Introduction
Cheating in sports, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009), is “to position
oneself defensively near a particular area in anticipation of a play in that area.” The main question, then,
becomes how the term is interpreted by officials, athletic teams, and coaches. Cheating in any way, shape,
or form should be considered inappropriate, but is it? The definition of cheating in professional sports has
come to mean something controversial in the recent years. Cheating, in general, is not a new concept on a
professional level; it has been around for ages. It goes against the values and personal responsibilities of
most people whether they are athletes or not. The nature of this paper is to inform the readers of reasons
why cheating is never appropriate. Those who come up with rules do so in the hopes of creating a
universal fairness. The result of cheating is that it brings happiness to people. Those responsible for
cheating like the idea of winning and will do anything to continue. A feeling of power consumes cheaters
because they usually know the next move that their opponent plans on making.
Another question to ask is what prompts people to cheat? Athletes may find it necessary to cheat in
order to satisfy those who look up to them. They will do anything necessary to keep up a winning
atmosphere. The feeling that accompanies a win is like no other, and it will make athletes do strange
things. The scope of this paper is to focus on cheating in sports at a professional level. Cheating makes
athletes look better than they might be so it boosts their confidence and self-esteem. Some athletes may
cheat to make the game more exciting, or to eliminate competition. If athletes get rid of competition, they
are guaranteed a spot on the team of their choice; they know that their position is safe. Maybe athletes
cheat because they do not feel encouraged or supported by their coaches. Perhaps they want to be the
most elite and are looking for ways to get attention. Many cheaters do so because they fear failure. Being
deemed a failure leaves people injured, without money, and sometimes black-listed. The implications of
failure can become too much to handle for some people. The cycle is never-ending and some people never
recover from the consequences of being caught cheating.
According to Tommy Boone (2003), “athletics is about winning and losing. You can’t have one
without the other.” Boone believes that all sports include a few elements of cheating. One team wins and
the other team loses. There has to be a winner and a loser in order to maintain balance in an athletic
competition. That is the way life goes. What the final result comes down to is how far each team is
willing to go in order to win. The objective of this paper is to persuade the reader that cheating in a sport
at a professional level is inappropriate, no matter how the reader sees it. Unfortunately, cheating is
everywhere. It comes from a lack of motivation and people looking for the easy way out of a competitive
event. Cheaters get a thrill from retrieving things that do not belong to them. They are constantly testing
the boundaries to see how far they can get and how much they can get away with before they get caught,
if ever. If caught, the consequences of cheating do no benefit those involved, so there is not much point in
going against the rules. While not everyone gets caught, the consequences of cheating bring harm to
everyone.
Cheating goes against the morals of a significant group of people. Cheaters disappoint friends,
family, and even themselves. Friends and family of cheaters lose respect for that person or group. Fans
will lose respect for cheaters and that can take a toll on the player. Often is the case that everyone close to
the cheater will no longer be able to trust that person. Athletes want to see what they can get away with
and what they can do to gain the upper hand in events.
Cheating in the NFL
Many people view cheating at a professional level in the National Football League as stealing signs,
bugging locker rooms, flooding a football field, or even placing spies on opposing team’s buses. Some
coaches will even go to creative extremes in order for their team to win.
“In 1982, near the end of a scoreless game with the Dolphins during a snowstorm in
Foxboro, Patriots coach Ron Meyer ordered a snowplow onto the field. The driver of the
plow, who happened to be a convict on work release, used the rotating sweeper on his
tractor to clear a path in the snow just before kicker John Smith attempted a 33-yard field
goal. The kick was good; the Patriots won the game, 3-0” (Brennan, 2007).
The use of snowplows has since been banned by the National Football League. In another case, two
national football league players, Paul Hornung and Alex Karras, were caught betting on their own games
in 1963 and were suspended for one year.
Many coaches see sign stealing as a tradition that has gone on over the years and is permissible.
