothelium some big
cells can be seen that contain secretory granules. What type of cells is it?
A. Juxtaglomerular
B. Smooth muscle cells
C. Interstitial
D. Juxtavascular
E. Mesangeal
44. Histological specimen presents vessel the wall of which consists of endothelium, basal membrane and loose
connective tissue. What type of vessel is it?
A. Vein of non-muscular type
B. Hemocapillary
C. Lymphocapillary
D. Vein of muscular type
E. Artery
45. Ultramicroscopical examination of “dark” hepatocyte population in the cell cytoplasm detected a developed
granular endoplasmic reticulum. What function has this organelle in these cells?
A. Synthesis of blood plasma proteins
B. Bile production
C. Deintoxicative function
D. Calcium ion depositing
E. Carbohydrate synthesis
46. A histological specimen of spleen shows a vessel with a wall consisting of endothelium and subendothelial
layer, median membrane is absent, external membrane inosculates with the layers of spleen connective tissue.
What vessel is it?
A. Vein of non-muscular type
B. Artery of muscular type
C. Capillary
D. Vein of muscular type
E. Arteriole
47. Life cycle of a cell includes the process of DNA autoreduplication. As a result of it monochromatid
chromosomes turn into bichromatid ones. What period of cell cycle does this phenomenon fall into?
A. S
B. G2
C. G0
D. G1
E. M
48. A pathological process in bronchi resulted in epithelium desquamation. What cells will regenerate bronchial
epithelium?
A. Basal
B. Intercalated
C. Ciliated
D. Goblet
E. Endocrine
49. In embryo displays the process of dorsal mesoderm segmentation and somite formation is disturbed. What part
of skin will have developmental abnormalities?
A. Dermis
B. Epidermis
C. Sudoriferous glands
D. Sebaceous glands
E. Hair
50. In course of a conditional experiment the development of mesenchymal cells was completely inhibited.
Development of the following muscular tissue will be disturbed:
A. Smooth muscular tissue
B. Cardiac muscular tissue
C. Skeletal muscular tissue
D. Neural muscular tissue
E. Epidermal muscular tissue
51. Golgi complex exports substances from a cell due to the fusion of the membrane saccule with the cell
membrane. The saccule contents flows out. What process is it?
A. Exocytosis
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Endocytosis
D. Active-transport
E. All answers arc false
52. During studying maximally spiralized chromosomes of human karyotype, the process of cell division was
stopped in the following phase:
A. Metaphase
B. Telophase
C. Interphase
D. Anaphase
E. Prophase
53. A sensitive neural ganglion consists of rounded neuron with one extension that divides into axon and dendrite
at some distance from the perikaryon. What are these cells called?
A. Pseudounipolar
B. Multipolar
C. Unipolar
D. Apolar
E. Bipolar
54. An endocrine gland with parenchyma consisting of epithelium and neural tissue is under morphological
examination. Epithelial trabecules have two types of cells: chromophilic and chromophobic. Identify this organ:
A. Hypophysis
B. Hypothalamus
C. Adrenal glands
D. Thyroid gland
E. Parathyroid gland
55. A patient ill with chronic gastritis went for endogastric pH-metry that allowed to reveal decreased acidity of
gastric juice. It is indicative of diminished function of the following cells:
A. Parietal exocrinocytes
B. Accessory cells
C. Endocrinocytes
D. Cervical cells
E. Chief exocrinocytes
56. A microspecimen of the submandibular salivary gland shows some basket-shaped cells concentrated around
the acinis and excretory ducts. These cells surround bases of the serous cells and are called myoepi- theliocytes.
These cells relate to the following tissue:
A. Muscular tissue
B. Special connective tissue
C. Epithelial tissue
D. Loose fibrous connective tissue
E. Neural tissue
57. A histological specimen presents a receptor zone of a sensoepithelial sense organ. Cells of this zone are placed
upon the basilar membrane and include the following types: external and internal receptor cells, external and
internal phalangeal cell, stem cells, external limiting cells and external supporting cell. The described receptor
zone belongs to the following sense organ:
A. Acoustic organ
B. Visual organ
C. Gustatory organ
D. Equilibrium organ
E. Olfactory organ
58. Following exposure to radiation a lot of mutant cells appeared in a patient. Some time later most of them were
detected and destroyed by the following cells of the immune system:
A. T-lymphocytes-killers
B. S-lymphocyte
C. T-lymphocytes-supressors
D. Plasmoblasts
E. Stem cells
59. A 35-year-old patient complains about having severe rhinitis and loss of sense of smell for a week.
Objectively: the nasal cavity contains a lot of mucus covering the mucous membrane and blocking olfactory
receptors. In what region of the nasal cavity are these receptors located?
A. Superior nasal concha
B. Median nasal concha
C. Common nasal meatus
D. Vestibule of nose
E. Inferior nasal concha
60. In a histological specimen parenchyma of an organ is represented by lymphoid tissue that forms lymph nodes;
the latter are arranged in a diffuse manner and enclose a central artery. What anatomic formation has such
morphological structure?
A. Spleen
B. Thymus
C. Tonsil
D. Lymph node
E. Red bone marrow
61. A 32-year-old patient consulted by doctor about the absence of lactation after parturition. Such disorder might
be explained by the deficit of the following hormone:
A. Prolactin
B. Vasopressin
C. Glucagon
D. Thyrocalcitonin
E. Somatotropin
62. Examination of a patient admitted to the surgical department with symptoms of acute appendicitis revealed the
following changes in the white blood cells: the total count of leukocytes is 16 • 109/l. Leukocyte formula:
basophils - 0, eosinophils - 2%, juvenile young - 2%, band - 8%, segmented - 59%, lymphocytes - 25%,
monocytes- 4%. The described changes can be classified as:
A. Neutrophilia with regenerative left shift
B. Neutrophilic leukemoid reaction
C. Neutrophilia with hyperregenerative left shift
D. Neutrophilia with degenerative left shift
E. Neutrophilia with right shift
63. A patient was admitted to the hospital with an asphyxia attack provoked by a spasm of smooth muscles of the
respiratory tracts. This attack was mainly caused by alterations in the following parts of the airways:
A. Small bronchi
B. Terminal bronchioles
C. Respiratory part
D. Large bronchi
E. Median bronchi
64. An electronic microphotograph shows a macrophagic cell with erythrocytes at different stages of
differentiation located along its processes. This is the cell of the following organ:
A. Red bone marrow
B. Spleen
C. Tonsil
D. Lymph node
E. Thymus
65. A histological specimen shows a blood vessel. Its inner coat is composed by endothelium, subendothelium
and internal elastic membrane. The middle coat is enriched with smooth myocytes. Such morphological
characteristics are typical for the following vessel:
A. Muscular-type artery
B. Capillary
C. Non-muscular vein
D. Elastic-type artery
E. Muscular-type vein
66. A histological specimen of a kidney shows a part of the distal tubule going between the afferent and efferent
arteriole. The cells building the tubule wall have dense nuclei; basal membrane is absent. Such structural
formation is called:
A. Macula densa
B. Juxtavascular cells
C. D. Mesangial cells
E. Juxtaglomerular cells
67. While examining the oral cavity a stomatologist revealed inflammation of papillae on the border of the median
and posterior third of the back of tongue. What papillae are inflamed?
A. Papillae vallatae
B. Papillae filiforme
C. Papillae conicae
D. Papillae fungiforme
E. Papillae foliatae
68. A middle-aged man went to a foreign country because he had been offered a job there. However he had been
unemployed for quite a long time. What endocrine glands were exhausted most of all in this man?
A. Adrenal glands
B. Substernal gland
C. Thyroid gland
D. Seminal glands
E. Parathyroid glands
69. The life cycle includes a process of self-doubling cell DNA. As a result, the monochromatic chromosomes
become bichromatic. In what period of the cell cycle observed this phenomenon?
A. S
B. Go
C. M
D. G1
E. G2
70. On histological preparations represented lymphoid tissue, which forms the lymph nodules and contain a
central artery. What anatomical formation is given in the morphological structure?
A. Spleen
B. Red bone marrow
C. Thymus
D. Lymph node
E. Amygdala
71. The preparation of tubular structure colored with orsein, shows about 50 thick membranes, which have a wavy
shape and form the basis of the tunica structure. What is the structure?
