2. TRAININGS
Training can be defined as acquisition of new or reinforcement of knowledge,
skills and competencies. It is an organized activity aimed at imparting information
and / or instructions to improve the recipient’s performance or to help him to attain
required level of knowledge and skill.
Imparting technical training to the workforce (engineers and technicians) of GSO
department and others is a policy objective of TSG. These trainings are necessary
to achieve and maintain the skill level up to the latest best standard and safety
requirements not only to perform the routine job but also to meet challenges in
operation and maintenance of grid system.
Grid Maintenance Crew during on-job training at 220kV G/S NKLP
1
P&I Skill Enhancement class at NKLP Training centre
2
Promotion Criteria training class at TSG training centre Gatti Faisalabad
Transmission Line class during training on model line at GSO Training centre
Tarbela
2.1. TRAINING COURSES AND COURSE CONTENTS
TSG is the only training organization conducting skill enhancement (SE) training
courses on grid system operation and maintenance in Pakistan. Beside the skill
enhancement trainings TSG also impart promotion criteria (PC) trainings to the
subordinate technical staff of grid system operation (GSO) departments of NTDCL
and DISCOs. At present, the following training courses are conducted by TSG:
i) Grid maintenance skill enhancement training (SE training),
ii) Protection and Instrumentation (P&I) skill enhancement training (SE training),
iii) Dead-line skill enhancement training (SE training),
iv) Live-line skill enhancement training (SE training),
v) Grid maintenance promotion criteria training (PC training),
3
vi) Grid operation promotion criteria training (PC training),
vii) P&I promotion criteria training (PC training),
viii) Transmission line promotion criteria training (PC training).
2.1.1. COURSE CONTENTS
Each training course of TSG has separate book (s). The contents of these books
have been devised to meet with all the applicable operation and maintenance
requirements of the grid system. A feedback system for improvements in the
training courses is also in place for regular up-gradation and revision of the
training courses. Detail of the course contents of the trainings being imparted is
given below:
1. Grid maintenance skill enhancement training, TARBELA
(1st Semester training)
Sr.No. Course contents
1
Introduction, Safety principles, Electric shock, First aid, Artificial
respiration, Low voltage hazards, Absolute limits of approach, Touch
potential and Step potential, Use of PPE (Personnel Protective
Equipment), Grounding & Bonding, PTG (Portable Temporary
Ground/Temporary Earthing) installing and removing practice, Fire
fighting
2
Fundamental of electricity: AC and DC supply, Voltage, Current,
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance, Ohm’s law, Series and Parallel
circuits, Single phase and Three phase supply, Star and Delta connections,
Voltage levels, Electrostatic and Electromagnetic induction, etc.
3
Basic concept of an electrical power system and basic components of
power system
4
Tools & Plant (T&P): Hand Tools and Machine Tools; Pliers, Screw
drivers, Hammers, Spanners, Wrenches, Tap & Dies, Drill bits, Vernier
Calipers, Micro Meter, Thread Gauges, Thickness Gauges, Elcho Meter,
4
Torque Wrenches, Measuring Tap, Wood Saw, Hack Saw, Measuring
Scales/Tapes, Files, Hole Punches, Pry Bars, Crow Bars, Drill Machines,
Bench vice, Grinders/Cutters, etc. Identification/use/care and upkeep of
tools, Safety precautions
5
Rigging: Definitions, Rigging Hardware, Nylon Ropes, Steel Wire Ropes,
Knots, Hutches, Bends, D-Shekels, Tackle blocks and snatch blocks,
Nylon and steel wire rope slings, Practical projects in workshop, Safety
precautions
6
Electrical measuring instruments: Volt meter, Ampere meter, Continuity
tester, Multi-meters, Clip-on ammeters, etc., Safety precautions
7
Basic control circuits: Auxiliary switches, Device function numbers,
Practical projects on basic control circuits
8
Motors: Fundamental theory, AC & DC motors, Main parts, Motor
starters, Replacement of bearings of motors, Practical projects on control
circuits, Trouble shooting, Safety precautions
9
Insulating materials: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous insulation, Mineral
Insulating Oil, Air, Vacuum, SF6 gas, Insulation Resistance, Effect of
temperature on Insulation resistance, Insulating oils treatment, Safety
precautions
10
Introduction of Grid Station Equipment: Transformers, Circuit breakers,
Disconnect switches/Isolators, Lightning arresters, DC batteries and
battery chargers, Station grounding system, AC&DC auxiliary supply
system, Power and control cables, Bus bars, etc.