They can get away with stealing signs, but the second they videotape, coaches have a huge scandal to deal
with. As many people are familiar with, the New England Patriots scandal of cheating is the most recent
and largest over the past several years. Sign stealing, as previously stated, is tolerated. The method of
acquiring the signs, however, is questionable. It is “striking to hear the leader of the top sports league in
the country combat questions about cheating with reminders that sign stealing is part of a time-honored
tradition” (Branch, 2008). Of course coaches try their best to keep their signals hidden by covering their
mouths when giving instructions, using complex and sometimes false signals to confuse the opposing
team, as well as surrounding their practice areas with guards. Football is a highly scripted sport, which
makes it more enticing to cheat. Some teams may “bring in a guy for a week, someone who was just cut
by the team they’re going to play, pump him for information and let him go on Monday. They’ll even
plant spies at each other’s practices” (Zimmerman, 2007). This practice is not as common, but it
represents the idea that some people will do anything to get information about their opponents.
The fact is that all teams in the National Football League cheat to some extent. Cheating can be
considered acceptable by some as long as one does not get caught. There are other cases in which some
teams try to get other teams in trouble. In November of 2007, the Patriots played the Indianapolis Colts.
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Jonathan Kraft, team president for the Patriots, asked the National Football League to investigate whether
the Colts had piped an artificial crowd noise into the RCA Dome when the two teams had played earlier
that week. When the Patriots had the ball, a skip was heard in the crowd noise on the CBS telecast. The
noise was cleared by the NFL because it was determined that the noise was simply the result of tape
feedback in the CBS production truck (Youngmisuk, 2007). The New England Patriots’ cheating scandal
was put to an end when they were caught videotaping the New York Jets sidelines during a game in
September of 2007. The Patriots are believed to have been videotaping opponent’s sidelines since the year
2000. The Patriots were caught recording more than just signs. They are believed to have recorded
directions that safeties would run with the ball, which player would double-team with another player, and
even who might rush the quarterback. They sought to line up the offense and defense to their advantage
by predicting the formation of the play.
As a result of the New England Patriots cheating, the team was fined $200,000, Belichick was fined
$500,000, and the National Football League took away the Patriots’ first-round draft choice. The
consequences of cheating are not worth it in the end. Many fans will no longer support a team that has
been caught in such a disgrace. Fans end up losing respect for their favorite person or team that has been
identified as a cheater. The National Football League does as much as they can to prevent cheating from
happening. The League will sometimes send “officials who will show up unannounced to inspect locker
rooms, stadium press boxes and in-game communication equipment” (Maske, 2008). The league has also
implemented wireless communication devices that will enable one defensive player to talk to a coach.
Cheating has been made so easy and tempting now with the “invention of digital recorders the size of cell
phones and microphones that can pinpoint a voice hundreds of yards away” (Brennan, 2007).
Consequences of cheating can range anywhere from a slight reprimand to a major fine, as experienced by
the New England Patriots. Some professional teams will even go as far as to bribe players to join them.
They offer them ornate gifts to play for them.
Cheating in the NBA
The public is concerned about cheating and the effects it is having on the upcoming generation.
Cheating does not promote the personal responsibility and values that parents instill in their children as
they are growing up. LeBron James showed “up one day at his school in Akron driving a new $50,000
Hummer H2 sports utility vehicle crammed with three televisions. It is a typical episode in the moneysaturated world of collegiate and professional sports, where recruiting violations, drug use, and other
kinds of cheating are pervasive” (Callahan, 2004). The National Basketball Association has other
problems besides bribery. Sometimes players will purposefully fall on the court and act like they are
seriously injured. In another case, the Boston Celtics had their worst season with eighteen straight losses
in 2007. This losing streak could potentially give them an advantage in the draft picks for next season.