A. Aorta
B. The wall of the heart
C. Esophagus
D. Trachea
E. Artery of muscular type
72. The preparation shows the hollow structure. The mucous membrane is covered with double-row ciliated
epithelium, which goes into single row. Muscular layer is well developed in relation to the thickness of the entire
wall. Cartilage and glands absent. Which body is represented in the slide?
A. Middle bronchus
B. Trachea
C. Larynx
D. Small airways
E. Bladder
73. During exercise on a deck a gymnast lost balance and fell. Excitement of which receptors help to restore
impaired posture?
A. Otolith vestibuloreceptors
B. Vestibuloreceptors
C. Proprioceptors
D. Ampullary vestibuloreceptors
E. Receptors of the cochlea
74. The endocrine function of the follicular cells of the ovarian follicles was impared due to inflammation.
Synthesis of which hormones will be depsessed?
A. Estrogens
B. Progesterone
C. Luteotropin
D. Follistatin
E. Follicle-stimulating hormone
75. Histological slide of the kidney cortex represents the tubules lined with a single layer of cuboidal epithelium,
the cytoplasm is stained oxyphilic. Which segment of the nephron is found in the slide?
A. The proximal convoluted tubule
B. Distal straight tubule
C. Collecting ducts
D. Loop of Henle
E. Distal convoluted tubule
76. In electron micrographs spindle-shaped cells with rod-shaped nuclei are represented. In the cytoplasm there is
a large number of intermediate microfilaments containing desmin. Which type of tissue is represented?
A. Muscle
B. Epithelial
C. Connective
D. Mesenchymal
E. Nervous
77. Unlucky student suddenly met with the dean. The concentration of which hormone increases most rapidly in
the blood of the student?
A. Adrenaline
B. Somatotropin
C. Tireoliberin
D. Cortisol
E. Corticotropin
78. Malapsorption of proteins occurs in the patient with acute inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). Due to
the lack of synthesis and release of which enzyme this condition occuss?
A. Trypsin
B. Pepsin
C. Lipase
D. Amylase
E. Dipeptidase
79. Blood count of an athlete is as follows: erythrocytes - 5,5*1012/l, Hb- 180 g/l, leukocytes – 7*109/l,
neutrophils - 64%, basophils - 0,5%, eosinophils - 0,5%, monocytes - 8%, lymphocytes - 27%. First of all, such
results indicate the stimulation of:
A. Erythropoiesis
B. Leukopoiesis
C. Lymphopoiesis
D. Immunogenesis
E. Granulocytopoiesis
80. A sensory neural ganglion consists of roundish neurocytes with one extension that divides into axon and
dendrite at a some distance from the perikaryon. What are these cells called?
A. Pseudounipolar
B. Multipolar
C. Bipolar
D. Unipolar
E. Apolar
81. In course of a conditional experiment the development of mesenchyme cells was completely inhibited.
Development of the following muscular tissue will be disturbed:
A. Smooth muscular tissue
B. Epidermal muscular tissue
C. Cardiac muscular tissue
D. Neural muscular tissue
E. Skeletal muscular tissue
82. An electron microphotography of a fragment of proper gastric gland shows a big irregular round-shaped cell.
There are a lot of intracellular tubules and mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Specify this cell:
A. Parietal cell
B. Mucous cell
C. Endocrine cell
D. Undifferentiated cell
E. Principal cell
83. On an electron micrograph a scientist has identified a structure formed by eight histone proteins and a part of
DNA molecule which makes about 1,75 coils around the molecules. Which structure has been identified?
A. Nucleosoma
B. Chromosome
C. Elemetary fibril
D. Half-chromatid
E. Chromatid
84. A patient has been given high doses of hydrocortisone for a long time. This caused atrophy of one of the
adrenal cortex zones. Which zone is it?
A. Fascicular
B. Reticular
C. Glomerular and reticular
D. Glomerular
E. 85. Electronic microphotography of pulmonary alveole's wall presents a big cell. Its cytoplasm has a lot of
mitochondria, developed Golgi apparatus, osmiophilie lamellated corpuscles. What is the main function of this
cell?
A. It produces surfactant
B. It warms the air
C. It is a component of blood-air barrier
D. It absorbs microorganisms
E. It purifies the air
86. The boy two years old suffers from respiratory diseases, stomatitis, skin lesions. Even minor damages of the
gums and mucosa are complicated by long flowing inflammation. Found that immunoglobulins of all classes are
almost absent in child's blood. Decrease of the functional activity of which cell population is the basis of this
syndrome?
A. B-lymphocytes
B. Neutrophils
C. NK – cells
D. Macrophages
E. T -lymphocytes
87. When autoradiographic study of the small intestine epithelium was performed, it was found that complete
regeneration occurs for 3 days of active proliferation of undifferentiated cells. Specify their location:
A. The bottom of the crypts
B. The top of the villi
C. The base of the villi
D. Lamina propria of the mucosa
E. The lateral surface of the villi
88. A child of 6 years old is in a hospital with a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. In the blood: changes in the
leukocyte formula. Number of which leukocytic cells can be increased?
A. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
C. B- lymphocytes
D. Basophils
E. T- lymphocytes
89. On the slide of the pia mater vessel was found in the wall of which middle muscular layer is absent, the tunica
externa is grow with the surrounding tissues, the tunica intima consists of a basement membrane and
endothelium. What is this vessel?
A. Unmuscular vien
B. Artery of muscular type
C. Artery of mixed type
D. Vien of a muscular type with the weak development of muscular elements
E. Arteriole
90. On the electronic image an organelle is visible that is a big poliproteaze complex consisting of tubular and two
regulatory units located at both ends of the organelle. The organelle function is proteolysis. Name this organelle:
A. Proteasome
B. Golgi complex
C. Inclusion
D. Centriole
E. Ribosome
91. Inflammation is characterized by the dilation of blood vessels at the site of injury, reduced blood flow,
increased permeability of blood vessels. Which of the following cells play the major role in this?
A. Tissue basophils
B. Macrophages
C. Plasma cells
D. Eosinophils
E. Fibroblasts
92. Patient with complaints of the appearance of acne on the face consulted by the cosmetician. An examination
showed that the appearance of the acne is associated with the violation of secretion of the sebaceous glands. What
type of secretion is characteristic for these glands?
A. Holocrine
B. Makroapocrine
C. Merocrine and mikroapocrine
D. Mikroapocrine
E. Merocrine
93. The patient with complaints of on the pain in the eyes turned to oftalmologist. Erozion of the cornea - the
absence of the superficial layer and spinosum of the epithelium was found. What cells are responsible for the
regeneration of the damaged epithelium?
A. Basal
B. Cells of the granular layer
C. Cells of the lucidium layer
D. The cells of the stratum corneum
E. The cells of the superficial
94. Experimental study of a new medicine founds a blocking effect on the assembly of protein tubulin, which is
the basis of mitotic spindle in dividing cells. What stage of the cell cycle is disturbed with this drug?
A. Anaphase of mitosis
B. Synthetic period
C. Telophase of mitosis
D. Premitotic period of the interphase
E. postmitotic period of the interphase
95. Nephrons, which lie on the border between the cortex and medulla, have the same diameter of afferent and
efferent arterioles, are clearly visible on the slide of kidneys. What function would be disturbed if they are
damaged?
A. Shunting of the blood, when circulation is intensive
B. Synthesis of the renin
C. The activity of the sodium receptor
D. Synthesis of the erythropoietin
E. The synthesis of the prostaglandins
96. A 22-year-old female student was consulted by a physician about fever up to 38C, weakness, sore throat.
Objectively: there is white coating of the tongue. What histological structures of the tongue are involved in the
formation of the coating?
A. Epithellium of the filiform papillae
B. Epithellium of the foliate papillae
C. Epithellium of the fungiform papillae
D. Epithellium of the circumvallate papillae
E. Connective-tissue base of all the lingual papillae
97. A microslide contains the preparation of a gland composed of several secretory saccule-shaped parts that open
in the common excretory duct. What gland is it?
