AP Euro--Review Terms
Unit 1--Mid. Ages, Ren., Expl.
Black Death
Hundred Years' War (1337-1452)
Joan de Arc (1412-31)
Jan Hus (1373-1415)
revolts--jacquerie/Ciompi
Hanseatic League
Brethren/Sisters of Common Life
mysticism
Great Schism (1378-1417)
William of Ockham (1300-49)
vernacular literature
Dante's Divine Comedy
Christine de Pisan (1364-1430)
Golden Bull
Giovanni Bocaccio (1313-75)
Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510)
Fillipo Brunelleschi (1377-1466)
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Castiglione's Book of Courtier (1528)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Donatello (1386-1466)
humanism
Niccolo Machiavelli/The Prince (1513)
Masaccio (1401-28)
Petrarch (1304-74)
Leon Battista Alberti (1404-72)
perspective
civic virtue (virtu)
Lorenzo Valla (philology) (1405-57)
guilds
Italian city-states
women's roles/status
Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)
Isabella d'Este (1474-1539)
Vittoria Colonna
Giralamo Savanarola (1452-98)
Lorenzo de Medici (1449-92)
condotierre
Peace of Lodi (1454)
Wars of Italy (1494-1529)
sacking of Rome (1527)
Fall of Constantinople (1453)
Balboa (1475-1517)
Columbus (1451-1506)
conquistadores
Hernando Cortes (1485-1547)
Bartholomew Diaz (1450-1500)
Ferdinand and Isabella
Vasco de Gama (1469-1525)
Prince Henry, Navigator(1394-1460)
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)
War of the Roses (1455-85)
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
Louis XI "the Spider" (1461-83)
Castile and Aragon
reconquista
Charles V (1516-56)
Habsburg-Valois rivalry
Ottoman empire
Unit 2--Reformation & Relig Wars
Johannes Gutenberg (1400-68)
Christian humanism
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471),
Imitation of Christ
indulgences
simony, pluralism, nepotism
Pope Leo X
sola: scriptura, fide, gratia
Diet of Worms (1521)
predestination
transubstantiation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Instit. of Christian Religion (1536)
Appeal to Christian Nobility of the
German Nation (1520)
German Peasants Revolt
seven sacraments
Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Marburg Colloquy
Thomas More (1478-1535), Utopia
Henry VIII (1509-47)
Thomas Cromwell
Act of Supremacy (1534)
Anglican Church
John Calvin (1509-64)
Genevan Consistory
Michael Servetus
Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Anabaptists
Munster
Charles V (1519-56)
Fuggers
Francis I (1515-47)
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-66)
Schmalkaldic Wars
Habsburg-Valois Wars
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
Teresa of Avila (1515-82)
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Capuchins, Theatines, Carmelites
Council of Trent (1545-63)
Francis Xavier
The Index
Matteo Ricci
Huguenots
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Catherine de Medici (1560-89)
Guises
Bourbons, Henry IV (1589-1610)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Mary Tudor (1553-58)
Act of Uniformity
politiques
"one king, one faith, one law"
United Provinces
Pacification of Ghent (1576)
Twelve Years' Truce (1609)
Philip II (1555-98)
Spanish Armada
Duke of Alba (1507-82)
sea beggars
William of Orange
Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32)
Defenstration of Prague (1618)
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
sack of Magdeburg (1631)
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Thirty Years War (1618-48)
Mannerism
Baroque
El Greco (1541-1614)
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
Michel de Montaigne (1533-92)
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
subsistence agriculture
feudal dues
artisans
domestic service
demographics
noble privileges
Twelve Articles of Swabian Peasants
patriarchy
carnivals/festivals
Unit 3--Early Modern Society
three-field crop rotation
robot/corvee
Price Revolution
Great Chain of Being
nobility of the robe
enclosure
German Peasants' War
witchcraft scare
Unit 5--Mod. State & Comm. Rev.
