Implementation and Effectiveness of Voter’s Education Program of COMELEC
and the Performance of Implementers
By:
Dr. Vanessa F. Espenido
DPA
Vanessa F. Espenido
Doctor of Public Administration
Vanessa F. Espenido earned her Doctor of Public Administration from SouthWestern
University in May 2014.
Dr. Espenido’s dissertation, Implementation and Effectiveness of Voters’ Education
Program of COMELEC and the Performance of Implementors, was supervised by Dr. Alfredo A.
Derecho.
Dr. Espenido is currently employed in the Commission on Elections assigned in the
Office of Regional Election Director, Caraga Region as Regional Human Resource Officer designate
and Administrative Assistant V.
Rationale
In the emerging and established democratic states, voters’ education has been given
emphasis to deliver a free, fair, efficient and cost effective election. Voters’ education is
considered as a mechanism to ensure that the electorate would be motivated, well-informed
and to enable them participate meaningfully in the electoral process. (Melstein and Green,
2010).
In the Philippines, voters’ education program of the COMELEC focuses on major
components such as: Voters’ Registration, Automated and Mock Election, and Voter’s
Information Drive. These program components are mandated and covered with Republic
Act, Omnibus Election Code, COMELEC Resolutions and other pertinent election laws.
The voter’s education program of the COMELEC seems in placed. However, it has to
looked into the ground level how this program being cascaded up to the regional and local
level, and to what extent the program realized its goals and objectives.
Obviously, there are unique success stories of voter’s education implementation per
region in the country. On the other hand, it could not also be denied that there are
challenges encountered in the local and regional level particularly on areas of registration,
election campaign, election canvassing, and other election activities. Election related
violence, vote buying cheating and other election-related malpractices are still prevalent.
CARAGA Region particularly in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte is not spared by the common
scenario that tends to threaten the credibility of the election. This scenario is the barometer
to what extent does voter’s education program of the COMELEC has succeeded.
It is in this context that the researcher found it relevant to conduct a study on the
implementation and effectiveness of voters’ education program of COMELEC and the
performance of implementors. The findings of the study would serve as basis in crafting the
action plan for an improved voters’ education program of Butuan City.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on the legal documents governing election activities in the
Philippines. These are drawn from the Constitutional provisions, Omnibus Election Code,
COMELEC Resolutions, and other theoretical frame relative to the rights of suffrage and
voters’ education. It also considered related literature and studies in the country and abroad
which served as the framework of the present investigation.
The Commission on Election (COMELEC) is mandated by law as the premier
guardian of the ballot. Being an independent constitutional body, it has an exclusive power to
administer and enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections and other
political exercise, such as voters’ education, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and recalls.
Republic Act No. 8189 or “Voters’ Registration Act of 1996” cites that in order to be
able to vote in any election, a qualified voter shall be registered in the permanent list of
voters’ in a precinct of the city or municipality wherein he resides. (Ericta and Varona, 2003)
R.A. No. 8436 otherwise known as Automated Electoral System in the Philippines.
This law authorizes the COMELEC to conduct elections in the country using Automated
Election System.
In context to this law, mock elections are also conducted during voters’ education
drive to simulate the actual Automated Electoral System using the Precinct Count Optical
Scan (PCOS) machine. This has been launched by the COMELEC in public places to show
to the public that this project is free from electoral fraud and that any challenge from the
public can be explained by the COMELEC (Jeminez,2010).
Built-in in the Voters’ Education Program of the COMELEC is also the Voters’
Information Drive. It is in this program component that the COMELEC disseminates to the
electorate the electoral reforms, innovations, thrust, and directions, and activities that the
COMELEC undertakes to have an honest, orderly and peaceful elections (Jimenez, 2013).
Pandes theory on Better Governance, states that “Voters’ behavior is malleable” and
that information about political process and politician performance improves electoral
accountability. Limited availability of information thus provides one explanation of the
persistence of low quality politicians and the existence of identity politics and electoral
malpractices in low-income democracy (Pande, 2005).