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The way that draft picks work in the National Basketball Association is “that the club with the worst
record will get the best chance of winning the first pick in the June rookie draft” (Keong, 2007). This
procedure alleviates top teams from always getting the best players. In a sense, it evens out the playing
field in the National Basketball Association. The first, and therefore best, pick of the draft also gives
losing teams a chance to build toward achievement.
In 1951, the City College of New York had “seven team members accused of shaving points and
occasionally losing regular season games” (Kuriloff, 2005). Later, in 2000, a team of mentally challenged
basketball players from Spain won a gold medal in the Paralympics. Unbeknownst to the officials, ten of
the twelve players were not physically or mentally handicapped. This was discovered because a journalist
went undercover to play on the team, and he announced that “none of the players had undergone mental
or psychological testing before the event” (Kuriloff, 2005). The Spanish Paralympian team had to give
back its gold medals and three officials resigned as a result of this cheating scandal. The story would have
been respectable, had it not been for the cheating.
Basketball players sometimes focus more on playing the referees when they should focus on playing
the actual game. Fans may not realize this, but referees in basketball have been accused of cheating much
more than the actual players. Tim Donaghy, a National Basketball Association referee, was found to be
implicated with wagering on games. He also illegally told people “which refs were doing each game and
how certain refs interacted with certain players” (Spitz, 2007). This information would allow fans to
improve their chances of winning a bet on a specific team. Tim Donaghy bet on games that he was
refereeing as well, which gave him an unfair advantage. Being a referee, he could make fraudulent calls in
order to benefit himself by ensuring that he would profit from the final outcome of the game. Because of
his dishonesty, he was charged with two counts of felony in August 2007. Basketball officials have a lot
to keep up with in a single game of basketball since the sport is one of the fastest paced, and it can be
challenging to see everything that goes on from each angle. “In basketball, a referee must assess how
much contact there was, if it moved the player out of position and if an advantage was gained” (Spitz,
2007). Basketball, like many other sports is a contact sport, but the referees are responsible for making a
call if there is too much contact or if the contact is more forceful than necessary.
Cheating in Major League Baseball
Blood doping was first discovered as a method of cheating during the Olympics in 1988. “Public
authorities around the world joined the Olympic Movement in a unique partnership by creating the World
Anti-Doping Agency, WADA” (Catlin, DH; Fitch, KD; Ljungqvist, A, 2008). WADA was created in the
hopes of better controlling this newfound problem. The agency posts lists each year of the substances and
methods prohibited in athletic competition. The substances on the list violate criteria by enhancing
athletic performance, risking an athlete’s health, or abusing the spirit of sport. There are many substances
4
that can be used in the doping process, which can make blood doping extremely challenging to test for in
a quick test. Hormones are the most commonly doped substance. Blood doping has recently become a
major health concern because of misuse, the side effects, and the long-term consequences. Most of the
major doping agents can be discovered through tedious laboratory testing and various analytical
procedures. In order to limit the misuse of blood doping agents, several methods should be used. These
methods “include random doping analyses, medical follow-ups, pedagogic interventions, tougher
legislation against possession of the substances, and longer disqualifications of athletes” who are caught
blood doping (Sjoqvist, F; Garle, M; Rane, A, 2008). In order to improve the technology and increase
methods of discovery, the agency needs to focus more on patterns of changes rather than identifying
specific substances.