Unit 4--Scientific Revolution
Hermeticism
Aristotelian world view
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543),
On Rev. of Heavenly Spheres
heliocentric theory
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
deductive/inductive reasoning
Discourse on Method
empiricism
Galileo (1564-1642),
Dialogue on the two Chief Systems of World
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
natural laws
Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Principia
Ptolemy
French Academy of Sciences
Royal Society of London
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Paracelsus (1493-1521)
Andreas Vesalius (1514-64)
William Harvey (1578-1657)
Margaret Cavendish (1623-73)
Maira Sibylla Merian (1647-1717)
Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)
Benedict Spinoza (1632-77)
Blaise Pascal (1623-62)
Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1671)
scientific method
Baroque
Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)
James I (1603-25)
divine right monarchy
Louis XIII (1610-43)
royal councils
intendants
Philip IV (1621-65)
The Fronde
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
Charles I (1625-49)
Petition of Right (1628)
William Laud (1573-1645)
Long Parliament
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
Stuart Restoration
Charles II (1660-1685)
James II (1685-88)
John Locke (1632-1704)
Glorious Revolution (1688)
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
William and Mary
Bill of Rights (1689)
Frederick William (1640-88)
Junker
Peter I (1682-1725)
Battle of Poltava (1709)
St. Petersburg
raison d'etat
revocation of Edict of Nantes
Versailles
Act of Settlement
mercantilism
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
War of Spanish Succession (1701-14)
triangular trade
Navigation Acts
calicoes
Bank of England (1694)
joint-stock company
bills of exchange
flyboats
Dutch Republic
Bank of Amsterdam (1609)
slave trade
English/Dutch East India Comp.
Dutch-Anglo naval wars
Nine Years War (1689-97)
Seven Years' War (1756-63)
Table of Ranks
Charter of the Nobility (1785)
Pugachev's Revolt (1774)
Pragmatic Sanction
War of Austrian Succession (1740-48)
partitions of Poland (1772, 93, 95)
Great Northern War (1700-21)
poll tax
conscription
serfdom
Catherine the Great (1762-96)
Frederick William I (1713-40)
Frederick the Great (1740-86)
enlightened absolutism
Maria Theresa (1740-80)
Joseph II (1780-90)
party system--Whigs and Tories
Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745)
patronage
George III (1760-1820)
Seven Years War (1756-63)
Diplomatic Revolution
Silesia
Unit 6--Enlightenment & Social Change
philosophes
entail and primogeniture
Patent of Toleration (1781)
laissez-faire
bourgeoisie
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
blood sports
chapbooks
popular culture
carnival
taverns
Voltaire (1694-1778)
cosmopolitan
Deism
"General Will"
humanitarianism
Essay Concern. Human Under. (1690)
natural law/rights
physiocrats
Francois Quesnay (1694-1777)
rococo
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78)
Adam Smith (1723-90), Wealth of Nations
The Social Contract (1762)
Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Letter Conc. Engl. Nation (1734)
Cesare Beccaria (1738-94)
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
David Hume (1711-76)
Denis Diderot (1713-84), Encycloped.
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Candide (1759)
Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-93)
salons
magazines/literacy
romantic love
childhood
Benjamin Franklin (1706-90)
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
Marie-Therese Geoffrin (1699-1777)
Marquis du Deffand (1697-1780)
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
the novel
Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)
Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
Baron d'Holbach (1723-89)
Moravian Brethren
John Wesley (1703-91)
Methodism
Grand Tour
travel literature
Calas Affair
Bernard de Fontanelle (1657-1757)
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706),
Historical and Critical Dictionary
Rousseau's Emile
infanticide
Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
Agricultural Revolution
"putting-out" system
textile innovations
poverty
enlightened monarchs
Catherine the Great
Joseph II
Frederick the Great
Unit 7--French Rev. and Napoleon
parlements
Estates-General
Three Estates
cahier de doleances
Great Fear
Olympe de Gouges
sans-culottes
Jacobin and Girondin
Continental System
Bastille
bonnet rouge
Le Marseillaise
Edmund Burke (1729-97)
Revolutionary Calendar
citizen
Committee of Public Safety
Consulate (1799-1804)
National Convention
National Assembly
Dec. of Rights of Man (1789)
Directory (1795-99)
83 Departments
Festival of Supreme Being
First Coalition
gabelle, taille
guillotine
levee en masse
Louis XVI (1754-93)
Marie Antoinette (1755-93)
Comte de Mirabeau (1749-91)
Jacques Necker (1732-1804)
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
Maximilien Robespierre (1758-94)
September massacres
What is Third Estate?