A. Simple branched alveolar gland
B. Compound branched alveolar gland
C. Simple unbranched alveolar gland
D. Compound unbranched alveolargland
E. Simple branched tubular gland
98. In the course of an experiment adenohypophysis of an animal has been removed. The resulting atrophy of
thyroid gland and adrenal cortex has been caused by deficiency of the following hormone:
A. Tropic hormones
B. Thyroid hormones
C. Somatotropin
D. Cortisol
E. Thyroxin
99. As a result of an injury, the integrity of the anterior spinal cord root was broken. Specify the neurons and their
processes that had been damaged:
A. Axons of motor neurons
B. Motor neuron dendrites
C. Axons of sensory neurons
D. Dendrites of sensory neurons
E. Dendrites of association neurons
100. An electron micrograph shows a cell-to-cell adhesion consisting, in each cell, of an attachment plaque. The
intercellular space is filled with electron-dense substance including transmembrane fibrillar structures. Specify
this adhesion:
A. Desmosome
B. Synapse
C. Tight junction
D. Nexus
E. Adherens junction
101. During the hystological study of cortical sheath, basophilic cells with developed synthesis organelles can be
seen on the bone surface under the layer of fibers. These cells take part in bone tissue regeneration. What shaft
layer are they located in?
A. Periosteum
B. Bone
C. Osteon layer
D. Outer lamellae of compact bone tissue
E. Inner lamellae of compact bone tissue
102. There are cortical and medullary substances separated by connective tissue layer in the endocrine gland
specimen. Parenchyma cells make up three zones in cortical substance, with rounded masses in the superficial
zone, parallel chords in the middle one, reticular structure of cell chords in the deep one. What gland is it?
A. Adrenal gland
B. Thyroid gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Epiphysis
E. Hypothalamus
103. Histological specimen of a 10-day human embryo represents 2 contacting sacs (amniotic and yolk sacs).
Specify the structure that separates the amniotic cavity from the yolk sac:
A. Embryonic disk
B. Amniotic stalk
C. Floor of the amniotic sac
D. Roof of the yolk sac
E. Extraembryonic mesoderm
104. An electron micrograph shows a cell of neural origin. The terminal portion of the cell dendrite has cylindrical
shape and consists of 1000 closed membrane disks. What cell is represented by the micrograph?
A. Rod receptor cell
B. Cone receptor cell
C. Spinal node neuron
D. Neuron of the cerebral cortex
E. Neuron of the anterior horns of the spinal cord
105. A histologic specimen represents an organ with walls comprised of mucous, submucous, fibrouscartilaginous and adventitial membranes. Epithelium is multirowed and ciliated, muscular layer of mucous
membrane is absent, submucous membrane contains serous-mucous glands, hyaline cartilage forms open circles.
What organ has the described morphological features?
A. Trachea
B. Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
C. Secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
D. Terminal bronchiole
E. Larynx
106. Study of the biopsy material of an embryo revealed a zone of developmental abnormality in a somite. The
zone was located close to the endoderm and the notochord. What formations may have abnormal development in
case of pregnancy continuation?
A. Skeletal tissues
B. Genito-urinary system
C. Skeletal striated muscle tissue
D. Cardiac striated muscle tissue
E. Fibrous connective tissue of skin
107. A histological specimen of the eyeball shows a biconvex structure connected to the ciliary body by the fibers
of the Zinn’s zonule and covered with a transparent capsule. Name this structure:
A. Crystalline lens
B. Vitreous body
C. Ciliary body
D. Cornea
E. Sclera
108. A specimen shows an organ covered with the connective tissue capsule with trabeculae radiating inward the
organ. There is also cortex containing some lymph nodules, and medullary cords made of lymphoid cells. What
organ is under study?
A. Lymph node
B. Thymus
C. Spleen
D. Red bone marrow
E. Tonsils
109. The cellular composition of exudate largely depends on the etiological factor of inflammation. What
leukocytes are the first to get into the focus of inflammation caused by pyogenic bacteria?
A. Neutrophil granulocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Myelocytes
D. Eosinophilic granulocytes
E. Basophils
110. Alveolar space of the acinus was invaded by some bacteria which interacted with the surfactant. This led to
the activation of the cells that are localized in the alveolar walls and on the surface. What cells are these?
A. Alveolar macrophages
B. Alveolocytes type I
C. Endothelial cells
D. Clara cells
E. Alveolocytes type II
111. A specimen of a parenchymal organ shows poorly delineated hexagonal lobules surrounding a central vein,
and the interlobular connective tissue contains embedded triads (an artery, a vein and an excretory duct). What
organ is it?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Thymus
D. Spleen
E. Thyroid
112. Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, a 1-year-old child developed an
autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to contain macromolecular proteins. What process of urine
formation was disturbed?
A. Filtration
B. Reabsorption
C. Secretion
D. Reabsorption and secretion
E. Secretion and filtration
113. A male working as a blacksmith has been tested for auditory acuity. The tests revealed 50% hearing loss in
the low-frequency range and a near-normal auditory acuity in the high-frequency range. This condition has been
caused by the damage to the following structures of the auditory system:
A. Corti’s organ - closer to helicotrema
B. Corti’s organ - closer to the oval foramen
C. Median part of the Corti’s organ
D. Muscles of the middle ear
E. Eardrum
114. As a result of a mechanical injury an over 10 cm long portion of a peripheral nerve was damaged. This led to
the impairment of the upper limb activity. The patient was offered nerve transplantation. What glial cells will
participate in regeneration and provide the trophism of the injured limb?
A. Schwann cells
B. Fibrous cells
C. Protoplasmic cells
D. Microglia
E. Ependymal cells
115. A specimen of an onion rootlet includes a cell in which the fully condensed chromosomes are located in the
equatorial plane making the monaster. What phase of the mitotic cycle is the cell in?
A. Metaphase
B. Early telophase
C. Prophase
D. Interphase
E. Late telophase
116. Human skin has a high breaking strength. It is known that the skin consists of epithelial tissue and two kinds
of connective tissue. Which of the following tissues provides the skin strength?
A. Unformed dense connective tissue
B. Stratified squamous epithelium
C. Loose connective tissue
D. Single-layer epithelium
E. Transitional epithelium
117. A 3-year-old child had eaten some strawberries. Soon he developed a rash
and itching. What was found in the child’s leukogram?
A. Eosinophilia
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hypolymphemia
Neutrophilic leukocytosis
Monocytosis
Lymphocytosis
118. Histologic slide of a kidney demonstrates the cells closely adjoined to the renal corpuscle in the distal
convoluted tubule. Their basement membrane is extremely thin and has no folds. These cells sense the changes in
sodium content of urine and promote renin secretion by juxtaglomerular cells. Name these cells:
A. Macula densa cells
B. Juxtaglomerular cells
C. Mesangial cells
D. Podocytes
E. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells
119. During postembryonal haemopoiesis in red bone marrow the cells of one of the cellular differons
demonstrate gradual decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia as well as increase in oxyphilia, the nucleus is being
forced out. Such morphological changes are typical for the following haemopoiesis type:
A. Erythropoiesis
B. Lymphopoiesis
C. Neutrophil cytopoiesis
D. Eosinophil cytopoiesis
E. Basophil cytopoiesis
120. A microspecimen of a heart shows rectangular cells from 50 to 120 micrometers large with central position
of a nucleus and developed myofibrils. The cells are connected by intercalated discs. These cells are responsible
for the following function:
A. Function of heart contractions
B. Function of impulse conduction
C. Endocrine
D. Protective
E. Regeneratory
121. Atretic bodies and developed yellow body can be observed along with follicles at different developmental
stages in an ovary slide. What stage of ovarian and menstrual cycle is characterized by the described ovary
condition?
A. Premenstrual
B. Menstrual
C. Postmenstrual
D. Regeneration
E. Follicle growth
122. A 12-year-old patient has white nonpigmented spots on the skin. The spots appeared when the patient has
reached the age 10, and they constantly growing. This spots appeared due to the lack of the following skin cells:A.
Melanocytes
B. Adipocytes
C. Fibrocytes
D. Plasmocytes
E. Labrocytes
123. Work in a mine to causes inhalation of large amounts of coal dust. Inhaled coal dust can be detected in
thefollowing pulmonary cells:
A. Alveolar macrophages
B. Respiratory epithelial cells
C. Secretory epithelial cells
D. Capillary endothelial cells
E. Pericapillary cells
124. Cells of healthy liver actively synthesize glycogen and proteins. What organelles are the most developed in
this cells?
A. Granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum
B. Cell center
C. Lysosomes
D. Mitochondria
E. Peroxisomes
125. Alveolar space of acinus was invaded by bacteria that interacted with the surfactant. It leds to the activation
of the cells that are localized in the alveolar walls and on the surface. Name these cells:
A. Alveolar macrophages
B. Alveolocytes type I
C. Endothelial cells
D. Clara cells
E. Alveolocytes type II
126. A doctor examined a patient, studied the blood tests, and reached a conclusion, that peripheral
immunogenesis organs are affected. What of the following organs had been affected?
A. Tonsils
B. Thymus
C. Kidneys
D. Red bone marrow
E. Yellow bone marrow
127. On the slide of a parenchymal organ we can see: poorly delineated hexagonal lobulessurrounding a central
vein, and the interlobular connective tissue containing triads (an artery, a vein and an excretory duct). What organ
is it?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Thymus
D. Spleen
E. Thyroid
128. An autoimmune renal injury was evolved a 1-year-old child due the using of poor-quality measles vaccine
for preventive vaccination. It was detected macromolecular proteins in the urine. What process of urine formation
was disturbed?
A. Filtration
B. Reabsorption
C. Secretion
D. Reabsorption and secretion
E. Secretion and filtration
129. As a result of a mechanical injury an over 10 cm long portion of a peripheral nerve was damaged. This has
led to an impairment of the upper limb activity. The patient was offered nerve transplantation. What glial cells
will participate in regeneration and provide the trophism of the injured limb?
A. Schwann cells
B. Fibrous cells
C. Protoplasmic cells
D. Microglia
E. Ependymal cells
130.A microslide shows a tissue withspherical cells, each of them contains alarge fat drop covered with thin
cytoplasmlayer in its center. Nucleus is compressed and situated at the cell periphery. What tissue is it?
A. White adipose tissue
B. Brown adipose tissue
C. Mucous tissue
D. Pigmented tissue
E. Reticular tissue
131. During autopsy of a 9-month-old girl’s body, who died due to severe pneumonia complicated with sepsis,
lack of thymus is observed. In the lymph nodes the lymphoid follicles and cortical substance are absent; follicles
of spleen are reduced in size with no light zones and plasma cells. What caused this structural changes?
A. Accidental involution of thymus
B. Thymus agenesis
C. Thymus hypoplasia
D. Thymus atrophy
E. Thymus aplasia
132. In histological slide tissue is visible basic structural unit which is fiber. Fiber consists of symplast and
satellites that are covered by basal membrane. For which tissue this structure is typical?
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Loose connective
Reticular tissue
133. In the study of striated muscle fiber after the action of hydrolytic enzymes destruction of thin miofillaments
is visible. What structures were damaged?
Actin miofillaments
Tonofibrilles
Т-systems
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myosin miofillaments
134. In the phase of myocardial contraction (systole) calcium ion concentration increases sharply in the
sarcoplasm of cardiomyocytes. What structures are involved in the deposit of calcium ions?
Cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (s - system)
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Т-tube
Nucleoli
135. In emergency room patient with lower limb muscle injury was hospitalized. Which cells take part in the
reparative regeneration of muscle fibers and restoring of muscle function?
Myosatellites
Myoblasts
Myofibroblasts
Fibroblasts
Myoepithelial cells
136. After a heart attack damage of the heart muscle area was. It is accompanied by massive deaths of the
cardiomyocytes. What cells provide replacement formed defect in the structure of the myocardium?
Fibroblasts
Cardiomyocytes
Myosatellites
Epitheliocytes
Smooth myocytes
137. In the study of striated muscle fiber after mechanical injury destruction of thick myofilaments is observed.
Where pathological changes are localized?
Disk A
Disk I
In half of the disk A
Disk A and disk I
In half of the disk I
138. On the microslides on heart rectangular cells from 50 to 120 microns, with a centrally located nucleus, welldeveloped myofibrils, linked by intercalated disks are visible. What function is associated with these cells?
Contraction of the heart
Conduction of impulses
Endocrine
Protective
Regenerative
139. Cells in the electron micrograph are visible. Cells have rod-shaped nucleus, spindle shape, a large number of
intermediate microfilaments composed of protein desmin. What is the tissue?
Muscle
Nerve
Epithelial
Loose connective
Dense connective
140. Function of the myosatellites was activated under the action of the negative factors of the environment.
Which process activation in muscle fibers can be expected?
Regeneration of the muscle fibers
Contraction of the muscle fibers
Trophic of the muscle fibers
Increased of a contractile thermogenesis
Decrease of a contractile thermogenesis
141. In the illustration, structural unit of striated muscles myofibrils – sarcomere – is viisble. How to change the
H-zone of the sarcomere at the maximum muscle contraction?
Disappears
Not changes
Increases in two times
Decreases in two times
It takes the whole sarcomere
142. Striated skeletal muscle tissue is characterized by all of the features except:
Cellular structure
Ability to contract
Presence of satellite cells
Motor plaques
The presence of layers of connective tissue
143. It is known that calcium ions provide muscle contraction. With what calcium nteracts during contraction?
With protein troponin of thin fibrils
With protein myosin of thick fibrils
With protein actin of thin fibrils
With actomyosin complex of sarcolemm
With protein calsecvestrin
144. In the histological study of the cheek biopsy skeletal muscle tissue was observed. Name the structural unit of
the tissue.
Muscle fiber
Cardiomyocyte
Smooth myocyte
Myosatellite
Myofibril
145. In histological slide of a pyloric stomach bundles of spindle shape cells with rod-shaped centrally located
nucleus are visible. What tissue these cells form?
Smooth muscle
Loose connective tissue
Sceletal muscle
Epithelial
Reticular
146. Nucleated anastomosing fibers are visible in one of the layer of the hollow body. Fibers made up of cells
which are connected by intercalated discs. What tissue forms this layer?
Striated cardiac
Striated skeletal
Smooth muscle
Loose fibrous connective
Dense irregular connective
147. Morphology of the heart wall of the patient was restored after a heart attack. What tissue provide
regeneration?
Connective
Smooth muscle
Striated
Epithelial
Nerve
148. Toxic substance breaks mechanism of the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron in
experiment. What structure provides this function?
Synapse
Neurolemma
Neurofibrils
Mitochondria
Nissle substance
149. Degeneration of nerve fibers is possible in traumatic damage. It is accompanied by the breakdown of axons,
myelin disintegration. What neural structures provide regeneration of myelin?
Neurolemmocyte
Mesaxon
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Astrocytes
150. Damaged nerve fibers can regenerate. What glial cells take active part in this in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymocytes
Fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
151. Polio is characterized by damage of the spinal cord. Polio patient has skeletal muscle dysfunction.
Destruction of which neurons occurs?
Моtor
Pseudounipolar
Intercalated
Pseudounipolar and intercalated
Intercalated and motor
152. Sensitive nerve ganglion consists of spherical shape neurons with one process, which is divided into the axon
and dendrite at a distance from the perikaryon. Which are cells?
Pseudounipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Apolar
153. In certain cells of adult human mitosis is not observed and quantitative DNA content remain constant
throughout the life. These cells:
Neurons
Endothelium
Muscle (smooth)
Epidermis
Hematopoietic
154. The need to cut the nerve arose during surgery. Its integrity was restored after some time. Name the cells that
provide regeneration.
Neurolemmocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymocytes
Microglia
Mantle gliocytes
155. Choose one incorrect answer. For myelinated nerve fibers all the features are exhibited except:
Several axial cylinders
Single axial cylinder
Nodes of Ranvier
Neurofilament
Neurolemmocytes
156. A large number of multipolar neurons are visible in the histological slide of a cross section of the cerebellum,
in its gray matter. On which morphologically attributes these cells belong to multipolar?
Number of processes
Length of processes
Shape of terminal axon extension
Shape of perikaryon
Cell size
157. On histological slide of nerve tissue is seen that the neurons are interconnected through the contacts that are
specialized for one-way transmission of nerve impulse. What type of intercellular junction is seen in the slide?
Synapsis
Desmosome
Simple
Dense
Nexus
158. A macrophage cell is visible on the electron microphotography. Along its processes erythrocytes on different
stages of differentiation are arranged. Cell of what organ is represented?
