Anatomy, Physiology, & Pathophysiology Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
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a- without or absence of: (asepsis, avascular tissue)
ab- away from: (abduction)
acro- top or end: (acromion process)
ad- to or towards: (adduction, adductor muscle)
aesth – feeling: anesthesia)
–algia pain: (neuralgia)
ambi- both: (ambidexterous)
amubl- walk: (ambulatory)
an- without: (anaerobic respiration)
ante- before, in front of: (antecerebellar)
anti- against: (antibacterial, antibiotic, antidepressant)
append- to hang something: (appendicular)
-ase enzyme: (amylase, lipase, carboxypeptidase)
aud- hear: (auditory)
aug- increase: (augmentation)
auto- self: (autoimmune disorder)
bi- two: (bicuspid valve, bipolar disorder, bisexual)
-blast budding: (osteoblasts, blastocyst)
brady- slow: (bradycardia)
bronch windpipe: (bronchus)
carcin cancer: (carcinoma, carcinogen)
cardi heart: (pericardium, cardiac)
carp wrist: (carpals)
-centesis surgical puncture :(amniocentesis, thoracentesis)
cephal- head: (cephalic artery)
-cidal killing : (gemacidal)
-clast broken: (osteoclasts)
cleav to divide: (cleavage)
contra- against: (contraceptive device, contralateral)
corpus – body: (corpus callosum)
cut- skin: (subcutaneous)
cyst- bladder : (cystoscopy)
cyt- cell: (cytology)
-cyte cell: (osteocyte, leukocyte, erythrocyte)
dendr- tree: (dendrite)
dent- tooth: (dentist, dentition)
derm- skin: (dermis)
di- two: (disaccharide)
diastol- dilation: (diastole, diastolic)
dis- to undo; free from: (dislocation, disorder)
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dors- back: (dorsal)
dur- hard: (dura mater)
ecto- outside: (ectopic pregnancy)
-ectomy excision or surgical removal: (appendectomy, hysterectomy)
embol- stopper: (embolism)
-emia blood condition, something in the blood: (hypercholesterolemia)
encephal- brain: (encephalitis, encephalogram)
endo- within: (endoplasmic reticulum, endoderm)
enter- intestines: (enterococcal infection)
epi- upon: (epithelial tissue, epicardium, epidermal)
erythr- red: (erythrocyte)
exo- outside: (exocrine gland, exoskeleton)
extra- outside: (extracellular)
fiss- split: (fissure)
flex- bend: (flexors)
fol- leaf: (folate, folic acid)
gangli- a swelling: (ganglion)
gastr- stomach: (gastric gland, gastroscopy)
-gen substances that produce or cause: (carcinogen, antigen)
-genic producing or causing: (carcinogenic)
germ- to bud or sprout: (germinal epithelium)
gest- carry: (gestational)
-glia glue: (neuroglia)
glomer- cluster: (glomerulus)
glot- language: (glottis, epiglottis)
glyc- sweet: (glycogen, glycoprotein)
gno- know: (diagnosis)
-gram something written: (echocardiogram)
gust- taste (gustatory nerve)
gyn- woman: (gynecologist)
hema- blood: (hematoma)
hepat- liver: (hepatic duct, hepatitis, hepatocyte)
homeo- same: (homeostasis)
humor- fluid: (humoral, aqueous humor)
hydr- water: (hydrostatic pressure, hydrocephaly)
hyper- above: (hypertonic)
hypo- below: (hypotonic)
hyster- uterus: (hysterectomy)
-ia condition of diseased or abnormal state: (ischemia)
imnot: (imbalance, impotence)
infra- under; below: (infraorbital foramen)
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inter- between: (interphase, intercostal muscle)
intra- inside: (intramembranous ossification, intracellular fluid)
-ism state of: (hyperthyroidism)
iso- equal: (isotonic, isometric)
-itis inflammation: (myocarditis)
kal– potassium: (hyperkalemia)
lact- milk: (lactation)
lat- wide: (latissumus dorsi)
leuko- white: (leukocyte)
lig- bind: (ligament)
lin- line: (linea alba)
lip- fat: (lipids)
-logy study of: (physiology, biology)
macro- large: (macrobiotic, macrocephaly, macrophage)
mal- bad: (malformation, malady)
mand- place in hands: (mandible)
-mania madness or insane desire: (egomania)
mater- mother: (dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater)
-megaly enlargement: (acromegaly)
melan- black: (melanin, melanocyte)