Abbe Sieyes (1748-1836)
Society of Republican Women
Republic of Virtue
Tennis Court Oath
Reign of Terror
Thermidor
Tuileries
Battle of Valmy
Vendee revolt
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97)
Louis XV (1715-74)
Jacques Turgot (1727-81)
Charles Calonne (1734-1802)
doubling/voting by head or order
Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834)
October Days
abolition of feudalism
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Russian campaign
nepotism
Battle of Waterloo
"careers open to talent"
Concordat with Vatican
Egyptian campaign
Napoleonic reforms
Pennisular War (1808-14)
plebiscite
Second Coalition
Third Coalition
Treaty of Amiens (1802)
Treaty of Tilsit (1807)
Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Constitution of 1791
Constitution of 1793
Code Napoleon
Unit 8--Industrial Society
Richard Awkwright (1732-92)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Chartism
Combination Acts
Corn Laws
cotton gin
Factory Act, 1833
flying shuttle
James Hargreaves (d. 1778)
John Kay (1704-64)
Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729)
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Poor Law, 1834
spinning jenny
utopian socialism
water frame
James Watt (1736-1819)
enclosure
cottage industry
putting-out system
metallurgy improvements
railroad improvements
urbanization
Zollverein
protectionism
Ten Hours Act (1847)
Mines Act (1842)
Public Health Act (1848)
Crystal Palace Exhibition, 1851
Friedrich Engels (1820-95)
Cond. of Work. Classes in Eng. (1845)
Congress of Vienna (1814-15)
Alexander I (1777-1825)
Talleyrand (1754-1838)
Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
Holy Alliance
Quadruple Alliance
Concert of Europe
domesticity
Liberalism
John Stuart Mill (1806-73)
Reform Act of 1832
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72)
Goerg Friedrich List (1789-1846)
Ludwig von Beethoven (1770-1827)
Romanticism
Victor Hugo (Hunchback, Les Mis)
Conservatism
Carlsbad Decrees (1819)
socialism
Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-65)
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
July Revolution (1830)
Charles X (1824-30)
Louis Phillipe (1830-48)
Belgian independence
strikes
Second Republic (1848-50)
Paris Commune
Louis Kossuth (1802-94)
Frankfurt Parliament
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
Georg Wm. Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
Johann Goethe (1749-1832)
Liberty Leading the People (1831)
Greek independence
proletariat
Flora Tristan (1801-44)
"banquet" campaign
Napoloen III
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
Unit 9--Nation-Bldg and Imperialism
Alexander II (1818-81)
"blood and iron"
realpolitik
Count Camillo Cavour (1810-61)
Ems Dispatch
Franco-Prussian War
Crimean War
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82)
Pan-Slavism
Papal States
Prussian-Danish War
Seven Weeks War
Treaty of Plombieres
Otto von Bismarck (1815-98)
Young Italy
Victor Emmanuel II (1820-78)
Florence Nightengale (1820-1910)
Risorgimento
Emperor Maximilien (1832-67)
Paris rebuilt
William Gladstone (1809-98)
Benjamin Disreali (1804-81)
Reform Act of 1867
Education Act of 1870
mir
emancipation of serfs
zemstvos
realism
Karl Marx (1818-83)
Paris Commune, 1870-71
Nicholas I (1825-55)
"Eastern Question"
Piedmont-Sardinia
Corn Laws abolished (1846)
Victorian England
Reichstag
Second Industrial Revolution
cartels
monopolies
boom and bust
consortium
Dual Monarchy
anti-Semitism
American Civil War
Belgian Congo
Boer War (1899-1902)
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
Opium War (1839-42)
East India Company
Fashoda Incident (1898)
jingoism
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
"White Man's Burden"
Open Door Policy
Commodore Matthew Perry (1794-1858)
protectorate
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
Sepoy Rebellion
Spanish-American War (1898)
spheres of influence
extraterritoriality
Suez Canal
telegraph
Panama Canal
Hobson/Lenin critiques
Berlin Conference (1884)
Moroccan Crises (1905, 1911)
Algeciras Conference
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Balkan crises