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Tonsil
Lymph node
159. The transplant rejection begins after geterotransplantation of the organ. What blood cells provide this
process?
T-killers
Т-helpers
Т-supressors
NK-cells
T-memory cell
160. The cell with processes that contains differentiating lymphocytes in the deep invaginations of the
plasmolemma is visible on the electron microphotography. To which organ this ultrastructure is characterized?
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Tonsil
Liver
161. In the reticular stroma of the organ mature blood cells and lymphoid follicles are visible. What organ is
represented on the slide?
Spleen
Lymph node
Tonsil
Thymus
Red bone marrow
162. In which organ lymphocytes form three types of lymphoid structures: lymphoid nodules, medullar cords and
sinuses?
Lymph node
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsil
Red bone marrow
163. The lobed organ contains stroma that consists of epithelial processing cells. What organ is represented on the
slide?
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Tonsil
Lymph node
164. The medulla of the lobule of the hematopoietic organ has light color and contains epithelial bodies. Which
organ has these morphological features?
Thymus
Lymph node
Spleen
Liver
Kidney
165. The antibodies are released to the blood when re-enters of the antigens occurs. Which immunocompetent
cells are responsible for this?
Lymphocytes of memory
Т - killers
Т - supressors
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
166. The numerous plasmocytes were identified in the blood of the 16 year old girl that suffers an autoimmune
inflammation of the thyroid gland. The proliferation and differentiation of which blood cells cause increasing of
the number of plasma cells?
В-lymphocytes
Т-helpers
Tissue basophils
Т-killers
Т-supressors
167. Antigen independing proliferation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes were studied on the child with
impaired immune reactivity. Punctate what organ was taken for the study?
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph node
Red bone marrow
Tonsil
168. The clusters of the round cells with large basophilic nucleus and a narrow rim of cytoplasm were detected in
the lamina propria of the small intestine. The central part of these clusters is light and contains less cells than the
peripheral. Which morphological structure is visible?
Lymph node
Nerve node
Adipocytes
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
169. On the slide of the bean-shaped organ cortex and medulla are visible. The cortex is represented by the single
spherical nodules in diameter 0,5 - 1 мм, medulla – by medullary cords. From what organ histological section was
made?
Lymph node
Kidney
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Spleen
170. The histological section through the lymph node was made. On the slide expansion of the paracortical zone is
visible. Proliferation of what kind of lymph node cells led to this process?
Т-lymphocytes
Fixed macrophages
Plasmocytes
Macrophages
Reticulocytes
171. Two histological slides have given to the student. In both - organs with lymphoid nodules. On one of them
only follicles are visible, on an another - follicles contain eccentric vessel. Which organs are visible on the slides?
The first is lymph node, the second is spleen
The first is red bone marrow, the second is spleen
The first is thymus, the second is spleen
The first is liver, the second is lymph node
The first is liver, the second is spleen
172. After antigenic stimulation of the experimental animal on slide of the lymph node (in medullary cords) large
number of the cells was found. The cells exhibit: basophilic cytoplasm, eccentric nucleus, chromatin in the shape
of cart-wheel, perinuclear cytoplasm is very distinct. What are cells?
Plasmocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Tussue basophils (must cells)
173. Enlargement of the spleen and reduction of the number of erythrocytes in peripheral blood is observed in
patient. Increased function of which spleen cells are involved in this phenomenon?
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Dendritic cells
Plasmocytes
Retyculocytes
174. Transplant rejection was detected after heterotransplantation. Which cells mainly provide this process?
Т-killers
Macrophages
В-lymphocytes
Т-helpers
Т-supressors
175. The burn wound was closed by pig skin (heterotransplantation). What are the effector cells, which rejection
the transplant (pig skin)?
Т-killers
Т-helpers
Т-supressors
В-lymphocytes
Natural killers
176. The child has congenital immunodeficiency. Cellular immunity is damaged which causes frequent of the
viral infection. Disorders in which the organ most likely caused by this pathology?
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Lymph node
Spleen
Tonsil
177. A human bone marrow smear shows myeloid cells, adipocytes and stellate cells with oxyphilic cytoplasm
processes of which contact each other. What are cells?
Reticulocytes
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Osteocytes
178. The foci of increased plasma cells genesis were found in the lymph node bioptate (in medullary cords).
Antigen depending stimulation of which immune cells caused their formation?
В-lymphocytes
Т- lymphocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Interdigitative cells
179. The crypts epithelium of which is infiltrated by the leukocytes were found in the histological preparation of
the tonsil. From what epithelium this organ consists?
Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing
Simple columnar
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified squmous keratinizing
Pseudostratified columnar
180. Activation of the immune reactions was found during the morphological studies of the spleen. In which
structures of this organ antigen-dependent proliferation of the T- lymphocytes begins?
Periarterial zone of the white pulp
Central zone of the white pulp
Mantle zone of the white pulp
Мarginal zone of the white pulp
Red pulp
181. The hemopoietic organ consisting of various shaped lobules is investigated in histological slide. The cortex
and medulla are visible in each lobules. Which body has such features?
Thymus
Lymph node
Spleen
Tonsil
Appendix
182. In the slides hematopoiesis and immunogenesis human organs are presented. This organs contain lymphoid
tissue, forming different structures (lymphoid nodules, lobules, cords). In which organ antigen-independing
proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes occurs?
Thymus
Lymph node
Spleen
Hemolymphatic node
Tonsil
183. It is known that the plasma cell produces antibodies specific for the antigen. With the introduction of the
antigen the number of the plasma cells increases. Due to some of the blood cells there is an increase the number of
plasma cells?
В-lymphocytes
Т-lymphocytes
Моnocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
184. With infectious diseases and intoxications number of reticuloepitheliocytes and Hassal bodies increases, area
of the medulla becomes wider in the thymus lobules. How these changes of the thymus are called?
Accidental involution
Age involution
Thymus -lymphatic status
Т- immunodeficiency
В- immunodeficiency
185. During the child vaccination in response to foreign antigens introduction humoral immunity reaction is
developed. Describe the main spleen cells involved in the immune response.
Macrophage, Т-helper, В-lymphocyte.
Т-killer, Т-helper
В-lymphocytes
Т-supressor and helper, macrophage
В-lymphocyte
186. The lobed organ is detected in the histological slide. Each lobules has a cortex and medulla. Lobules
parenchyma is formed by lymphoid tissue in which T -cells are at different stages of development.
Microenvironment is presented by epithelioreticular cells. Hassal bodies are determined in the medulla. What is
organ?
Тhymus.
Kidney
Lymph node
Adrenal gland
Spleen
187. Increase in the lymphoid tissue volume, which may indicate the activation of immune reactions is observed
in the spleen and lymph nodes slides. Indicate in these organs locations where antigen-depending proliferation and
differentiation of B-lymphocytes take place.
Germinal center of lymph nodules
Mantle zone
Paracortical zone
Medullar sinuses
Periarterial zone
188. In order to diagnose biopsy of the hematopoietic organ parenchyma was taken and the megakaryocytes were
found there. What is the organ of the following?
Red bone marrow
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph node
Tonsil
189. In the afferent vessel of the experimental animal the vital stain was inducted. In which lymph node cells, it
will be possible to detect particles of the stain?
Typical macrophage and fixed macrophages
Reticuloendothelial cells
В-lymphocytes
Plasmocytes
Т-lymphocytes
190. In the red bone marrow developing blood cells are located by islands. Some islands are associated with the
macrophages. What blood cells develop in these islands?
Erythrocytes
Precursors of T-and B-lymphocytes
Monocytes
Trombocytes
Basophils
191. The patient 30 years old has malignant tumor of the skin. What epidermal cells involved in the immune
response?
Т-lymphocytes
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes and Merkel cells
Merkel cells
Cells of the stratum spinosum
192. To the body of experimental animal antibodies against thymosins were inducted. Which cell differentiation
broken in the first place?
Т-lymphocytes
Monocytes
В-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasmocytes
193. In the histological slide the organ with the cortex and medulla is visible. Cortex consists of an outer zone
with lymphoid nodules and paracortical zone. In the medulla cords, sinuses and trabeculae are located. What
organ has this morphological features?