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the implementation and effectiveness of voters
education program of Comelec and the performance of implementers. Findings of the study
will serve as basis for the proposed action plan.
1. What is the profile of the implementers in terms of:
1.1
Age
1.2
Sex;
1.3
Civil status;
1.4
Highest educational attainment; and
1.5
Number of years in service?
2. What is the performance rating of the program implementers for the past two rating
periods?
3. What is the extent of implementation of voters education program of the COMELEC
in Butuan City in terms of:
3.1 Voter’s registration;
3.2 Mock election; and
3.3 Voter’s information drive
4. What is the level of effectiveness of voters education program of the COMELEC in
Butuan City in terms of:
4.1 Voter’s registration;
4.2 Mock election; and
4.3 Voter’s information drive
5. Is there a significant relationship between:
5.1
Profile and level of effectiveness
5.2
Profile and extent of implementation
5.3
Level of effectiveness and extent of implementation
6. What action plan may be proposed?
Statement of Null Hypotheses
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the profile and level of
effectiveness, there is no significant relationship between profile and extent of
implementation and there is no significant relationship on the level of effectiveness and
extent of implementation of Voters’ Education Program of the COMELEC in Butuan City.
Research Design
This study employed the descriptive-correlation method of research using the
researcher-made questionnaire checklist as main tool of gathering data. It accounted the
data and information of the variables concerned in this study. The profile of the respondents,
the performance rating of the implementers, the extent of the voters’ education program of
the COMELEC in Butuan City, the level of effectiveness, the relationship of the variables,
and the factors that influence the extent of implementation were treated as the variable in
this study being accounted with respect, to the respondent’s perceptions.
The performance of the implementers were also determined, the effectiveness of the
program influence and the factors that influence the effectiveness were also accounted in
this study. This is to produce statistical information in order to establish the status of the
Voters’ Education of the COMELEC in Butuan City (Borg & Gall, 2001).
Research Environment
This research was conducted in the Commission on Election (COMELEC) of Butuan
city, Caraga Region, Philippines. It could be recalled that the locale of the study is one of the
historical cities of the Philippines where the genesis of political governance evolved from this
city through its balanghai, a boat recovered by anthropologist which considered as the
vessel where the village or barangay was established. On this note, leaders emerge as vital
component of the village of which the concept of election for leadership was articulated.
As time evolved, election had been institutionalized as reflected in the 1987
Philippine Constitution. Timed-up to the provision in the freedom of the citizen to exercise
their right and suffrage.
Research Respondents
The study considered two groups of respondents to provide data from this
investigation. In determining the samples, the universality was applied for the Voter
Education implementers from the COMELEC.
For the registered voters’ respondents, the stratified random sampling was employed
using Slovin’s formula to determine the samples. The sampled respondents were identified
through lottery.
Total Registered Voters in Butuan City is 184,343 sample of 400 was obtained were
considered as respondents using the slovins formula.
Research Instruments
The research instruments employed in this study consists of three types; (1) the
researcher-made questionnaire which contained five parts. Part 1- solicits the profile of the
respondents. Part 2- draws the extent of implementation of voters’ education program of the
COMELEC in Butuan City in terms of Voters’ Registration, mock elections, and voters’
information drive. Part 4- draws the level of effectiveness of the voters’ education program of
the COMELEC in Butuan City. Part 5- solicits the factors that influence the effective
implementation of the voters’ education program.
To obtain the data on the performance rating of the program implementers, the
evaluation instruments officially used by the COMELEC had been employed which are
mainly intended to assess the performance of supervisor and non-supervisor of the
COMELEC employees.
The research instruments employed in this study consists of three types; (1) the
researcher-made questionnaire which contained five parts. Part 1- solicits the profile of the
respondents. Part 2- draws the extent of implementation of voters’ education program of the
COMELEC in Butuan City in terms of Voters’ Registration, mock elections, and voters’
information drive. Part 4- draws the level of effectiveness of the voters’ education program of
the COMELEC in Butuan City. Part 5- solicits the factors that influence the effective
implementation of the voters’ education program.
