Bayerisches Staatsministerium für
Landwirtschaft und Forsten
Agriculture and
Forestry
in Bavaria
Facts and Figures 2002
www.landwirtschaft.bayern.de
www.forst.bayern.de
Introduction
Contents
Politicians, professionals and socie-
2
ty at large must continuously adjust
to new agropolitical challenges.
Reliable information is a great help.
This brochure contains selected
facts and figures from the Agricultural Report 2002. They provide an
insight into the current situation in
agriculture and forestry, and underline their importance for
Bavaria.
Safeguarding the competitiveness and sustainability of
Bavaria’s agricultural, forestry and food industries remains a
primary objective of Bavarian agrarian policy. To effectively
support farming in Bavaria, we depend on open and objective
dialogue in our society. This must be based on a commitment to
the environment and solidarity with family farms.
Bavaria is a major agricultural region at the heart of Europe,
and our farmers produce high-quality food. They also preserve
and care for the highly diverse, man-made landscapes so
appreciated by our fellow citizens, by holidaymakers and by
those seeking relaxation in the countryside. As the owners of
woodland, farmers carry additional economic and ecological
responsibility. This brochure illustrates the great diversity of
farming activities and the contribution farmers make towards
enriching our society.
Josef Miller
Bavarian State Minister of Agriculture and Forestry
Publisher:
Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landwirtschaft und Forsten,
Postfach 22 00 12, 80535 München, Germany
info@stmlf.bayern.de; www.stmlf.bayern.de
www.landwirtschaft.bayern.de; www.forst.bayern.de
RB No. 08/03/03 of November, 2002
Editorial office:
Public Relations and Agricultural Statistics Office
Photographs:
Lehr 1,4,8,15; StMLF archive; 12,21,23; Günter 22
Graphics:
Sainer Werbeagentur GmbH, 82166 Gräfelfing
Translation:
Jennifer Pockrandt, Reichertshausen
Printing:
Aumüller Druck, Regensburg
Paper made from
certified sustainable
forestry products
Statistics from :
Certified to
PEFC/04-4-0003
Bavarian State Agency for Statistics and Data Processing –
Bavarian Agricultural Report 2002
1. Agriculture as an economic sector
■ Gross output
■ Value added
■ Agricultural productivity
■ Employment in agriculture and forestry
■ Bavaria’s food industry
■ Dairy structure
■ Slaughterhouse structure
2. Bavarian foreign trade in food and agricultural products
■ Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products by recipient countries
■ Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products by food groups
■ Agricultural imports
■ Consumer expenditure
■ Food supply in Bavaria
3. Agricultural employment in Bavaria
4. Structural changes in Bavarian agriculture
■ Full-time holdings
■ Part-time holdings
■ Leasehold farming
5. Economic situation of farm holdings in Bavaria
6. Agricultural consultancy and administrative organisation
■ Organisation, tasks, personnel
■ Use of IT in specialist schools and in agricultural support programmes
7. Farm succession and professional qualification in Bavaria
■ Professional education in agriculture
8. Agrarian social policy
9. Plant production
■ Land distribution
■ Integrated crop management
■ Green gene engineering
■ Organic farming
10. Land use in Bavaria
■ Cereals
■ Potatoes
■ Sugar beet
■ Hops
■ Oil-producing crops
■ Fodder crops and permanent grassland
■ Alpine farming and forestry
■ Wine
■ Horticulture
■ Fruit farming
11. Animal products industry
■ Production and marketing
■ Cattle keeping
■ Milk production and delivery
■ Milk processing
■ Pig keeping
■ Sheep keeping
■ Poultry keeping
■ Horse keeping
■ Fisheries
12. Rural development through land consolidation and village renewal
13. Non-food utilisation of biomass
14. Funding of agropolitical measures
15. Forestry and the timber industry
■ Forest area and social functions of forests
■ Forest damage, forest conservation and research
■ Organisational structure/personnel of the Bavarian Forestry Administration
■ Management of state-owned forest
■ Privately-owned and communal woodland
■ Timber industry and the market situation
16. Hunting
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1. Agriculture as an economic sector
■ Gross output
The value of Bavaria’s gross agricultural output (excluding forestry and fisheries) in 1999 was EUR 8.15 billion.