Lymph node
Adrenal gland
Spleen
Thymus
Kidney
194. In the histological slide a parenchyma of the organ is represented by lymphoid tissue, which forms the lymph
nodules. Nodules are diffusely and comprise a central artery. What organ has this morphological structure?
Spleen
Tonsil
Lymph node
Thymus
Red bone marrow
195. Histological study of the thymus of the man aged 40 year showed: decreasing of parenchymal portion of the
thymus, increasing of fat and loose connective tissue portion, increasing the number of thymus bodies at a
constant total weight of the organ. How this phenomenon is called?
Age involution of the thymus
Accidental involution
Thymus hypotrophy
Thymus dystrophy
Thymus atrophy
196. A newborn baby has thymus hypoplasia. What type of hematopoiesis is broken?
Lymphopoiesis
Monocytopoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Granulocytopoiesis
Megakaryocytopoiesis
197. On slide the organ of immune sistem is represented. The organ exibits: the lobules surrounded by layers of
connective tissue, the number of cells at the periphery of the lobules are significantly higher than in the center, the
lymph nodules are absent. Which organ is represented?
Thymus
Red bone marrow
Lymph node
Spleen
Tonsil
198. On the slide a organ is represented covered with a connective tissue capsule from which trabeculae depart. In
the organ cortex is visible, which contains lymphoid nodules and medulla represented by strands of lymphoid
cells. What organ is represented on the slide?
Lymph node
Thymus
Spleen
Red bone marrow
Tonsil
199. The patient, 15 years old, has an angina and tonsils increasing. What histological structure of these organs
are involved in the immune protection of the body in response to the streptococci penetration?
Lymph nodules
Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium
Loose connective tissue
Crypts
200. At the patient after grafting of a foreign kidney transplant rejection reaction has been developing. What are
the main effector cells involved in the immune response?
Т-killers
В-lymphocytes
Т-supressors
Т-helpers
Plasmocytes
201. To the body of experimental animal antibodies against thymus hormones were inducted. Which cell
differentiation broken in the first place?
Т-lymphocytes
Monocytes
В-lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasmocytes
202. Processes of the erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, thrombocytopoiesis were violated at
patient. What hematopoietic organ pathology can be detected?
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph node
Tonsil
203. On the slide of the spleen red and white pulp were found. Stroma is presented by a special tissue. To what
kind of tissue it belongs?
Reticular connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
204. In the histological slide of a hematopoietic organ clusters of lymphocytes in the form of nodules and cords
are distinguished, which together with the stromal elements form a cortex and medulla. What is the organ?
Lymph node
Spleen
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Tonsil
205. To prevent the swine flu epidemic vaccine (foreign protein) was introduced into the human body. Which
cells are included in the production of specific immunity?
Lymphocytes
Lypocytes
Pigment cells
Fibroblasts
Adventitial cells
206. Damage of the epithelium of the mucosa was revealed by endoscopic examination of the stomach. What
glandulotcytes are responsible for reparative regeneration?
Undifferentiated cervical mucocytes
Additional mucocytes
Chief exokrinocytes
Parietal exokrinocytes
Surfaces glandular epithelium
207. Local stenosis of the esophagus due to scar formation occurred after chemical burn. What cells of the loose
connective tissue are involved in the formation of scars?
Mature specialized fibroblasts
Young low-specialized fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Myofibroblasts
Fibroclasts
208. In histological slide cross-section of the hollow organ wall is presented. Its mucous membrane is covered by
stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium. What organ is this?
Esophagus
Duodenum
Colon
Uterus
Appendix
209. Pernicious anemia was developed in patients after gastrectomy. The absence of what cells of the gastric
glands causes this pathology?
Parietal
Chief
Cervical mucocytes
Endocrinocytes
Goblet
210. On histological slide submucosa of the small intestine is filled by secretory portions of protein glands. What
department of the small intestine is presented in the slide?
Duodenum
Colon
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
211. On histological slide of the small intestine wall groups of cells were found that are located at the bottom of
the crypts, have basophilic cytoplasm and acidophilic secretory granules in the apical part. What are cells?
Paneth cells
Cells without brush border
Endocrine cells
Goblet cells
Columnar with brush border
212. In histological slide parenchyma of the organ is represented by hexagonal lobules, which consist of
anastomosing plates, between which radial sinusoidal capillaries are. What organ has this morphological
structure?
Liver
Pancreas
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph node
213. The patient has a violation of the endocrine function of the pancreas, which is manifested in the decrease of
blood level of the hormone glucagon. The function of what gland cells is violated in this case?
A-cells of the Langerhans islets
B-cells of the Langerhans islets
D-cells of the Langerhans islets
D1-cells of the Langerhans islets
PP-cells of the Langerhans islets
214. Patient since the 14 years has diabetes. What cells of the pancreas do not function?
B – cells
A – cells
D – cells
D1 cells
PP – cells
215. Newborn has violation of digesting of the breast milk. Violation of what gastric glands cells is observed?
Chief exocrinocytes
Parietal exocrinocytes
Cervical mucocytes
Additional mucocytes
Exocrinocytes
216. In the apical part of cytoplasm of the pancreatic cells the secretory granules appear and disappear in the
secretory cycle. To which structural elements granules belong?
Inclusions
Microfilaments
Lysosomes
Exocytotic vacuoles
Granular endoplasmic reticulum
217. Focal gastric epithelial damage occurred after exposures of the harmful factors. Which cells are responsible
for regeneration?
Cervical mucocytes
Parietal exocrinocytes
Chief exocrinocytes
Endocrinocytes
Mucocytes of glands body
218. On histological slide of the fundus glands large cells with acidophilic cytoplasm and complex system of
intracellular tubules are visible. Which component of the gastric juice these cells form?
Hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen
Mucus
Serotonin
Gastrin
219. 50 years old patient has an elevated level of blood sugar. With dysfunction of which cell development of this
disease is associated?
B –cells
A –cell
Thyrocytes
Pankreocytes
Lipotropocytes
220. Long course of treatment with aspirin was appointed to the patients with rheumatic fever. Which structural
component of the gastric mucosa will protect from damage in the greatest measure?
Simple columnar glandular epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Stratified ciliated epithelium
Stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium
221. In histological slide of the glandular organ serous secretory units are determined only. Ducts whith doublelayered or stratified epithelium are visible in interlobular connective tissue. What organ is this?
Parotid
Submandibular gland
Pancreas
Sublingual salivary gland
Liver
222. In the electron micrographs of the fundus gastric gland the large oval cell is visible. Cytoplasm contains a
system of intracellular secretory tubules, numerous mitochondria. Call this cell.
Parietal
Chief
Undifferentiated
Mucous
Exocrine
223. Changes in the soft palate and uvula were identified in a patient with diphtheria. What epithelium was
injured?
Stratified squamous
Pseudostratified columnar
Simple squamous
Simple columnar
Cuboidal
224. Surface epithelium of the stomach mucosa is damaged by inflammatory diseases. What type of the
epithelium is damaged?
Simple cylindrical glandular
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal with microvilli
Simple cuboidal
Stratified cuboidal
225. Violation of digestion and absorption of proteins in the small intestine as a result of deficiency in intestinal
juice dipeptidase were detected in patients with chronic enterocolitis (inflammation of the intestine). Which cells
have been damaged?
Paneth cells
Columnar with a brush border
Columnar without brush border
Goblet
Endocrinocytes
226. Suction (absorption) function is disrupted in diseases of the small intestine mucosa. What epithelium is
responsible for this function?
Simple columnar with brush border
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar ciliated
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
227. Patient with diseases of the small intestine has a violation of the luminal and membrane digestions. Functions
of what cells are violated?
Columnar with brush border
Columnar without brush border
Goblet
Paneth cells
Endocrinocytes
228. Absence of specific structures of a relief of the small intestine is observed at endoscopic examination of the
patient with chronic enterocolitis (inflammation of the intestine). What components determine the relief of the
mucous membrane of the organ?
The circular folds, villi and crypts
Fields, folds, pits
Gaustry, villi, crypts
Spiral folds
Fields, villi
229. Some diseases of the small intestine are associated with dysfunction of the exocrinocytes with acidophilic
granules (Paneth cells). Where this cells are?