It is unknown why athletes use drugs. Three possible reasons for using steroids in major league
baseball are to get over injuries, to fight off old age, and everyone else was using them. Some researchers
believe it could be a psychological phenomenon, but the World Anti-Doping Agency believes it is more
in depth than that. Athletes who are most commonly discovered blood doping are people who are
criticized and punished by their coaches, who are pushed too far with rivalry, and whose coaches gave
teammates unequal acknowledgement over them. These athletes later feel guilty about the drug use if they
are discovered. Researchers are working on pointing out the importance of “better coaching strategies and
anti-doping campaigns that concentrate on the shame of exposure, rather than health risks” (Aldhous,
2008). Barry Bonds is a major league baseball player that has been accused of doping. Researchers
believe that the association is too lackadaisical in its drug-testing strategies. “Each year, only a maximum
of 60 off-season drug tests are conducted on the league’s 1200 players” (Macur, 2007). Some coaches
warn their players in advance of drug tests so that players have enough time to get the drugs out of their
systems and they do not test positive for use of foreign substances. Because of this, officials have to
strictly enforce tough anti-doping policies in order to keep leagues honest and ethical. Leagues do not
want to join the anti-doping agencies because they fear negative effects from their sport if players begin
testing positive to illegal substances. One of the most popularly doped substances in major league
baseball is anabolic steroids.
The league has rules against the use of anabolic steroids, but some players find ways around those
regulations. Steroid use in baseball has been banned since 1971, specifically banned since 1991, and
testing did not start on players until 2003. On June 7, 1991, Commissioner Fay Vincent sent out a memo
to teams and players’ unions outlining the drug policy of major league baseball. The memo stated the
following: "The possession, sale or use of any illegal drug or controlled substance by Major League
players or personnel is strictly prohibited...This prohibition applies to all illegal drugs...including steroids
or prescription drugs for which the individual in possession of the drug does not have a prescription"
5
(Epstein, 2009). In 1997, Commissioner Bud Selig added that use of steroids would result in permanent
expulsion from the game and whatever else the players’ club decided. While some players find ways
around the regulations the players’ club, other players will abuse other substances in order to get ahead in
the game.
Roger Clemens was caught using every substance except steroids. This angered many fans because
he was getting away with anything possible and he was not overstepping the boundaries set in place by
major league baseball. Clemens was found to be using excessive amounts of Vitamin B12, Lidocaine,
Cortisone, and Vioxx. Should it be permissible to use all these substances in order to gain advantage in an
athletic event, or should these substances have limits? In baseball, the pattern that most players follow is
that they climax in their mid- to late twenties, level out for a few years, then decline by their mid- to late
thirties. If they do not follow this pattern, it is suggested that they are taking steroids.
During his battle for a season record of home runs, Mark McGuire was found to be taking androstenedione. This substance was not illegal in baseball at the time, but it was known to artificially raise a
player’s testosterone levels. Bud Selig had the baseball plant investigated to make sure that the baseballs
were not being made illegally, but he had a difficult time recognizing that perhaps it was the players who
were cheating.
Recently, Alex Rodriguez and Barry Bonds were accused of using steroids to enhance their baseball
performance. Both players had amazing potential without the use of performance-enhancing substances,
but for some reason they were not satisfied with their natural talents. Barry Bonds has received three most
valuable player awards and eight Gold Glove awards. Alex Rodriguez has admitted to using steroids
between the years 2001 and 2003. He claims he was under so much pressure to be phenomenal that he
had no other option. Barry Bonds refuses to admit to using steroids, but Alex Rodriguez is doing the right
thing by admitting how often he used them and when. The use of steroids is common among the top
baseball players in the league. “Linked to drugs are two thirds of the MVP winners from 1995 through
2003, five of the top 12 home run hitters of all time and three of the four players ever to smash 50 homers
in a season more than twice” (Verducci, 2009). Alex Rodriguez had no reason to cheat. He was the firstdraft pick at his young age of twenty when he was first recruited. He was a natural. Rodriguez let the
pressure of his contract, the money, and other various objects get under his skin. He figured he had no
alternative but to use steroids. The question will always remain, however, whether some players are
offered steroids and actually reject the offer. Perhaps they have other alternatives.