>>> Table 1
■ Value added
In the last two years, Bavarian agriculture and forestry
has seen an increase of some 10 % in its gross value
added, to a figure of EUR 4.1 billion in 2001, when
Bavaria’s contribution to Germany’s gross value added
was just under 18 %.
The agribusiness sector comprises agriculture together
with its up- and downstream industries. Of the EUR 129
billion which make up the gross value added of German
agribusiness, farming accounts for 17 %, upstream industries for 6 % and downstream industries for 77 %.
Table 1
Indicator
1993
Gross output
1995
>>> Chart 2
■ Employment in agriculture and forestry
In 2001, 214,000 persons were gainfully employed in
agriculture. This is 15,000 fewer than in 1999 and corresponds to 3.6 % of the working population.
One out of eight jobs in Bavaria depends directly or indirectly on the agricultural sector. This means that some
12 % of the working population are employed in agriculture and forestry or in upstream or downstream segments.
■ Bavaria’s food industry
In 2001, the Bavarian food industry posted sales of EUR
26.0 billion. A total of 192,000 people were employed in
the industry’s two segments, food manufacturing and
processing, and the food trades.
The Bavarian food manufacturing and processing segment accounts for three quarters of food-industry sales.
Within Bavaria, more than half of the food industry’s
workforce is employed in the food trades segment
(bakers, butchers, etc.). In 2001, 96,800 employees generated annual food-trade sales of EUR 5.9 billion.
1997
in EUR mill.
1999
2001
•
8,383
8,801
8,929
8,559
Input-related expenditure 4,769
4,835
4,951
4,866
•
Gross value added
3,966
3,978
3,693
4,070
3,615
Chart 2
Productivity
One Bavarian farmer provided ... persons with food:
120
110
100
80
66
60
■ Agricultural productivity
The number of farm holdings in Bavaria has decreased
continuously over the past few decades. At the same
time, there has been a huge increase in agricultural productivity.
3
Gross output, input-related expenditure and
gross value added of Bavarian agriculture and forestry
51
37
40
28
15
20
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2001
Table 3
Bavarian food industry
Indicator
1995
Number
of plants
2001
Manufacturing/processing establishments with 20 or
more employees
997
980
89,830 92,621 17.10
19.69
Fewer than
20 employees
2,856
475
440
Food
trades
10,287
Total food
industry
11,759
Total
employees
1995
2001
Sales in
EUR billion
1995
2001
2,740
0.43
0.41
•
114,062 96,809
6.15
5.90
•
206,748 192,170 23.68
26.00
Table 4
Bavarian dairy companies by raw-material input
Year
Total
Raw-material input exceeding... but less than....
in 1 000 t/year/dairy company
50
100
150
200
300
to
bis
to
to
or
100
150
200
300
more
less
than
50
Number of
dairy companies
1992
110
52
24
12
9
9
4
>>> Table 3
1995
103
44
25
9
10
11
4
■ Dairy structure
Dairy farming in Bavaria continued to restructure during
the period under review. In 2000, the number of dairies
decreased to 122, and the number of dairy companies
dropped to 92. By the end of 2001, there were 89 companies managing 121 dairies.
Bavaria encourages investments that will lead to further
structural improvements in dairy farming and thus
increase profits and promote competitiveness.
1998
95
41
21
12
5
10
6
2000
92
40
17
13
6
10
6
>>> Table 4
2. Bavarian foreign trade in food
and agricultural products
4
■ Slaughterhouse structure
Currently, some 2,000 small slaughterhouses and 45
medium-sized and large EU-approved slaughterhouses
are registered in Bavaria.
– A dense network of slaughterhouses is the prerequisite for short transport distances.
– Available slaughtering capacities are geared to regional
production volumes.
– Mixed slaughterhouse ownership promotes competition and benefits farmers.
– Most of the supraregional slaughterhouses have been
able to improve their capacity utilisation, which is
important if they are to be competitive on the national
and international markets.
Since 1970, Bavaria’s agricultural and food industry has
increased its exports by over 700 %. Food of animal origin accounts for the major part of this increase, while
exports of live animals have decreased significantly.
>>> Chart 5
In 2000, agricultural exports from Bavaria (excluding
trade between the Laender) totalled EUR 4.71 billion.
Bavaria accounts for 18.3 % of Germany’s agricultural
exports (including those from the new Laender), i.e.
more than any other state.