To obtain the data on the performance rating of the program implementers, the
evaluation instruments officially used by the COMELEC had been employed which are
mainly intended to assess the performance of supervisor and non-supervisor of the
COMELEC employees.
Research Procedures (Gathering of Data)
To gather the data of this study, a written permission from the Regional Director of
the COMELEC in Caraga Region was sought. The approved written permission had been
furnished to the Election Officer of Butuan City.
The
survey
questionnaire
was
floated
randomly
administered
from
the
barangays/village of Butuan City. The remote barangays of the city of Butuan were also
considered to have a representation on their perceptions and lens on the implementation of
Voters’ Education Program spearheaded by the COMELEC.
To draw the profile of the respondents and the factors that influences the extent of
implementation, frequency and simple percentages were applied. The Weighted Mean was
applied to the data for the performance rating of the implementers for the past two years. It
also considered the extent of implementation and the level of effectiveness of voters’
education program of the COMELEC in Butuan City.
The Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r) was used to
treat the relationship on the extent of implementation, the profile and the level of
effectiveness of the program implementation.
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of data
The demographic profile has significant bearings on the status of the voters
education program of the Comelec in Butuan City. The data to this variable are reflected in
Table 1.
Table 1
The Profile of the Implementer
Profile Indicators
Frequence (f)
Percentage (100%)
18-30
1
8.33
31-50
5
41.67
51 and above
6
50.00
12
100.00
Male
1
8
Female
11
92
12
100.00
Single
3
25.00
Married
9
75.00
Widow/Widower
0
0
12
100.00
Bachelor’s Degree
10
83.33
With M.A./M.S. Units
0
0
Master’s Degree
1
8,33
With Doctoral Units
1
8.33
Doctoral Degree
0
0
Total
12
100.00
1-10
3
25.00
11-20
5
41.67
21-30
4
33.33
31 and above
0
0
Total
12
100.00
Age Interval
Total
Sex
Total
Civil Status
Total
Highest Educational Qualification
Number of Years in Service Interval
Table 2
The Performance Rating of the Program Implementers for the past two rating periods
Features
January to June 2013
July to December 2013
Overall
Mean
Interpretation
Mean
Interpretation
Mean
Interpretation
1. Job Knowledge
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
1.
Organizational Ability
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
2.
Ability to Maintain Discipline
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
3.
Judgment and Decision-making
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
4.
Cooperation
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
5.
Initiative
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
6.
Leadership
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
7.
Dependability
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
8.
Training and Development
3.00
VS
3.0
VS
3.00
VS
9.
Personality
2.00
S
2.0
S
2.00
S
2.90
VS
2.91
VS
2.90
VS
Overall
Legend: (3.51-4.00) O-Outstanding, (2.51-3.50) VS-Very Satisfactory, (1.51-2.50) SSatisfactory, (1.00-1.50) Poor
As viewed from the table, it revealed that the performance of the voters education
program implementers of COMELEC Butuan
City for the past two rating periods was within the acceptable rating performance required by
the government . The rating is very satisfactory. It is an overall rating, covering the 10
factors as stipulated in the standard instrument assessing the performance of COMELEC
personnel nationwide except for one indicator of this performance rating of which the
researcher invited her attention that is on personality. So far, by 10 components, the
personality always emerged as the modest rating for a number of years. It becomes a
challenge in the Commission on how the agency would build up the personality component
of its implementers serving the Commission on Election.
“Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with the
highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skills. They shall enter public
service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty.
This baseline indicator may be the factor that program implementers had obtained a
modest rating in the personality component for the last two
rating periods. It could be noted that as personnel of the Commission and as program
implementers engaging voter’s education demands the “highest degree of excellence in the
performance of tasks”. It means, in the conduct of voters’ education, the implementers shall
be innovative to address the diverse type of learner-electorates.