11
Transformers:
Fundamental
theory,
Types,
Transformer
connections/transformer bank connections, Main parts, Accessories,
Bushings, Winding connections / Vector group diagrams, On load tap
changers (OLTC) and Control circuits (Oil type and Vacuum type), Off
load tap changers, Cooling system and Control circuits, Oil temperature
gauges, Winding temperature gauges, Buchholz relay, OLTC protective
relay, Pressure relief devices, Oil level indicators, etc., Tests (Insulation
5
Resistance tests, Transformer Turn Ratio test (TTR), Polarity test,
Winding Resistance test, C&DF test, Oil DES test, Dissolved Gases in Oil
Analysis-DGA, Short circuit test, Open circuit test, etc.), SFRA (Sweep
Frequency Response Analysis), Parallel operation of transformers,
Practical projects, Safety precautions
12
Current transformers (CT): Fundamental theory, Types, Primary and
secondary connections, Tests (Polarity test, Insulation resistance test,
Current ratio test, Excitation / saturation test, C&DF test, etc.), Safety
precautions
13
Potential transformers (PT): Fundamental theory, Types, Primary and
secondary connections, Tests (Insulation resistance test, Voltage ratio test,
etc.), Safety precautions
14
Capacitor Voltage transformers (CVT): Fundamental theory, Types,
Primary and secondary connections, PLC connections, Tests (Insulation
resistance test, Voltage ratio test, etc.), Safety precautions
15
Circuit Breakers: Fundamental theory, Different types (Oil, SF6, Vacuum
circuit breakers), Construction designs, Characteristic quantities, Duty
cycle, Operating times, Operating mechanisms, Pneumatic operation
diagrams, Hydraulic operation diagrams, Motor spring operation
diagrams, Schematic wiring diagrams ( Seal-in feature, Anti-pumping
feature, Anti-slam feature, Interlocking, Supervision, etc.), Tests (
Open/Close timing test, Contact Resistance test, Insulation Resistance
test, Hi-pot test, Oil tests, SF6gas test, Vacuum tests, etc.), Practical
projects on control circuits trouble shooting, Safety precautions
16
Isolators / Disconnect switches: Fundamental theory, Different types,
Main parts, Operating mechanisms, Pneumatic operating diagrams,
Hydraulic operating diagrams, Motor spring operating diagrams,
Schematic wiring diagrams (Interlocking, Supervision, etc.), Tests
(Contact Resistance test, etc.) Practical projects on control circuits &
Trouble shooting, Safety precautions
17
Lightning Arrestors: Fundamental theory, Types, Construction design /
6
Main parts, Operation counters, Tests (Insulation Resistance test, Leakage
Current Monitoring, Hi-pot test), Safety precautions
18
Bus bars, Connectors, Clamps: Fundamental theory, Bus bar conductors,
Flexible stranded conductors bus bar, Rigid / Tubular bus bar, Tests
(Contact resistance test), Practical projects, Safety precautions
19
DC batteries: Fundamental theory, Types, Lead acid batteries, Alkaline
batteries, Sealed batteries, Vented batteries, Parts of battery cell, Specific
Gravity of electrolyte, Effect of temperature on specific gravity, Pilot cell,
Float charging, Equalize or boost charging, Freshening charge, Over
charging, Under charging, Tests (Ampere Hour (AH) capacity, Impedance
test), Replacement of defective cell, Installation of new battery bank,
Practical projects, Safety precautions
20
Power Cables and Control cables: Fundamental theory, Types of cables,
Different sizes of cables, Main parts, Sheath / Shield grounding, Phase
identification, Tests (Continuity test, Insulation Resistance test, DC Hipot test), Practical projects, Safety precautions
21
Station grounding system: Fundamental theory, earth faults, Component
parts of grounding system, Equipment grounding, Tests (Earth Resistance
test, Earth Mesh Integrity test, etc.), Safety precautions
22
Different types of grid stations: Air insulated substation (AIS), Gas
insulated substation (GIS), Indoor and outdoor substations, Smart grid,
Hybrid substation, etc. Fundamental concept, basic construction design
and application, etc.