At the bottom of intestinal crypts
At the apical part of the intestinal villi
On the lateral surfaces of the intestinal villi
At the transition of the villi in the crypt
In the upper part of intestinal crypts
230. Quantitative relationships between the epitheliocytes of the mucose are changed in some diseases of the large
intestine. What types of cells predominate in the epithelium of the crypts of the large intestine is normal?
Goblet cells
Columnar villous epitheliocytes
Endocrinocytes
Cells with acidophilic granules
Undifferentiated cells
231. Tumor that has origin from the mucose of the rectum (anal region) was detected during rectoromanoscopy.
From what epithelium this tumor was formed?
Stratified squamous non-keratinizing
Simple columner glandular
Simple columner with brush border
Simple cuboidal
Transitional epithelium
232. Anomaly of the liver development was detected during examination of the patient. What embryonic source
was damaged?
Endoderm of the middle part of primitive gut
Endoderm of the dorsal wall of the primitive gut
Foregut of the endoderm
Mezonephric duct
Endoderm of the hindgut
233. Blood circulation in classical lobules is disturbed by proliferation of connective tissue in the parenchyma of
the liver (fibrosis) due to chronic disease. What is the direction of movement of the blood in the lobules?
From the periphery to the center
From the center to the periphery
Around the lobules
From the top to the bottom
From the bottom to the top
234. Increase in the number of the glandulocytes with oxyphilic cytoplasm revealed by histological examination
of the aspiration biopsy of the gastric mucosa in a patient suffering from peptic ulcer. Which component of the
gastric juice these cells produce?
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Pepsinogen
Gastrin
Secretin
235. Certain cells of the pancreas are in a state of tension in people who eat a lot of sweets. What cells are these?
B –cells
A –cell
D-cells
PP-cells
Acinus
236. In histological slide organ of the digestive tract is visible. Its wall consists of four layers: mucosa,
submucosa, muscle and serosa. The mucous has folds and pits. What organ has this relief?
Stomach
Esophagus
Duodenum
Small Intestine
Appendix
237. In slide a section of the digestive tube wall is represented. Mucosal relief is presented by pits. The surface of
the pits is covered by columnar epithelium, in which all cells lie on a basal membrane, the apical part of the cells
is filled with droplets of mucoid secretions. What organ has this epithelium?
Stomach
Small Intestine
Colon
Esophagus
Appendix
238. In histological slide organ is visible, in the lamina propria of which simple tubular glands, consisting mainly
of chief, parietal, mucous and endocrine cells, are located. Indicate the type of the glands.
Fundic glands of the stomach
Pyloric glands of the stomach
Cardiac glands of the stomach
Esophagus glands proper
Cardiac glands of the esophagus
239. In histological slide gland is visible. In the lobules acini, secretory cells of which have two zones: the base homogeneous basophilic and apical - zymogens oxyphilous, are presented. What body has these morphological
features?
Pancreas
Liver
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual salivary gland
240. Lobules with unclear borders, central vein inside and radially directed trabeculae, are the structural units of
some organ. Lobule is limited by interlobular arteries, veins, and bile ducts (triad). Which organ is this?
Liver
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Parotid gland
Kidney
241. The patient with chronic atrophic gastritis has symptoms of hypochromic anemia. Violation of function of
what cells of the gastric glands can explain the development of the anemia?
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Additional cells
Cervical cells
Endocrine cells
242. The patient has a low gastric acidity. What cells of the gastric glands caused this condition?
Parietal
Chief
Mucous
Endocrine
Cervical
243. Process of keratinization of the epithelium was found in biopsy of the mucous of a esophagus of the patient.
Which of the following types of epithelium covering the mucous membrane of this organ is normal?
Stratified squamous non-keratinizing
Simple squamous
Pseudostratified ciliated
Simple columner
Stratified squamous keratinizing
244. Significant impairment of a process of regeneration of a epithelium of a mucous membrane of a small
intestine was found in cancer patients after radiotherapy. What cells of the epithelium were damaged?
Columnar epitheliocytes without brush border in the crypts
Columnar epitheliocytes with brush border
Goblet exocrinocytes
Endocrine cells
Exocrinocytes with acidophilic graininess (Penneta)
245. Pernicious anemia developed in patient after radiation therapy for cancer of a stomach. Reason - damage to
cells that produce intrinsic factor. Which of the cells of the gastric glands were damaged?
Parietal cells
Chief exocrinocytes
Cervical mucocytes
Endocrinocytes
Additional mucocytes
246. Doctor found syndrome of acute enterocolitis (inflammation of the small intestine) with violation of the
processes of digestion and absorption of the products in the patient. Damage of what intestinal epithelial cells are
responsible for such violations?
Columnar epitheliocytes with brush border
Columnar epitheliocytes without brush border
Goblet exocrinocytes
Endocrine cells
Exocrinocytes with acidophilic graininess
247. Proteins are poorly digested in the stomach of the patient. Analysis of gastric juice showed low acidity. The
function of what stomach cells is broken in this case?
Parietal cells
Chief exocrinocytes
Mucocytes
Endocrinocytes
Cervical mucocytes
248. Chemical burn of a upper surface of a tongue occurred in the girl 15 years old. What epithelium is damaged
by this?
Stratified squamous partially non-keratinizing
Simple low columner
Pseudostratified ciliated
Transitional
Simple squamous
249. Total hyperacidity was found in women 56 years old during pH-metry of gastric juice. With dysfunction of
which cells of the gastric glands it can be connected?
Parietal cells
Chief exocrinocytes
Cervical mucocytes
Additional mucocytes
Endocrinocytes
250. Ulcer formed in the small intestine of the patient after radiation therapy for tumors of the liver. Reason inhibition of mitotic activity of the cells that are responsible for the regeneration of the surface epithelium of the
small intestine. Name these cells.
Columnar epitheliocytes without brush border in crypts
Columnar epitheliocytes
Goblet exocrinocytes
Endocrine cells
Exocrinocytes with acidophilic graininess
251. The patient complains of pain in the stomach. Gastroscopy revealed the presence of small-sized ulcers in the
fundus of the stomach. Violation of function of which cells of the gastric mucosa was one of the reasons of
mucosal damage?
Surface epithelium cell producing mucous secretion
Parietal cells of the gastric glands that produce chloride and hydrogen ions
Chief exocrinocytes producing pepsinogen
Endocrinocytes producing somatostatin
Endocrinocytes producing serotonin
252. The mucous epithelium of the esophagus of the patient has been damaged due to burn acetic essence. What
cells of the surface epithelium are the source of reparative regeneration?
Basal cells
Squamous cells
Spinosum cells
Ciliated cells
Endocrine cells
253. Furred tongue (excess of keratinization) was found in patients with chronic gastritis by external examination.
The reason - amplification process of keratinization. In which tongue papillae epithelium can keratinizing?
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Papillary layer
254. In histological slide a mucosa of the organ is represented. Columner cells with brush border and Goblet cells
are defined on the surface of the villi in the epithelial layer. What organ has these cells?
Small intestine
Stomach
Large intestine
Ureteral
Bronchus
255. Substantial reduction or full absence of parietal cells in the stomach glands was observed in patient biopsy
material. Mucosa of what stomach area was studied?
Pylorus
Fundus
Cardiac department
Body of stomach
Transition esophagus into the stomach
256. In histological slide a organ of a oral cavity is visible, its anterior surface is lined by stratified squamous
non-keratinizing epithelium and a posterior surface - pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. What is this body?
Soft palate
Language
Hard palate
Lip
Cheek
257. Extensive damage of the excretory acinar cells is defined in patients after acute pancreatitis. What cells are
responsible for the regeneration?
Cells of intercalated ducts
Cells of islets of Langerhans
Cells of intralobular ducts
Stromal cells
Vascular endothelium
258. Cells forming the wall of the bile capillaries were affected by viral infection. Its created the conditions for
the getting of a bile into a blood of sinusoidal capillaries. What cells are damaged?
Hepatocytes
Kupffer cells
Ito-cells
Rit- cells
Endotheliocytes
259. Well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum is determined in the cytoplasm of the "dark" hepatocytes
during ultramicroscopic study. What is the function of this organelle in these cells?
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Synthesis of carbohydrates
Detoxification
Production of bile
Storage of calcium ions
260. Full update of the small intestine epithelium occurs within 3 days due to active proliferation of
undifferentiated cells. Indicate their localization.