Use of human growth hormone in baseball is a significant problem as well. The combination of
human growth hormone and steroids often results in happiness for players, but is it worth it? Athletes
firmly believe that human growth hormone adds to the effects of anabolic steroids. Human growth
hormone is a commonly abused substance in baseball, and many other sports, because it does not show up
6
on most drug tests. When John Rocker, a previous major league relief pitcher, was accused of taking
human growth hormone in 2007, he denied any such wrongdoing and said that he had taken the advice of
his doctor to get over-the-counter human growth hormone to help his shoulder heal after his rotator cuff
surgery. Much of cheating relies on believing what people tell researchers. The journalists must rely on
what the players tell them, and then they are free to make their own judgments based off how they
interpret what they are told. The only way to administer human growth hormone is through injection, so
the companies that try to sell it as a cream or supplement are scamming athletes.
The use of human growth hormone can produce acne and excess hair growth, high blood pressure,
liver damage, an abnormally large heart, addiction, or even large bone growth that is irreversible. Too
much human growth hormone can also cause cell growth in the body, which is a precursor for cancer. The
only reason to take human growth hormone is if one suffers from dwarfism, needs treatment for rare
pituitary diseases, or has contracted an AIDS-related disease. Human growth hormone does not benefit
performance. The hormone may make an athlete look stronger and bigger, but it will not assist them in
running faster or hitting more home runs. Some athletes are under the impression that human growth
hormone will reverse the aging process so they take the substance illegally to preserve their body.
Conclusion
There are many methods of cheating in professional sports that range from bribery to illegal
substances. The reality is that cheating will always be something that sporting teams will struggle with.
Strict punishments need to be enforced in order to solve the problem of cheating in athletic events. The
scandals need to be highly publicized, and fines definitely need to be imposed. Cheating in professional
sports is not a new ethical dilemma and it will never be completely resolved. Although technological
advances are making it easier to prevent cheating, the reader must also note that some athletes are willing
to go to any extreme to win. The technology could be inspected in order to prevent cheating. The world is
a highly competitive place. Many spectators question where the line is when it comes to cheating.
Everyone is willing to push the limit and see how much they can get away with. The National Football
League did an excellent job handling the Patriots’ scandal, and they made a good effort to solve cheating
problems. In the case of using illegal substances, some people believe that steroids are the least of our
problems. This is not the case when steroids give the competition an unfair advantage. The rules for
playing fair have been thrown out the window. In football, the creativity in coming up with different and
unique signs for plays is gone.
Society is all about money. As long as people continue to pay off referees to make appropriate calls
during a basketball game and professional teams offer upcoming stars the right amount of money,
cheating will always exist. Alex Rodriguez succumbed to the pressure of money in several ways. He
knew he had a natural talent but he figured that was not enough in his case. He had several people and
7
groups relying on him to be the best and it resulted in him cheating by using steroids for a few years.
Major League Baseball needs to have more routine tests performed to test athletes for steroid and illegal
drugs. Oftentimes, players will blame coaches for putting too much pressure on them, and sometimes the
reasons are legitimate. Athletes are willing to give up everything they have worked so hard for in order to
be the best. They do not think of the consequences of their actions. In football, Coach Belichick allowed
the cheating to go on for too long. He was pleased with the results, but did not think there would ever be
any consequences; he did not get caught for many years. Fines are the best solution to the cheating
problem because the money comes from the players and team. They make the player more responsible for
his actions. Putting Michael Vick in jail for dog fighting made an impact on athletes. These solutions will
help deter players from cheating. There needs to be more done in order for cheating to not go on for so
long. It is understandable that many acts of cheating occur without getting noticed, but the more officials
can do to prevent cheating, the better off athletic events will be.
Many organizations and leagues are making great strides in preventing cheating with the fines they
charge and other consequences. Most of the time the answer often lies in doing what is best for the team.
A team is nothing without a coach and each individual player. Both parties need to realize that very
important point. In a matter of minutes, everything an athlete has worked so hard for can be taken away
because he or she made a bad decision. This does not have to be the case. Cheating scandals are 100%
preventable as long as athletes want to live in an honest way
8
Is Cheating Ever Appropriate?
Rebecca Amonett
April 2, 2009
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