23
Different schemes of bus bar and circuit breaker connections (single bus
bar single breaker scheme, double bus bar single breaker scheme, double
bus bar one-and half breaker scheme, etc,)
24
Capacitor banks: Fundamental theory, Construction design, Tests,
Connection schemes, Safety precautions
25
Static Var Compensation (SVC): Fundamental theory, Construction
7
design, Tests, Connection schemes, Safety precautions
26
HV DC switchgear: Fundamental theory, Construction design and
application
8
2. Protection and Instrumentation (P&I) skill enhancement training,
TARBELA
(1st Semester training)
Sr.No. Course contents
1
Introduction, Safety principles, Electric shock, First aid, Artificial
respiration, Low voltage hazards, Grounding & Bonding, Touch potential
and Step potential, Absolute limits of approach, Use of PPE (Personnel
Protective Equipment), PTG (Portable Temporary Ground/Temporary
earthing) installing and removing practice, Fire fighting
2
Fundamental of electricity: AC and DC supply, Voltage, Current,
Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Ohm’s law, Series and parallel
circuits, Single phase and three phase supply, Star and delta connections,
Voltage levels, Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Induction, etc.
3
Basic concept of an electrical power system and basic components of
power system
4
Electrical measuring instruments: Volt meter, Ampere meter, Continuity
tester, Multi-meters, Clip-on ammeters, etc., Safety precautions
5
Basic control circuits: Auxiliary switches, Device function numbers
6
P&I tools & plant (T&P): Identification and use of hand tools / machine
tools, Care and upkeep of tools)
7
Introduction of grid station equipment: Transformers, Circuit breakers,
Disconnect switches/Isolators, Lightning arresters, DC batteries and
battery chargers, Station grounding system, AC&DC auxiliary supply
system, Power and control cables, Bus bars and different Schemes, etc.
8
Transformers (Fundamental theory, transformer connections/transformer
bank connections, and winding connections/vector groups, phase
sequence and phase relation, parallel operation of transformers, Tests (
Transformer turn ratio test (TTR), Polarity test, Verification of vector
group, etc), Oil & Winding temperature indicating devices, Cooling
9
systems, Fire detection and fire fighting systems, Safety precautions
9
Current transformers (CT): Fundamental theory, Types, Primary and
secondary connections, Excitation / saturation, Tests (Polarity test,
Insulation resistance test, Current ratio test, etc.), CT Circuit verification,
Safety precautions
10
Potential transformers (PT) and Capacitor voltage transformers (CVT):
Fundamental theory, Types, Primary and secondary connections, PLC
connections for CVT, Tests (Polarity test, Insulation resistance test,
Voltage ratio test, C&DF test, etc.), PT Circuit verification, PT supply
supervision, Safety precautions
11
Introduction of protection: Purpose of protection relaying, Principles of
protection relaying, Relaying terminologies, Electro-mechanical, Solid
state, Digital/Numerical Protection relays
12
Over current earth fault protection: Operating principles, Definitions,
Types of over current relays, Setting calculations, Testing of Electromechanical, Solid state, Digital/Numerical Over current earth fault relays,
Pickup/drop off, Operating time, Calculation with worked examples and
practical work in laboratory
13
Differential protection relay: Operating principles, Definitions, Types of
differential relays, Balancing of differential relay for various vector
groups, Testing of Electro-mechanical, Solid state, Digital/Numerical
Differential relays, Pickup/ drop off, Operating time, Percent slope,
Percent second harmonics, Practical connections of differential on a
power transformer, Differential relays testing, Calculation with worked
examples and practical work in laboratory
14
Under frequency relay: Operating principles, Definitions, Testing of
Electro-mechanical, Solid state, Digital/Numerical Under frequency relay,
Pickup/drop off, Operating time, Calculation with worked examples and
practical work in laboratory
15
Over fluxing relay: Operating principles, Definitions, Testing of Electro-
10
mechanical, Solid state, Digital/Numerical
Calculation with worked examples
Over fluxing
relays,
16
Trip circuit supervision relay: Operating principles, Definitions
17
Restricted earth fault relay: Operating principles, Definitions, Calculation
with worked examples
18
Breaker failure protection relay: Operating principles, Definitions,
19
Bus bar protection relay: Operating principles, Definitions
20
Protection scheme drawing: Study of drawings 500kV, 220kV and 132kV
system, etc.