Berlin Conferences, 1878, 1885
Unit 10--Intell., Soc., & Cult. Crises
realism
Karl Marx (1818-83)
Paris Commune, 1870-71
Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Mngmt
Victorian England
Charles Dickens (1812-70)
Gustave Flaubert (1821-80)
Fyodor Dostoyevksy (1821-81)
Charles Darwin (1809-82)
natural selection
Das Kapital (1867)
dialectical materialism
Reichstag
futurists
impressionism
Edouard Manet (1832-83)
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
mass culture/politics
Home Rule--Ireland
extension of suffrage (G.B.)
Labour Party (Kier Hardie)
Fabians
David Lloyd George (1863-1945)
National Insurance Act (1911)
Parliament Bill (1911)
Trade Unions Act (1913)
Kulturkampf
Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888-1918)
socialist revisionism
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)
Anti-socialist laws
Dreyfus Affair
Boulanger Affair
Emile Zola (1840-1902)
anti-Semitism
suffrage movement (Pankhursts)
Women's Social and Political Union
Cat and Mouse Act (1913)
Zionism (Theodor Herzl)
pogroms
anarcho-syndicalism
Mikhail Bakunin (1814-76)
x-ray(s)
Marie Curie (1867-1934)
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Max Planck (1858-1947)
Louis Pasteur (1822-95)
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
social sciences
criminology
Sigmund Freud (1859-1939)
contraception
consumption/advertising
eugenics
"new woman"
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)
Social Darwinism
Paul Gaugin (1848-1903)
compulsory education
sports
First International
Second International
Louis Pasteur (1822-95)
Ringstrasse
Paris Commune
Sergei Witte
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Revolution of 1905
Pope Pius IX (1846-78)
Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)
symbolist poetry
expressionism
Cubism
Unit 11--Great War & Russ. Rev
Balkan crises
Berlin Congress, 1878
Three Emperors League
Reinsurance Treaty
Dual Alliance
Triple Alliance
Anglo-French rapprochement
Bismarck's alliance policy
Triple Entente
Battle of Marne
Battle of Verdun
Schlieffen Plan
Black Hand (Gavrilo Princip)
Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914)
Wilson's Fourteen Points
submarine warfare
"over the top"
Zimmerman Telegram
mobilization
All Quiet on Western Front
poison gas
Gallipoli
Lawrence of Arabia
total war
propaganda
war bonds
rationing
Erich Ludendorff
Spartacists
censorship
American Expeditionary Force
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Lusitania
Georges Clemenceau
Vittorio Orlando
Woodrow Wilson
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
V.I. Lenin (1870-1924)
Revolution of 1905
Duma
Stolypin reforms
Sergei Witte/industrialization
Petrograd soviet
Provisional Government
Bolsheviks
Social Revolutionaries (SRs)
Kadets
"all power to soviets"
"peace, bread, and land"
Army Order # 1
Rasputin
Civil War
Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)
Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)
Mensheviks
Red Army
war communism
New Economic Policy
Great Purges
forced collectivization
kulaks
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
Five-Year Plan/Gosplan
Stakhanov
Central Committee
Politburo
Josef Stalin (1879-1953)
"socialism in one country"
Third International
Comintern
women's role
Unit 12--Totalitarianism & WWII
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Bauhaus
reparations
Saar/Rhineland
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Treaty of Rapallo (1922)
Locarno Pact (1925)
Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929)
Maginot Line
hyperinflation of 1923
invasion of Ruhr
Dawes Plan (1924)
Young Plan (1929)
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
gold standard
Great Depression
fascism
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
Black Shirts/Squadristi
March on Rome
Matteoti incident
Concordat with Vatican (1929)
National Socialism
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
corporate state
Paul von Hindenberg (1847-1934)
Weimar Republic
legality strategy
"stab in the back"
S.A. (Stormtroopers)
S.S.
Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
Mein Kampf
"Lost Generation"
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
dadaism
surrealism (Salvador Dali)
James Joyce (Ulysses)
motion pictures
annexation (Anschluss) of Austria
Battle of Britain
Battle of Stalingrad
Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940)
appeasement
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
atomic bomb
lend-lease program
Pearl Harbor
Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945)
Harry Truman (1884-1972)
Lebensraum
autarky
Munich Conference
Potsdam Conference
Yalta Conference
Rome-Berlin Axis
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Sudetenland
Popular Front
Leon Blum
Spanish Civil War
Francisco Franco
Falange
Guernica
blitzkrieg
Final Solution
Wannsee Conference
totalitarianism
invasion of Ethiopia
remilitarization of Rhineland
Triumph of the Will
Nuremburg rallies
Nuremburg Laws (1935)
Ernst Rohm (1877-1934)
Reichstag fire
Enabling Act
Hitler Youth
"race/space and feed/breed"
Volk
John Meynard Keynes (1883-1946)
British Union of Fascists (Mosley)
Vichy
Charles De Gaulle (1890-1970)
Luftwaffe
Marshal Tito (1892-1980)
Kristallnacht
Warsaw ghetto uprising
Zyklon B
Holocaust
Great Patriotic War
Unit 13--Postwar Europe
Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)
Willy Brandt (1913- )
Brezhnev Doctrine
brinksmanship
Chinese Nationalists
COMECON
Marshall Plan
Truman Doctrine
Cominform
containment
NSC-68
de-Stalinization
Khrushchev's secret speech
"economic miracle"
European Coal and Steel Community
European Economic Community
Hungarian revolt (1956)
Czechoslovak revolt (1968)
"inner six"
Iron Curtain speech
Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)
Jan Masaryk (1886-1948)
Berlin blockade
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact
Imre Nagy (1896-1958)
Alexander Dubcek
Ostpolitik
"peaceful coexistence"
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bay of Pigs invasion
Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
common market
welfare state
youth culture
SEATO/CENTO
Commonwealth
Algerian war
Indochina war
Vietnam War (Ho Chi Minh)
Fifth Republic
Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)
decolonization
United Nations
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Wall
displaced persons (DPs)
Guatemala (1954)
Central Intelligence Agency
force de frappe
Gaullism
birth control
Simone de Beauvoir (Second Sex)
Betty Friedan (Feminine Mystique)
sex and drugs and rock n' roll
Protests of 1968
ICBMs
Sputnik
pronatalism
Mikhail Gorbachev (1931-)
Gulf War
War in Afghanistan
Ronald Reagan (1911-)
"New World Order"
START talks
perestroika/glasnost
fall of Communism
break-up of USSR
Solidarity
Lech Walesa
Janos Kadar
Charter 77
Velvet Revolution
Vaclav Havel
Nicolae Ceausescu (1918-89)
fall of Berlin Wall
unification of Germany, 1990
Slobodan Milosevic
Croat-Serb War
War in Bosnia
"ethnic cleansing"
Maastrict Treaty (1992)
Helmut Kohl (1930-)
Irish Republican Army
Margaret Thatcher
Falklands War
Francois Mitterand
terrorism
guest workers
Greens
Jackson Pollock
Andy Warhol
pop art
Anselm Kiefer
"Theater of the Absurd"
Waiting for Godot
military-industrial complex
John Paul II
punk
NGOs (non-govt. organ.)
Boris Yeltsin
George Bush (1924-)