Bottom of the crypts
Top of the villi
Base of the villi
Lateral surface of the villi
Lamina propria
261. Insulin injection for evaluation of the completeness of vagotomy is accompanied by a significant increase in
the acidity of gastric juice. What cells of the gastric glands provide this process?
Parietal
Endocrine
Chief
Mucosal
Cervical
262. Damage to the epithelium of the excretory ducts of the salivary glands is observed in chronic inflammatory
processes. What epithelium will be damage in the striated ducts of the major salivary glands?
Columner epithelium with basal striation
Squamous epithelium with basal striation
Cuboidal epithelium with basal striation
Double layer with basal striation
Stratified cuboidal
263. The baby gets breast milk. What histological structures of the oral cavity were adapted for stimulation of the
nipple breast, causing reflex milk flow?
Epithelial villi of the lips
Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium of the lips
The connective papillae of the lips
Fungiform papillae of the tongue
Foliate papillae of the tongue
264. Tissue, located at the top of the tooth root and the point of branching of the roots, is visible in the thin section
of tooth. The tissue contains cells with process lying in lacunae, and numerous collagen fibers having a radial or
longitudinal direction. Call this tissue.
Cellular cement
Retikulofibrous bone tissue
Dentin
Enamel
Dense connective tissue
265. Non-mineralizing areas that are places for penetration of the infection into the tooth meet at the boundary of
the enamel with the dentin. How this areas to call?
Enamel bundles
Enamel prisms
Enameloblasty
Dentinoblasty
Fibers of Toms
266. Depositions of hydroxyapatite crystals that look like globules are visible in histological slide of the tooth
histogenesis. For which tooth tissue this type of mineralization is typical?
Dentin
Enamel
Periodontal
Cement
Pulp
267. Epithelium of the stomach may change under the influence of various harmful factors that can cause stomach
ulcers. What epithelium is damaged?
Simple cylindrical glandular
Stratified squamous non-keratinizing
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Pseudostratified columner
268. Which departments of the facial skull underdevelopment in the embryonic period leads to a malformation as
"cleft palate"?
Palatine processes
Frontal process
Frontal and maxillary processes
Mandibular processes
Mandibular and palatine processes
269. Wall of the organ of the digestive system is presented in the histological slide. Numerous lymphoid nodules
are in the lamina propria and submucosa. Call this organ.
Appendix
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Colon
270. Hepatic artery was damaged as a result of stab wounds. But the blood continues to flow into the hepatic
lobule. What a vessel provides the blood flow in lobules?
Portal venule (branche of the hepatic portal vein)
Interlobular artery
Portal arteriola
Sublobular vienna
Hepatic vienna
271. Granular EPS was destroyed in hepatocytes by the impact of hepatotropic poison. Synthesis of which
substances will be broken in the epithelium of the liver?
Albumins and fibrinogen
Phospholipids
Glycogen
Cholesterol
Vitamins
272. Group of cells are visible in histological slide of the pancreas. Some of them are situated centrally and has
basophilic secretory granules. Their secret regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Call these cells.
B –cells
PP-cells
A –cell
Adipocytes
D-cells
273. Striated muscle tissue of an organ of the digestive system is revealed by microscopic examination. From
what organ biopsy was taken?
Esophagus
Stomach
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
274. The inner layer of the epithelium of the enamel organ in the tooth germ was destroyed in animal experiment.
The development of what tissue of a tooth is broken?
Enamels
Dentin
Cement
Pulp
Periodontal
275. Granules containing dipeptidases and lysozyme have been found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of
intestinal crypts by histochemical methods. Indicate these cells.
Paneth cells
Columnar epithelial cells
Goblet exocrinocytes
A –cells
S-cells
276. The patient has a violation of taste sensation. The total sensitivity is maintained. What papillae are not
damaged?
Filiform papillae
Circumvallate papillae
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
All
277. Canaliculi are visible in the dentin on longitudinal sections of the tooth. What is contained within the
tubules?
Processes of dentinoblasts
Processes of enameloblasts
Bodies of dentinoblasts
Fibroblasts
Elastic fibers
278. The patient is treated for chronic gastritis for a long time. Changes in the mucosal epithelium of the stomach
are observed by endoscopy. What epithelium is changed?
Simple columner glandular
Simple columner with brush border
Simple columner ciliated
Pseudostratified columner
Simple squamous
279. One of the organ of the oral cavity looks like a few folds of mucous membrane, in the lamina propria of
which numerous lymphoid follicles are. What is the body?
Palatine tonsils
Tongue
Parotid gland
Sublingual glands
Submandibular gland
280. As we know, the submandibular gland has mucous glandular portion, consisting of mucocytes. What features
are characteristic for these cells?
Flattened nuclei and clear cytoplasm
Basophilic cytoplasm
Rounded nuclei in the center of the cell
Microvilli
Basal striation
281. Analysis of biopsies of the gastric mucosa of a patient with gastritis showed a sharp decrease in the number
of parietal cells. How does it effect on the following components of gastric juice?
Decrease of acidity
Increase of acidity
Increase of gastric juice
Reduction of gastric juice
Decrease of mucus production
282. Morphological features of a gum are visible in the biopsy of a oral mucosa. What features of the structure of
the mucous membrane of the gums can be observed in normal?
Stationary adherent to the periosteum, lamina propria forms the high papillae, lack of muscle layer
Low adherent to the periosteum, well defined muscle layer
Absent of muscle layer, submucosa is well developed
Property and muscle membranes are missing
Holds a lot of small salivary glands
283. Some diseases of the salivary glands are caused by dysfunction of their excretory ducts. What types of the
excretory ducts present in the major salivary glands?
Intra-, interlobular ducts and common duct of the gland
Lobular, striated and common ducts
Intercalated, divided and common ducts
Intra- and interlobular ducts
Common duct
284. Structure of the oral cavity, which has a maxillary, mandibular and intermediate zone, is damaged by trauma.
What structure is traumatized?
Cheek
Tongue
Lip
Hard palate
Soft palate
285. The patient complains of deterioration of taste sensitivity. Doctor noticed mucosal atrophy of some areas of
the oral cavity during examination. Where do morphological changes were observed more?
On the upper surface of the tongue
On the lower surface of the tongue
At the root of the tongue
In the hard palate
On the gums
286. On slide structure of bone tissue, covered with a mucous membrane with keratinizing stratified squamous
epithelium is presented. In all areas of the lamina propria collagen fibers form a powerful bundles, woven into the
periosteum. Name the structure of the oral cavity?
Hard palate
Gums
Lip
Cheek
Tongue
287. The patient went to the doctor with complains of fever up to thirty-eight degrees, weakness, a pain in the
larynx. On examination revealed that the patient's tongue is with white coate. What are the histological structures
of the tongue involved in the formation of excessive keratinization?
Epithelium of the filiform papillae
Epithelium of foliate papillae
The epithelium of fungiform papillae
Epithelium of circumvallate papillae
Lamina propria of tongue papillae
288. The patient suffers from heart attacks. The doctor gave him a nitroglycerin under the tongue. What structural
features of the oral mucosa are responsible for such a possibility of medication?
Permeability of stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium
Permeability of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium
Permeability of stratified squamous epithelium
Presence of the tongue papillae
Presence of salivary glands
289. The patient has an increased acidity of gastric juice. Hyperfunction of what cells in the glands of the gastric
mucosa leads to this condition?
Parietal exocrinocytes of own gastric glands
Exocrinocytes of the gastric glands
Additional mucocytes
Goblet cells
Exocrine pankreaocytes
290. Structure represented by mucosa and having a free portion and attached portion, which is tightly adherent to
the periosteum defined in the oral cavity. Epithelium - stratified squamous keratinizing. Lamina propria forms a
long, deep jutting out into the epithelium papillae. Call this structure.
Gums
Hard palate
Lip
Cheek
Tongue
291. Cell, in cytoplasm of which granules that look like fruit pits (stones) are visible, presented at the electron
micrograph of intralobular liver sinusoid. We know that this is a natural killer cell. Which cell is?
Pit-cell
Hepatocyte
Endothelium of the sinusoid
Stellate macrophage
Perisinusoidal lipocyte
292. Sagittal line defect was detected in the palate after the birth of a child. In what process will this affect?
Swallowing
Chewing
Digestion
Breath
Articulation