Summary of Table
Indicators
Implementers
Interpretation
Voters
Interpretation
Voter’s
Registration
3.97
GE
3.60
GE
Mock Election
3.88
GE
3.58
GE
Voter’s
Information
Drive
3.85
GE
3.54
GE
Legend: GE -Great Extent (3.51-4.00), ME-Moderate Extent (2.51-3.50), LE-Less Extent
(1.51-2.50), NA- None at all (1.00-1.50)
The voter’s education program to be holistic and realistic, has to draw feedback from
people who were directly involved in the implementation including those who would directly
benefit from the program.
Level of Effectiveness of Voter’s Education Program of COMELEC in Butuan City in
terms of Goals and Objectives.
Implementers
Indicators
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The goals and objectives of voters
education program were
disseminated to the constituents
through face – to- outrage
campaign.
The mass media like television,
radio and newspapers were
employed to make the voters
education program be known to
the public
The goals and objectives of voters
education program had been
disseminated through posters,
tarpaulin and brochures.
The goals and objectives of voters
education program were
introduced and discussed in for a
and other meetings in vernacular
dialect.
The goals and objectives of the
voters education program were
introduced to the public through
stage presentation like drama and
role play.
Overall
Mean
Interpretation
3.75
MSE
Voters
Mean
3.64
Overall
Interpretation
Mean
Interpretation
MSE
3.70
MSE
3.83
MSE
3.59
MSE
3.71
MSE
3.58
MSE
3.51
MSE
3.55
MSE
3.92
MSE
3.61
MSE
3.77
MSE
3.42
MRE
3.49
MRE
3.45
MRE
3.70
MSE
3.57
MSE
3.63
MSE
Legend: (3.51-4.00) MSE- Most Effective, (2.51-3.50) MRE- More Effective,
(1.51-2.50) LE- Less Effective, (1.00-1.50) NE- Not Effective
Consistent with the data on the extent of implementation of the program, the
COMELEC of Butuan City was able to transmit the goals and objectives to the votes as
desired. The respondents found that the program to cascade the goals and objectives had
been workable.
This scenario may be attributed to the marching orders from the high ranking officials
to implement the mandate of the COMELEC as provided in the constitution, the Omnibus
election code, as well as with the COMELEC resolutions.
It may be noted that the utilization of mass media and other teaching pedagogies
made the voters education goals and objectives tangible among electorates.
Test on Significant Relationship between the Profile and the Extent of Implementation
of Voter’s Education Program of the COMELEC
Extent of Implementation
Profile
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sex
Civil status
Age
Highest
Educational
Qualification
5. Years in Service
R-Correlation
-0.319
-0.493
-0.528
P-Value
0.312
0.104
0.078
Interpretation
Not Significant
Not Significant
Not Significant
Decision
Accept Ho
Accept Ho
Accept Ho
0.084
-0.346
0.796
0.271
Not Significant
Not Significant
Accept Ho
Accept Ho
To test how significant are the relationship between the profile and extent of
implementation of Voter’s Education Program, Table above had shown this variable. It
shows that there is no significant relationship between the profile and the extent of
implementation of the voter’s education program of the COMELEC. In particular, sex, civil
status, age, highest educational qualification and years in correlates having a low extent as
indicated in the table. It is impressive to note that implementers had fully implemented the
program.
Test on Significant Relationship between the Extent of Implementation and Level of
Effectiveness of Voter’s Education Program of the COMELEC
Extent of
Implementation
1. Goals and
Objectives
2. Voter’s
Registration
3. Mock Election
4. Voter’s
Information
Drive
Level of Effectiveness
R-Correlation
P-Value
Interpretation
Decision
0.456
0.000
Significant
Reject Ho
0.357
0.457
0.005
0.003
Significant
Significant
Reject Ho
Reject Ho
0.472
0.000
Significant
Reject Ho
Significant relationship between the extent of implementation and level of
effectiveness of Voter’s Education Program of the COMELEC were reflected on the table.
To test how significant are the relationship between the extent of implementation and
the level of effectiveness of Voter’s Education Program, the table accounted this variable.