The 15 EU countries remain the most important export
market for agricultural goods. 82 % of agricultural
exports, with an approximate value of EUR 3.9 billion,
go to these countries.
However, trade with Central and Eastern European
countries (CEP countries) is also very important. In 2000,
Bavaria exported agricultural goods to the value of EUR
345 million to these countries.
>>> Chart 6
Chart 6
Bavarian agricultural trade
in EUR mill.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Agricultural exports
Agricultural imports
Chart 5
Bavarian agricultural exports since 1970 by commodity classes
in EUR mill.
589
5000 of which to EU countries
2,151
82.3 %
3,461
85.2 %
4,711
82.2%
4000
3000
1,319
339
299
193
2000
1000
0
1,948
905
225
156
111
97
523
85
1970
1980
1990
Live animals
Beverages and tobacco
Food of
animal origin
Food of
vegetable origin
2,235
1,520
827
129
2000
Total
■ Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products
by recipient countries
Bavaria’s major agricultural trading partner is Italy. This
holds for both exports and imports, although exports
clearly exceed imports. The highest import surplus is in
agricultural trade with the Netherlands.
Of Bavaria’s non-EU trading partners, Russia was the
most important export market in 2000, followed by the
USA, Switzerland, Poland, the Czech Republic and
Japan. Altogether, Bavaria exported agricultural and
food products to 175 countries during 2000.
Bavaria exported agricultural and food products worth
EUR 226.6 million to countries acceding to the EU.
Imports from these countries amounted to EUR 345.3
million.
Chart 7
Other countries 21.0 %
France 12.8 %
Austria 10.4 %
Netherlands 6.3 %
Belgium
Luxembourg 5.8 %
Spain 3.9 %
Great Britain 3.7 %
Greece 3.3 %
Italy 32.8 %
>>> Chart 7
■ Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products
by food groups
The major animal-origin agricultural exports were
cheese (19.2 %), milk and fresh milk products (12.8 %)
and meat and meat products (12.9 %). These three food
groups accounted for some 45 % of total agricultural
exports. Miscellaneous foodstuffs of vegetable origin,
including soups, sauces, pasta and baked goods, made
up 18.0 % of 2000 exports.
5
Bavaria’s exports of agricultural and food products
in 2000 by major export markets
Chart 8
Bavaria’s exports of agricultural and food products
in 2000 by major agricultural products
Other agricultural products 26.2 %
Tinned fruits and
vegetables 1.9 %
Wheat 1.7 %
>>> Chart 8
Hops 2.3 %
■ Agricultural imports
In 2000, Bavaria imported goods to the value of just
under EUR 4.4 billion. Of these, foodstuffs of vegetable
origin made up the lion’s share.
Beer 2.4 %
Sugar 2.6 %
Milk 12.8 %
Meat and
meat products 12.9 %
>>> Chart 9
Miscellaneous foodstuffs
of vegetable origin 18.0 %
Cheese 19.2 %
Chart 9
Bavaria’s agricultural imports since 1970 by commodity classes
in EUR mill.
978
5000 of which from
EU countries
1,887
69.1 %
3,002
75.3 %
4,366
78.0 %
4000
3000
2,458
1,172
469
215
32
2000
1000
0
1,804
1,198
771
674
204
85
15
385
684
42
1970
1980
1990
Live animals
Beverages and tobacco
Foodstuffs of
animal origin
Foodstuffs of
plant origin
27
2000
Total
6
The major suppliers of imports to Bavaria in 2000 were
Italy, the Netherlands and France. The share of imports
from EU countries has increased from two-thirds to
more than three-quarters since 1980.
Chart 10
Bavaria’s agricultural and food imports
in 2000 by major supplier countries
Other countries 24.9 %
>>> Charts 10 and 11
Hungary 2.5 %
■ Consumer expenditure
The share of consumer expenditure that goes on food
has decreased considerably. In all households, expenditure on food and drinks (excluding canteen meals and
meals out) accounted for only 15.6 % of private spending. Expenditure on food and non-alcoholic drinks
accounted for only 11.8 % of private spending.
Denmark 3.0%
Greece 3.0%
Spain 4.4 %
Belgium
Luxembourg 4.7 %
Austria 9.2 %
France 12.6 %
Netherlands 13.7 %
>>> Chart 12
Italy 22.0 %
The proportion of agricultural income attributable to
consumer expenditure on food has decreased steadily,
from about 50 % in 1970 to some 40 % in 1985 and 28 %
by 2001.