mening- membrane: (meninges)
meso- middle: (mesoderm)
meta- after: (metacentric chromosome, metacarpals)
micro- small: (microbiology, microvilli)
mict- to pass urine: (micturition)
mono- one: (monosaccharide)
morb- illness: (morbidity)
morph- shape or form: (polymorhic neutrophils)
mort- death: (mortal wound, mortuary science, mortician)
multi- many: (multifactorial, multinucleate cells)
mut- change: (mutation, mutagen)
myo- muscle: (myofibril, myoglobin)
necr- death: (necrotic tissue)
neo- new: (neonatal)
nephr- kidney: (nephron)
neur- nerve: (neuron, neurohypophysis)
noct– night: (nocturia)
ocul- eye: (ocular nerve)
olfact- to smell: (olfactory bulbs)
oligo- few: (oligodendrites)
-ologist one who studies and practices: (cardiologist, gynecologist)
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-oma tumor or swelling: (carcinoma)
oo- egg or ovum: (oocyte)
-opia vision: (myopia)
-opsy to view: (autopsy)
opthalm- eye: (ophthalmologist)
-orrhea flow excessive discharge: (amenorrhea, gonorrhea)
ortho- correct: (orthopedics)
-osis abnormal increase in production: (leukocytosis)
oss- bone: (osseous tissue)
oste- bone: (osteoblasts)
-ostomy creation of an artificial opening: (ileostomy)
-otomy cut into or incision: (appendectomy)
-oxia oxygen: (anoxia)
palp- feel or touch: (palpate)
para- beside: (parathyroid glands)
patho- disease: (pathogen, pathology,pathophysiology)
-pathy disease: (cardiomyopathy)
pector- chest: (pectoralis major)
pedi- child: (pediatrician)
ped- foot: (pedicle)
peri- surrounding: (pericardial, perianal, periaortic)
phag- to eat: (Phagocytosis, phagocyte)
phil- love or tendency toward: (hydrophilic)
phleb- vein: (phlebitis, phlebotomy)
phys- nature: (physician)
pino- to drink: (Pinocytosis)
plasm- substance: (cytoplasm)
pleur- rib: (pleural membrane, pleural fluid)
pneum- breath: (pneumonia)
pod- foot: (podiatrist)
poly- many: (polyunsaturated, polydactyly)
post- after: (posttraumatic stress, postnasal drip)
pre- before: (premature, prenatal)
proct- rectum: (proctological exam, proctologist)
pseudo- false: (pseudostratified epithelium, pseudodementia)
psych- mind: (psychiatrist)
pylor- gatekeeper: (pyloric sphincter)
pyr– fever or fire: (pyrogens)
rect- straight: (abdominus rectus)
ren– kidney: (renal failure, renin)
retro- back or behind: (retro-virus, retrosternal)
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rhea- flow or gush: (amenorrhea, galactorrhea)
rupt- burst: (ruptured appendix)
sacchar- sugar: (monosaccharides)
sarco- flesh: (sarcoplasm, sarcolemma)
sat- enough: (saturated)
scend- climb: (ascend, descend)
scler- hard: (sclera, sclerotic veins, scleroderma)
-sclerosis hardening: (multiple sclerosis)
-scope instrument used for visual examination: (gastroscope)
–scopy visual examination: (colonoscopy)
sect- cut: (dissect, transect, bisect)
semi- half: (semilunar valves, semicircular canal)
-sepsis infection: (urosepsis)
sept – poison, from rot: (septic, septicemia)
somat– body: (somatic cells)
-spasm sudden involuntary muscle contraction: (muscle spasm)
spir- breathe: (respiration, spirometer)
squam- scale: (squamous epithelium)
stasis- standing still: (homeostasis)
strat- layer: (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
sub- under or below: (subarachnoid space, subclavian artery)
super- over or above: (superior vena cava)
syn- together or joined: (synthesis, syndrome)
systol- contraction: (systole, systolic pressure)
tachy- rapid: (tachycardia)
tact- touch: (tactile)
tend- stretch: (tendon)
tetra- four: (tetracycline, tetraiodothyronine)
thromb- clot: (thrombocyte, thrombolitic agent)
thyr- thyroid gland: (thyroidectomy)
-tomy cutting: (anatomy, appendectomy)
tox- poison: (toxicology)
trans- through, across, beyond: (transfusion, transmission)
tri- three: (triglyceride, triiodothyronine)
uni- one: (unipolar neurons)
ventr- belly or stomach: (ventricle, ventral view)
vill- hair: (villi, microvilli)