As shown in Table above, all implementation factors were found to have a significant
relationship with the level of effectiveness among the respondents; namely goals and
objectives, voter’s registration, mock election, and voter’s information drive as perceived by
the respondents.
In particular goals and objectives, voter’s registration, mock election, and voter’s
information drive positively correlated with the level of effectiveness
as indicated by a
positive R value (0.456, 0.357, 0.457 and 0.472, respectively) with low extent. However, the
P-value of 0.000, 0.005, 0.003 and 0.000 indicated that the aforementioned relationship is
highly significant at alpha equal to 1%. This implied that proper implementation towards
voter’s education program will enrich the total effectiveness of the policy.
It is impressive to note that goals and objectives, mock elections and voter’s
information drive manifested had contributed a lot in making voter’s education an effective
vehicle to prepare the citizens towards political maturity. It means that the citizens were
conscious on how vital it is to exercise their right of suffrage and their significant roles in
choosing best leaders to govern the country.
It implied that the voter’s education implementers were effective in their jobs and its
advocacy to make a credible, peaceful and orderly election in Butuan City.
The findings of the study provided better picture how well the voter’s education
program operates in Butuan City COMELEC. Certain areas that needed special
consideration were those indicators that manifested its weakest link. This did not preclude
sustaining thus, this action plan has been crafted.
An Action Plan for an Enhanced Voter’s Education Program of Butuan City COMELEC
Areas/programs
Goals and objectives
Strategic activities
Objectives
Establish relationship
between
Comelec
personnel and local
government units in
partnership with trimedia
To facilitate the
Comelec
personnel
and
local government
units
in
partnership
with
the tri-media
Recommend
for
continuing education
Assessment report on
the previous conduct of
registration
To determine the
best practices that
would apply to the
current
registration
process.
Voter’s registration
Re-orientation
Comelec personnel
of
Preparation
registration
paraphernalia
of
To
improve,
enhance
the
knowledge
and
efficiency
of
comelec
personnel
To enhance the
dynamics of the
registration
process.
Comelec
Personnel
Time
Frame
None
None
Grant
scholarship
3 years
Saturday
and
Sunday
classes
(modular
classes)
Expected outcome
Efficient teamwork that lead to
effectiveness
Local
government
units
Comelec
personnel
Improvement of their educational
qualifications for an effective
delivery of public service.
Efficient delivery of public service
Comelec
Personnel
Funds for the
materials
needed for
registration such
as machines,
printers, ribbons,
ballpens and
forms
Continuing
conduct of
education
al inputs
Effective and dynamic field
personnel
Readiness and availability of the
paraphernalia
Information
dissemination drive
To educate the
applicants
for
registration
Create massive public awareness
Placement of improve
system of registration
To improve the
efficiency
of
delivery of public
service
To create public
awareness
and
improve
the
system of voting
Shortened Time frame of
registration process
Notify the parties and
the public through mass
media
Comelec
Personnel
To determine the
reliability/depende
ncy of the PCOS
Machines
Accessibility
through
mass media and other
deputized information
agencies
Reaching out the voters
in
the
far
flung
barangays and schools.
To create social
and
public
awareness
Improve flow of electoral process.
Local
government
units
Tri-media
Mock Election
Voters information
drive
Resources
Financial
Tri-media
To
uplift
the
educational
qualifications and
trainings
Human resource
development
Human
Funds P1,500.00 per precint
Deputized
agencies
such as Dep
Ed, PNP and
AFP
Comelec
Personnel
Local
government
units
Tri-media
Deputized
agencies
such as Dep
Ed, PNP and
AFP
Registered
voters
An Educated voting population
Mobilization funded from main
office
Enlightened voting population and
effective electoral process.
Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
This study dealt on the implementation and effectiveness of voter’s education
program of COMELEC and the program implementers. This had been conducted in Butuan
City Philippines. It employed the descriptive-correlational method using the research-made
questions, validated though content validation and test-retest.
