HES-1 (Meloni) **Bring one clean, unwrinkled 882-E ScanTron, #2 pencils, eraser
FINAL EXAM Study Guide (ch. 1-16, 18)
*Denotes NEW MATERIAL
Chapter 1: Health in a Changing Society
Define the terms Health and Wellness; Discuss the 7 dimensions of Wellness, the Ecological Model of Health and Wellness including
key environmental and individual factors, and the Wellness Continuum; Describe the Stages of Change model and its application;
Discuss motivation and what fuels it; Describe SMART goals
Chapter 2: Family Health History
Discuss how knowing your family’s health history can influence your own health behaviors
Chapter 3: Nervous System
Identify components of the Central Nervous System; Identify divisions and basic functions of the Peripheral Nervous System;
Describe basic structure and function the 3 meninges and the subarachnoid space; Describe the structure of a neuron; Describe in
general the action potential (electrical signal); Describe how this electrical signal transmits to a chemical signal; Define and describe
the function of this chemical signal
Chapter 3: Mental Health
Describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs; Briefly define mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders; Define stress, stressor,
stress response, eustress, and distress; Discuss the three components of the stress response – physical, emotional, behavioral
responses; Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways function in the stress response; Describe effective stress
management strategies demonstrated and discussed in class and their benefits.
Chapter 4: Spirituality
Discuss spirituality as a person’s connection to self, significant others, and the community; Understand the role of personal values
and belief system in our wellness; Briefly discuss positive emotion and pleasure, engagement, and meaning and how they relate to
cultivating happiness in our lives; Describe ways of enhancing your spirituality by looking inward and by looking outward.
Chapter 5: Endocrine System and Sleep
Define the endocrine system and its components; Define sleep and sleep deprivation; Describe the sleep cycles over the course of
one full night’s sleep (8 hours); Explain why REM and non-REM sleep are essential to our physical health, growth, and cognitive
health; Describe the roles of the SCN, the pineal gland, and the hormone melatonin as they relate to sleep
Chapter 6: Digestive System and Nutrition
Identify the functions of the digestive system; identify digestive organs and glands and their basic functions; Define nutrition, related
terms, and the six essential nutrients; Identify examples and benefits of six essential nutrients; Identify foods that contain these
nutrients: complex carbohydrates, simple carbs, refined carbs, healthy fats, unhealthy fats, complete and incomplete proteins,
cholesterol, dietary fiber, high sodium… and how these nutrients affect your health, whether positively or negatively; Identify
healthy nutrition practices.
Chapter 7: Musculoskeletal System and Fitness
Identify the five functions of the musculoskeletal system; Identify the two divisions of skeletal system and their major body
segments; Discuss the five physical fitness components – definition, benefits, recommendations for improving each; Identify major
benefits of physical fitness; Identify and describe the four Exercise Principles discussed in class
Chapter 8: Weight Management and Body Composition
Define obesity and healthy body fat in quantitative terms (specific range of % body fat for males and females); Compare the
meaningfulness between Body Mass Index and body composition; Discuss waist circumference and define a high risk waist
circumference for males and females, Explain why dieting is usually not successful; Discuss the Hunger Scale; Define and describe
Metabolic Syndrome
Chapter 9: Body Image:
Define body image and discuss factors that shape our body image, including differences between men and women; Describe
disordered eating behaviors; Compare and contrast the three main eating disorders discussed in class
Chapter 10: Understanding Alcohol Use
Define “one drink”, binge drinking, alcohol metabolism, alcohol absorption; Describe the pathway that alcohol takes once it enters
the body (absorption, metabolism, and excretion); Discuss gender differences related to the metabolism of alcohol and factors that
affect BAC; Define and describe alcohol dependence/alcoholism compared to alcohol abuse/problem drinking
Chapter 10: Respiratory System and Understanding Tobacco Use
Identify the basic structures and functions of the respiratory system; Identify the #1 Leading Preventable Cause of Death; Identify
harmful components of tobacco and tobacco smoke; Define environmental tobacco smoke and its health dangers; Discuss the
benefits of quitting smoking; Discuss the arguments for and against the use of e-cigarettes
Chapter 11: Addictive Behavior, Drugs
Define drug, drug misuse, drug abuse, dependence, tolerance/escalation, withdrawal; Describe the sequence of behaviors/effects
leading to addiction (behavior, reinforcement, escalation, pattern of addiction); Describe how most drugs affect the brain chemistry
– particularly referring to the Pleasure and Reward Circuit in the brain and the role of dopamine in this process; List the general
effects on the brain and body functioning of stimulants, depressants, Opioids, hallucinogens, inhalants, and Cannabinoids
*Chapter 12: Relationships and Sexual Health
Describe reproductive anatomy and functioning of males and females, including arousal/stimulation and the four phases of the
sexual response cycle; Discuss various sexual behaviors and their advantages/disadvantages and responsible practices that promote
health; Define intimacy; Discuss how attachment and self-concept affect intimate relationships; Describe A-, H-, and M-frame
relationships and their differences; Explain how friendships help us learn about and practice intimacy; Describe Sternberg’s
Triangular Theory of Love, its three components, and the different types of “love” that can form; Identify and discuss non-verbal and
verbal communication skills and their roles in our more intimate relationships
*Chapter 13: Conception and Reproductive Choices
Define conception and pregnancy and progesterone’s role in pregnancy; Define the corpus luteum and its role; Describe key
milestones in fetal development; Define and describe abortion and the various abortion methods; discuss the central questions of
the abortion debate; Identify and describe contraceptive methods, generally how they work, and their relative effectiveness in
preventing pregnancy and STDs; Discuss factors in choosing which contraceptive method is best for you
*Chapter 14: Immune System and Sexually Transmitted Disease/Infection
Identify tissues/cells of the Immune System; Briefly define and describe functions of the innate immune system and the acquired
immune system; Discuss the relationship between the use of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria; Discuss risk factors for STIs;
Identify and briefly describe common STIs and whether they are treatable or incurable; Identify common symptoms of STD in both
men and women; Discuss how to protect yourself and your partner from STIs
*Chapter 15: Cardiovascular Health
Describe the anatomy and functioning of the cardiovascular system; Describe the flow of blood through the entire body; Describe
the two circulatory systems and their functions; Explain the significance of the SA node – what is it, where is it, what does it do;
Define systole, diastole, atherosclerosis; Describe the process of atherosclerosis and its role in CVD; Define the Major Coronary
Artery Disease Risk Factors; Define the values for hypertension, prehypertension, and normal blood pressure; Discuss the
difference between HDL and LDL blood cholesterol, why an excess of LDL is “bad” and why a higher HDL is “good”. Identify
“Healthy” and “High Risk” values for HDL, LDL, and Total Cholesterol; Define the role of stress in CVD; Define Angina, heart attack,
stroke, aneurysm, arrhythmia, and congenital heart disease
*Chapter 16: Cancer
Define cancer, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis; Describe the process of cancerous cell growth; Identify the four
classifications of cancers and the tissues from which they arise; Briefly discuss common types of cancer, their specific risk factors,
and relative survival rate; Identify 3 general risk factors for cancer; Identify prevention and/or screening guidelines for breast, colon,
prostate, skin, cervical, and testicular cancers.
*Chapter 18: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Define Conventional Medicine, Holistic Health Care, and CAM; Identify common CAM therapies; Identify four domains of CAM
practices; Identify considerations in making healthcare choices