BIOL V03 Lecture: The Protista (Campbell- Ch 28)
©2014 copyright Marta D. de Jesus
I. Eukaryotic cells in general
A. size
B. complexity
a. invagination of PM
b. endosymbiosis
1) primary
2) secondary
3. genome
4. single cell -> colony -> multicellular
coenocyte
II. K: Protista (= Protoctista)
A. General aspects
1. most are unicellular
2. most ancient group of euk.
3. water-based places
4. mostly aerobic
5. nutrition
a. photoautotrophic
b. chemoheterotrophic
c. few are photoheterotrophs
6. other distinguishing characters
a. cell walls/skeletons
b. motility
7. reproduction
a. asexual
1) fission
2) fragmentation
3) budding
b. invented sexual reproduction
c. different life cycles/life histories
1) parasites complex ones
2) basic possibilities
(i) adult is diploid
(ii) adult is haploid
(iii) alternation of generations
8. importance to the world
a. phylogenetically
b. ecologically
c. medically
9. fields of study:
protistology
phycology/algology
protozoology
parasitology
B. Non-taxonomic (but somewhat functional) groupings
1. algae
2. protozoa
3. “fungal-like”
4. ecological: plankton
phytoplankton
zooplankton
III. Groups according to text:
A. earliest eukaryotes?
1. SuperGroup: Excavata/Excavates
a. Diplomonada
mitosomes
eg: Giardia
b. Parabasala = trichomonads
hydrogenosomes
eg: Trichomonas vaginalis
eg: Trichonympha
c. Euglenophyta/zoa
1) Kinetoplastids
trypanosomes
eg: Trypanosoma brucei
eg: T. cruzi
eg: Leishmania
2) Euglenids
eg: Euglena
B. SG: SAR Clade
1. Heterokonta = Stramenopila
a. Bacillariophyta
cell walls
diatomaceous/fuller’s earth
eg: Pseudonitzschia (ASP)
b. Chrysophyta
eg: Dinobryon
c. Phaeophyta
kelps, eg: Macrocystis
seaweed
eg: Laminaria
alginate
food
kelp extract
d. Oomycota
eg: Saprolegnia
Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora ramorum
e. Haptophyta: 1 group: coccolithophorids
coccoliths
eg: Emiliana huxleyi
2. Alveolata
a. Dinoflagellata
= Pyrrophyta
cell shape w. 2 flagella
affecting food supplies
bioluminescent eg: Lingulodinium/Gonyaulax
eg: Peridinium, Ceratium
b. Apicomplexa
apical complex
eg: Plasmodium
complex life cycle
c. Ciliata
1) micronucleus & macronucleus
2) conjugation: unique sexual process
eg: Paramecium, Vorticella, Balantidium
C. SG: Rhizaria
1. Foraminifera
2. Radiolaria
3. Cercozoa
Chlorarachnida
Paulinella
D. SG: Archaeplastida
1. Rhodophyta
eg: Bossiella, Porphyridium
Polysiphonia life cycle)
e. economically
food additives
eg: Porphyra, dulse
2. Green algae
eg: Chlamydomonas
eg: Ulva
2 main groups
1) Chlorophyta
Chlorophyceae
eg: Chlamydomonas, Gonium, Volvox,
Haematococcus
Ulvophyceae
eg: Ulva, Spongomorpha, Codium
2) Charophyta
eg: Chara, Spirogyra
E. SG: Unikonta
1. Amoebozoa
pseudopods
a. Slime molds
1) Myxomycota
plasmodium
sporangia
sclerotium
eg: Physarum, Stemonitis
2) Dictyostelida
pseudoplasmodium
eg: Dictyostelium
b. Tubulinids
eg: Amoeba
c. Entamoebas
eg:Entamoeba histolytica
2. Opisthokonta
a. Nucleariids
b. Choanoflagellata