It covered the voter’s
education implementers which include universality participants, and the voter’s who sampled
draw through the use of Sloven formula. The data gathered were treated using simple
percentage, weighting mean, pearson r and t-test.
Summary of Findings
From the data gathered by the researcher, the profiles of the implementers were
dominated by married personnel, aged between 51 years old and above.
Its highest
educational attainment was dominated with Bachelors degree and had been connected at
the COMELEC between 11-20 years. The performance rating of the program implementer
for the past rating period was very satisfactory in all factors except on personality dimension
which were substantiated with the highest standard criteria: excellence, professionalism,
intelligent and skilled.
The researcher noticed that based on the extent of implementation of voter’s
education program of the COMELEC in Butuan City, compressing voter’s registration, mock
election and voter’s information drive had been carried out by the implementers to the great
extent.
The level of effectiveness of voter’s education program of the COMELEC in Butuan
City had been characterized as most effective as perceived by the implementers and voters.
The level of effectiveness of voter’s education program of Butuan City COMELEC was
perceived to be the most effective in the areas of goals and objectives dissemination and
voter’s registration and mock election. However, voter’s information drive of which some
indicators such as module development for school use, and linkage with PPCRV and NGO
were found less evident in the effectiveness of voter’s education program implementation.
All implementation factors were found to have a significant relationship with the level
of effectiveness among the respondents namely; goals and objectives, voter’s registration,
mock election and voter’s information drive as perceived by the respondents.
There were only three factors that had a great influence in the implementation and
effectiveness towards voter’s education program of the COMELEC, namely; goals and
objectives, voter’s registration, mock election and voter’s information drive which signified
that the programs were totally implemented.
Conclusions
On the basis of the data gathered by the researcher and after the statistical
evaluation, the researcher concluded that the personality profile of the voter’s education
program implementers of COMELEC Butuan City was influenced by the educational
attainment and the duration of its employment as the COMELEC. The better performance
rating of the COMELEC implementers were vital factors that contributed to the extent and
effectiveness of voter’s education program of the COMELEC of Butuan City.
In the extent of implementation of voter’s education program, is a predictor of the
political maturity of the electorate to participate and uphold the election activities and its
underlying policies.
The voter’s education program implementers became efficient and effective in the
voter’s education advocacy due the strong management support as evidence through
enforcement of Election Law, COMELEC Resolution and budget allocation.
The substantial
implementation
of
voter’s education
program
coupled
by
management support, competence and commitment of implementers were predictors of the
effectiveness of the voter’s education program of Butuan City COMELEC.
The inadequate knowledge on the nitty gritty of voter’s registration as a component of
voter’s education program of the COMELEC in Butuan City may deter the impact of voter’s
education among the electorate.
In conclusion, there is no significant relationship between the profile and level of
effectiveness, there is no significant relationship between profile and extent of
implementation and there is no significant relationship on the level of effectiveness and
extent of implementation of Voters’ Education Program of the COMELEC in Butuan City.
Recommendations
For the basis of the conclusion formulated, the recommendations were offered to
provide a well-defined human resource development program with consideration to
personality enhancement and other aspects of human resource development that would
prefer the voter’s education implementers to be equipped in dealing with the electorate and
stakeholders of the COMELEC.
Sustaining the better performance of the program implementers, the on going human
resource development program and monitoring of their performance and other voter’s
education activity may be instituted. Mobilize other group volunteers and other NGOs that
would help carry out the voter’s education program of the COMELEC for a credible, honest
and reliable election. Intensify the voter’s education program of Butuan City COMELEC to
reach out the voter’s from the far flung barangays, school and other units both private and
public institutions. Make election as a legitimate mechanism to set and unset, leaders who
could bring development to the community and the larger society.
Widen the information dissemination for voter’s registration. Make a voter fully aware
of the mechanism and laws governing voter’s registration.
Strategize the voter’s registration mechanism to entice the qualified citizens to
register and make information dissemination be accessible through mass media and other
information technology media.
Implement the proposed action plan of the Butuan City COMELEC.
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