Chart 11
Bavaria’s agricultural and food imports
in 2000 by major products
>>> Chart 13
■ Food supply in Bavaria
Whereas food self-sufficiency has largely been achieved
in the EU for the most important food groups, Bavaria is
dependent on imports of pork and poultry meat, eggs,
wine, fruit and vegetables. There are substantial surpluses of cheese, milk, beef and veal as well as sugar.
Fruit, including tropical and
subtropical fruits 15.1 %
Other agricultural
products and foodstuffs
23.6 %
Tinned vegetables
and fruit
Fruit juices 4.5%
Tobacco products 4.9 %
Live plants and products for ornamental
gardening 4.9 %
Wine 6.1 %
Cheese 7.1%
Meat and
meat products 9.9 %
Vegetables
and culinary herbs 10.1 %
Miscellaneous foods
of vegetable origin 13.8 %
>>> Chart 14
Chart 12
Share of private-sector expenditure
that goes on food in Germany
Chart 14
% share
20
18.5
16.5
15
Self-sufficiency levels for various food groups
15.6
2000 in %
12.8
11.2
Fruit
10.5
10
4.9
5
0
4.9
4.5
1991
1995
Food
Food, drinks and tobacco products combined
Meals out/takeaways, etc.
2000
Cereals
Sugar
Chart 13
Milk
Share of agricultural income attributable
to consumer spending on food of domestic origin
% share
Vegetables
1980/81
Poultry
meat
2000/01
80
Beef and
veal
64
48
Cheese
32
0
16
40
EU
0
Eggs
Milk/Milk
Slaughter
Sugar beet/
products stock/Meat and
Sugar
meat products
Potatoes
Cereals/
Cereal products
80
100
120
Germany
160
200
Bavaria
240
280
3. Agricultural employment in Bavaria
4. Structural changes in Bavarian agriculture
In 2001, 385,400 persons were employed full-time or
part-time on Bavarian farm holdings. Of these, farmers
and their families accounted for 84 % (323,700 persons),
while the remaining 16 % (61,700 persons) were nonfamily farm workers.
The agricultural workforce in Bavaria has decreased by
55 % since 1975; the number of holdings has decreased
by only half. The decline in labour input per 100 ha is
equally pronounced and reflects a huge increase in productivity.
The average labour input is 4.7 AWU (annual work units)
per 100 ha UAA (utilised agricultural area). For full-time
holdings, the figure is slightly higher at 4.9, and for parttime farms slightly lower, at 4.1.
In 2001, there were 5,737 farm holdings with less than
2.0 ha UAA. The total number of recorded holdings
(including special crops) was 146,162, with altogether
3,276,791 ha of UAA. In Bavaria, 97 % of all holdings are
sole enterprises, managing 92.3 % of the UAA.
Bavarian agriculture has undergone pronounced structural changes. Since 1971, the number of holdings has
more than halved.
>>> Chart 17
The average UAA managed by the remaining farms has
been increasing steadily. In 1990, the average holding
(excluding those with < 2 ha UAA) managed 16.9 ha UAA.
In 2001, the average holding (excluding those with
< 2 ha UAA) managed 23.3 ha UAA.
Structural changes affected holdings in different ways,
depending on the size class. In 2001, only farms of 40 ha
or more UAA showed an increase in numbers.
>>> Chart 16
>>> Chart 18
Chart 16
Decrease in farm employment
Holdings/workers
in 1000
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1965
1975
1985
1995
2001
The proportion of part-time holdings is currently 57.8 %.
There have been more part-time than full-time holdings
in Bavaria since 1987.
Workers
per 100 ha
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
>>> Chart 19
■ Full-time holdings
In 2001, full-time holdings accounted for 42.2 % of all
farms (sole enterprises) and for 69 % of UAA.
Between 1999 and 2001, the average size of full-time
holdings increased by 2.4 ha, to 35.0 ha UAA.
