Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion (1854-1861)
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"Beechers"
Bibles
rifles sent by the preacher husband of Harriet
Beecher Stowe; they were hidden in a box of
bibles and sent to abolitionists in Kansas
"Bleeding
Kansas"
a sequence of violent events involving
abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that
took place in the Kansas-Nebraska Territory;
dispute further strained the relations of the
North and South, making civil war imminent
"Freeport
Doctrine"
Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed
slavery could only exist when popular
sovereignty said so
"KnowNothings"
political party made up of nativists who
answered questions about the society by
answering "I know nothing."; supported only
white, native born, protestatnt candidates
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"Lame
Duck"
a person still in office after he or she has lost a
bid for reelection; Buchanan
antiforeignism
fear that immigrants would steal jobs and votes
from "real Americans"
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Charles
Sumner
gave a speech in May 1856 called " the Crime
Against Kansas"; beat with a cane by Preston
Brooks after the speech; he collapsed
unconscious and couldn't return to Senate for 4
years; symbol throughout the north
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on election day in 1855, hordes of Southerners
"border ruffians" from Missouri flooded the
polls and elected Kansas to be a slave state;
free-soilers were unable to stomach this and set
up their own government in Topeka
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constitutional amendment introduced by James
Henry Crittenden, compromise attempting to
reconcile the South with the union by allowing
slavery under 36; Lincoln opposed; didn't stop
states from seceding
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Democratic
Convention
of 1860
Democratic Party split into northern and
southern wings, each nominating a different
presidential candidate
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Dred Scott
vs. Stanford
an 1858 Supreme Court case in which a slave
sued for his freedom but the court ruled that
slaves weren't citizens; damdged their
reputation by saying black people/slaves were
not citizens/people
Election of
1860
Candidates
Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln;
Northern Democrats nominated Stephan A.
Douglas; Southern Democrats John C.
Breckenridge; Constitutional Union (aka
"Know-Nothings") nominated John Bell
Contest for
Kansas
Crittenden
Amendment
Election of
1860 Issues
mainly about slavery in the territories
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Election of
1860
Outcome
Lincoln won with only 40% of the popular vote
& won the electoral votes; South decides to
secede
Harper's
Ferry
John Brown's scheme to invade the South with
armed slaves that was backed by sponsoring,
northern abolitionists; tried to seize the federal
arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by
Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was
hanged
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave
who is treated badly, in 1852; persuaded more
people, particularly Northerners, to become
anti-slaver.
Henry
Crittenden
from Kentucky; proposed the Crittenden
Amendment
Henry Ward
Beecher
preacher-abolitionist who funded weapons for
antislavery pioneers in Kansas; brother of
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Hinton
Helper
Southern who argued against slavery not on
moral grounds, but because he believed it was
a system that impoverished poor southern
whites and kept the South poorer than the
North
Homestead
Act
passed in 1862; gave 160 acres of public land
to any settler who would farm the land for five
years; settler would only have to pay a
registration fee of $25; provided an easy way
for more free-soilers to fill the territories
Immigrant
Aid Society
founded by New Englanders to encourage new
immigrants to start antislavery settlements in
Kansas; immigrants were given wagons full of
supplies if they agreed to move to Kansas and
vote slavery down
Jefferson
Davis
an American statesman and politician who
served as President of the Confederate States of
America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
John Brown
violent abolitionist who murdered slaveholders
in Kansas and Missouri (1856-1858) before
his raid at Harpers Ferry (1859), hoping to
incite a slave rebellion; he failed and was
executed, but his martyrdom by northern
abolitionists frightened the South
John
Greenleaf
Wittier
was a Quaker poet who advocated
abolitionism; influenced social action through
anti-slavery poems
Lawrence,
Kansas
where the pro-slavery /anti-slavery war in
Kansas began in 1855 ("Bleeding Kansas")
LeCompton
Constitution
pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas'
admission to the union; It was rejected
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nativists
U.S. citizens who opposed immigration
because they were suspicious of immigrants
and feared losing jobs to them
Outcome of
Dred Scott
Case
inflamed millions of abolitionists against
slavery and even those who didn't care much
about it; Northerners complained;
Southerners were ecstatic about the decision
but inflamed by northern defiance, and more
tension built
Outcome of
Harper's
Ferry
Brown became a martyr for abolitionists;
Northerners rallied around his memory;
abolitionists were infuriated by his execution;
South was happy and saw justice & felt his
actions were typical of the radical North
Panic of 1857
notable sudden collapse in the economy
caused by over speculation in railroads and
lands, false banking practices, and a break in
the flow of European capital to American
investments as a result of the Crimean War;
since it did not effect the South as bad as the
North, they gained a sense of superiority
Pottawatomie
Creek
Massacre
In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by
pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of
abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery
settlers in Franklin County, Kansas
Preston
Brooks
South Carolina representative who used a
cane to beat Charles Sumner on the Senate
floor for his criticisms of pro-slavery leaders
Reasons for
Secession
South feared that their rights as a
slaveholding minority were being threatened,
and were alarmed at the growing power of the
Republicans, plus, they believed that they
would be unopposed despite what the
Northerners claimed; also hoped to develop
its own banking and shipping
Roger B.
Taney
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who wrote
the lead opinion in the Dred Scott case & said
slaves weren't citizens, they were property
Second Great
Awakening
second religious fervor that swept the nation;
had an effect on moral movements such as
prison reform, the temperance movement,
and moral reasoning against slavery
Shawnee
Mission
place where the pro-slavery Kansas
government is established
Simon Legree
the cruel slave dealer in an anti-slavery novel
by Harriet Beecher Stowe
The
Impending
Crisis of the
South
trouble-brewing book written in 1857 by
Hinton R. Helper, attempting to prove that
slavery hurt non-slaveholding whites the
most
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Topeka
Constitution
version of the Kansas state constitution written
by a convention of Free State supporters that
prohibited slavery; Congress rejected this
version; Kansas' admission to the United
States was delayed until 1861
Uncle Tom's
Cabin
book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853
that highly influenced England's view on the
American Deep South and slavery; promoted
abolition * intensified sectional conflict