21
Distance protection: Operating principle, Definitions, Types of relays,
Setting calculation, Testing of Electro-mechanical, Solid state,
Digital/Numerical Distance relays, Distance relay protection schemes,
calculation with worked examples and practical work in laboratory
11
3. Transmission Line Dead-line skill enhancement training, TARBELA
Sr.No. Course contents
1
Introduction of Dead-line maintenance work, Safety principles, Electric
shock, First aid, Artificial respiration, Low voltage hazards, Grounding &
Bonding, Touch potential and Step potential, Absolute limits of approach,
Use of PPE (Personnel Protective Equipment), PTG (Portable Temporary
Ground/Temporary earthing) installing and removing practice, Fire
fighting
2
Fundamental of electricity: AC and DC supply, Voltage, Current,
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance, Ohm’s law, Series and parallel
circuits, Single phase and three phase supply, Star and delta connections,
Voltage levels, Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Induction, etc.
3
Basic concept of an electrical power system and basic components of
power system
4
Dead-line tools & plant (T&P): Identification and use of Hand tools /
Machine tools, Inspection, Care and upkeep of tools, Safe working loads
5
Transmission line rigging: Definitions, Orientation of different rigging
equipment, Steel wires ropes, Nylon ropes, Knots, Hitches, Bends,
Splices, Chain hoist, Coffin hoist, Capstan hoist, Nylon and Steel slings,
Blocks / Tackle blocks and Snatch blocks, Reeving of tackle blocks,
Mechanical advantage, D-shekels, Nuts &bolts, Rope ladders, Grips,
Strain boards, Disassembling and Assembling of chain hoist and its parts
identification, etc.
6
Classification and characteristics of towers, Components of transmission
line, Types of towers, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV, Tower earthing, etc.
7
Conductors: Types, Current capacity, Sag, Weight, Tension, Temperature
effect, Standard clearances, etc.
8
Transmission line maintenance: Line patrolling, Checklist for patrolling,
Types of line faults, Causes of tripping, Maintenance record keeping, etc.)
12
9
PTW, Job planning and tail board conference
10
Line insulators: Types, Tests, Insulation resistance tester (Megger test)
11
Practical training of replacement of suspension disc insulator (string
assembly) on 132 kV suspension steel tower
12
Practical training of replacement of suspension disc insulator (string
assembly) on 220 kV suspension steel tower
13
Practical training of replacement of suspension disc insulator (string
assembly) on 500 kV suspension steel tower
14
Practical training of replacement of single string dead-end disc insulator
on 132 kV circuit
15
Practical training of replacement of single string dead-end disc insulator
on 220 kV circuit
16
Practical training of replacement of double string dead-end disc insulator
on 220 kV circuit
17
Practical training of replacement of dead-end disc insulator on 500 kV
circuit
18
Practical training of replacement of vibration dampers on 132 kV
suspension tower
19
Practical training of replacement of vibration dampers on 220 kV
suspension tower
20
Practical training of replacement of vibration dampers on 132 kV deadend tower
21
Practical training of replacement of vibration dampers on 220 kV deadend tower
22
Practical training of replacement of spacer dampers on 220 kV twinbundled conductor
13
23
Practical training of replacement of spacer dampers on 500 kV bundled
conductor
24
Practical training of repairing/jointing of damaged conductor, lowering of
conductor of normal tower, anchoring of conductor
25
Use and care of cable cart
26
Overhead Earth/Sky wire, Optical fiber ground wire (OPGW):
Introduction and application
27
HV DC Transmission: Introduction and application
14
4. Transmission Line Live-line skill enhancement training, TARBELA
Sr.No. Course contents
1
Introduction of Live-line maintenance work, Safety principles, Electric
shock, First aid, Artificial respiration, Low voltage hazards, Grounding &
Bonding, Touch potential and Step potential, Absolute limits of approach,
Use of PPE (Personnel Protective Equipment), PTG (Portable Temporary
Ground/Temporary earthing) installing and removing practice, Fire fighting
2
Fundamental of electricity: AC and DC supply, Voltage, Current,
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance, Ohm’s law, Series and parallel circuits,
Single phase and three phase supply, Star and delta connections, Voltage
levels, Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Induction, etc.