Chart 17
Decrease in the number of holdings in Bavaria
(with 2 ha or more UAA)
400,000
352,659
301,999
300,000
243,372
198,765
200,000
149,057
140,425
1999
2001
100,000
1960
1970
1980
1990
Chart 18
Bavarian holdings by size classes
1979
Holdings
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1989
2001
79,077
63,391
49,234
61,026
46,794
36,864
36,647
34,441 33,044
26,686
21,632
19,698
15,640
20,307 21,396
14,366
3,523
2 to below 5
5 to below 10
10 to below 20
20 to below 30
30 to below 50
5,794
50 or more
Chart 19
Full-time and part-time holdings
as a percentage of all farm holdings
60
50
40
1971
1974
Full-time holdings
1979
1983
Part-time holdings
1985
1987
1991
1995
1997
1999
2001
7
Chart 20
8
Share of leasehold land in Bavaria
Leasehold land
as percentage UAA
ha leasehold land
per holding
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2001
50
40
30
20
10
0
1971
1981
1991
Chart 21
Farmland buying prices
EUR/ha
40,000
32,599
31,686
30,000
28,909
24,619
20,488
20,000
10,654
10,000
■ Part-time holdings
In 2001, 57.8 % of farm holdings and 31 % of UAA in
Bavaria were managed on a part-time basis.
Part-time holdings play a highly significant role in
Bavaria in the conservation of cultivated (man-made)
landscapes and, in particular, of ecologically valuable
grassland areas.
The average size of part-time holdings increased in 2001
to 11.5 ha UAA.
■ Leasehold farming
In 2001, 92,435 holdings held 1,364,400 ha UAA under
lease, an average of 14.8 ha of additional UAA per holding (full-time holdings: 17.7 ha UAA, part-time holdings:
6.3 ha UAA).
Acreage was increased primarily by leasing and seldom
by purchasing. The proportion of land held under lease
has accordingly increased, and now accounts for some
42 % of UAA. Just under 90 % of this leasehold land is
leased from non-family members.
>>> Chart 20
0
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Chart 22
2000 prices for farmland in Bavaria’s different administrative districts
EUR/ha UAA
40,000
34,441
28,714
30,000
26,070
21,735
20,000
16,546
18,425
16,104
10,000
0
Upper
Bavaria
Lower
Bavaria
Upper
Upper
Central
Lower
Palatinate Franconia Franconia Franconia
Swabia
The high demand for leasehold land has driven rents to
a relatively high level. At least 33 % of leasehold land
costs EUR 256/ha or more, although there are marked
differences between rents for arable land and for grassland. Whereas grassland can be leased for EUR 173
per ha, arable land costs EUR 259. This is EUR 86 or 50 %
more than for grassland.
The number of farmland sales has remained relatively
constant since 1975, at 4,000 to 6,000 sales a year (4,494
sales in 2000). This corresponds to annual sales of
between 4,300 and 9,000 ha of UAA (7,240 ha in 2000)
The price of farmland is influenced not only by productivity but also by non-farming factors. There are large
regional differences in Bavaria.
>>> Charts 21 and 22
Chart 23
Aggregate agrarian funding by Bavaria,
the Federal Republic and the EU
in 2001 by source of funds
Bavaria: EUR 756 million
(including consultancy)
FRG: EUR 1,329 million
EU: EUR 993 million
Table 24
5. Economic situation
of farm holdings in Bavaria
Average profits of full-time holdings increased in
2000/2001 to EUR 32,411, an 18.7 % gain on the previous
year.
>>> Table 24
Despite an increase in UAA since 1981/82 of approximately 18 ha per farm, the number of farm workers on
farms obliged to keep accounts has remained the same.
Especially during the 90s, farms showed a strong productivity rise.
Annual non-farm income of farms obliged to keep
accounts rose between 1981/82 and 2000/2001 from
approximately EUR 800 to approximately EUR 3,500.
Profits for full-time holdings in 2000/2001
Indicator
Unit
Business year
2000/2001
Farm size
Farm labour
of whom: family labour
Disparity
Profit
Profit
Profit
Total income
ha UAA
40.69
AWU/holding
1.61
AWU/holding
1.51
%
26
EUR/ha UAA
797
EUR/family AWU
21,459
EUR/enterprise
32,411
EUR/owner (=married couple) 35,832
Chart 25
Growth in incomes for full-time holdings in Bavaria
1981/82
EUR 1000
1991/92
2000/2001
40
30
20
10
>>> Chart 25
0
Price trends within the various product groups cause
profits to differ widely, depending on the type of farming. The 2000/01 boom in prices on the pig market, for
instance, caused pig-farm profits to soar to double those
of the average farm.