3
Basic concept of an electrical power system and basic components of power
system
4
Live-line tools & plant (T&P): Introduction, Conductive suiting, Live-line
ropes, Identification and use of Hand tools / Machine tools, Inspection, Care
and upkeep of tools, Safe working loads, Safety precautions
5
Transmission line rigging: Definitions, Orientation of different rigging
equipment, Steel wire ropes, Nylon ropes, Knots, Hitches, Bends, Splices,
Chain hoist, Coffin hoist, Capstan hoist, Nylon and steel slings, Blocks /
Tackle blocks and Snatch blocks, Reeving of tackle blocks, Mechanical
advantage, D-shackle, Nuts &bolts, Rope ladders, Grips, Strain boards,
Disassembling and assembling and of chain hoist and its parts identification,
etc.
6
Classification and characteristics of towers, Components of transmission
line, Types of towers, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV, Tower earthing, etc.
7
Conductors: Types, Current capacity, Sag, Weight, Tension, Temperature
effect, Standard clearances, etc.
8
Transmission line maintenance: Line patrolling, Checklist for patrolling,
Types of line faults, Causes of tripping, Thermovision survey, Maintenance
15
record keeping, etc.
9
Line insulators: Types, Tests, Insulation Resistance tester (Megger test):
Insulator testing on Live-line
10
PTW/HOLD OFF, Job planning and tail board conference, Touching the
energized conductor of 220kV and 132 kV transmission line
11
Practical training of replacement of suspension insulator on 132 kV steel
tower (Bare Hand Method)
12
Practical training of replacement of suspension insulator on 132 kV steel
tower (Hot Stick Method)
13
Practical training of replacement of suspension insulator on 220 kV steel
tower (Bare Hand Method)
14
Practical training of replacement of suspension insulator on 220 kV steel
tower (Hot Stick Method)
15
Practical training of replacement of suspension insulator on 500 kV steel
tower 4-bundle/3-bundle conductor (middle phase/outer phase) (Bare Hand
Method)
16
Practical training of replacement of single string dead-end insulator on 132
kV circuit (Bare Hand Method)
17
Practical training of replacement of single string dead-end insulator on 220
kV circuit (Bare Hand Method)
18
Practical training of replacement of double string dead-end insulator on 220
kV circuit (Bare Hand Method)
19
Practical training of replacement of vibration dampers on 132 kV suspension
tower (Bare Hand Method)
20
Practical training of installation/replacement/repositioning of vibration
dampers on 220 kV suspension tower (Bare Hand Method/Hot stick
Method)
16
21
Practical training of installation/replacement/repositioning of vibration
dampers on 132 kV dead-end tower (Bare Hand Method/Hot stick Method)
22
Practical training of installation/replacement/positioning of vibration
dampers on 220 kV dead-end tower (Bare Hand Method/Hot stick Method)
23
Practical training of installation/replacement/repositioning of spacer
dampers on 220 kV twin bundle conductors
24
Practical training of installation/replacement/repositioning of spacer
dampers on 500 kV 4-bundle/3-bundle conductors
25
Practical training of repairing of damaged conductor on energized 132kV,
220kV and 500kV transmission line, Tightening of Nut/Bolts of Dead –end
bodies of 500 kV transmission line (Bare Hand Method/Hot stick)
26
Overhead Earth/Sky wire, Optical fiber ground wire (OPGW): Introduction
and application
17