>>> Table 26
In terms of the overall income of a married couple
owning a holding, the profits of part-time holdings are
comparable with those of full-time holdings.
>>> Table 27
In 2000, nearly 5,000 holdings were being operated in
accordance with organic farming rules. On average, the
profits made by organic farms are only slightly lower
than the profits of conventionally operated holdings.
During the business year 2000/01, organic farms received
on average EUR 19,205 in aid, which is 64.2 % of profits
or 18.6 % of revenues.
>>> Table 28
In 2000/01, an average full-time holding in Bavaria received government aid to the value EUR 16,685. This
included the EU’s compensatory payments and animal
premiums, compensatory payments for less-favoured
regions, the Man-Made Landscape Programme, investment promotion and subsidies for green diesel. On average, the aid package accounted for 12.3 % of revenues
or 51.5 % of profits.
>>> Charts 23 and 29
EUR/year
Profit/enterprise
EUR/year/family AWU
Profit/family AWU
EUR/year
Total income
Table 26
Profits for full-time holdings in 2000/01 by types of farming
Indicator
Unit
Type of farming
Forage
Live- Permanent Mixed
crops
stock
crops farming
Market
crops
Proportion
of farms
Farm size
Farm labour
of whom: family
Profit
Profit
Profit
Total
income
%
ha UAA
AWU/farm
AWU/farm
EUR/ha UAA
EUR/family AWU
EUR/
enterprise
EUR/owner
(=married
couple)
16.1
73.9
4.4
1.4
4.2
57.04 36.99 41.01 29.30 46.60
1.55
1.59
1.67
3.13
1.73
1.37
1.53
1.54
1.93
1.57
630
799 1,462 1,589 760
26,314 19,337 38,854 24,133 22,566
35,922 29,559 59,964 46,573 35,435
37,385 33,228 65,706 52,908 38,575
Table 27
Profits for part-time holdings in 2000/2001
Indicator
Unit
Business year
2000/2001
Farm size
Farm labour
of whom: family labour
Profit
Profit
Total income
ha UAA
17.09
AWU/farm
0.78
Family AWU/farm
0.78
EUR/ha UAA
491
EUR/enterprise
8,363
EUR/owner (=married couple) 30,940
Table 28
Profits for full-time organic farm holdings in 2000/2001
Indicator
Unit
Business year
2000/2001
Farm size
Farm labour
of whom: family labour
Profit
Profit
Profit
Total income
ha UAA
36.45
AWU/farm
1.60
Family AWU/farm
1.50
EUR/ha UAA
821
EUR/family AWU
19,884
EUR/enterprise
29,925
EUR/owner (=married couple) 36,844
Chart 29
Financial aid for farm holdings in 2000/2001
EUR 1000/enterprise
70
Profit
Aid package
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Market crops
Fodder crops
Livestock
Permanent crops Mixed farming
9
6. Agricultural consultancy and administrative organisation
■ Organisation, tasks, personnel
The main areas of responsibility are:
– Provision of advice on matters relating to agriculture
and to home economics, including advice on structural trends and income combination
– Vocational adult education
– Vocational training and on-going education
– Schooling in agronomics
– Administrative duties relating to agriculture as well as
co-operation in the implementation of regulations
imposed by other authorities
– Agricultural support, including the payment of premiums and compensations as provided for by state,
federal and EU law
– Applied research and the compilation of scientific
research results for use in practice
These duties are shared by 47 county offices for agriculture, which also serve as training centres for initial and
ongoing vocational education and provide advice on
home economics, by 61 schools of agriculture, eight
state institutes, the Technology and Development
Centre, five teaching and research institutes, three research station administrations, the Schwaiganger state
stud farm, the “Staatliche Führungsakademie” training
centre for food, agriculture and forestry, and the district
government departments of agriculture.
■ Use of IT in specialist schools and in agricultural
support programmes
Students at the specialist schools of agronomics learn
how to use standard software (e.g. word processing and
spreadsheet programs) as well as programs which are
tailored specifically to the agricultural sector. Special
importance is attached to the use of programs for processing farm-specific data. This helps to motivate the
students and equips them well for their future work.
One of the main uses of IT in the administrative sector
continues to be the processing of applications for financial support. In 2000, a total of 491,710 applications for
the various forms of support available were processed
electronically. Of these, 403,804 applications were for
land-related support, 81,301 for animal-related support
and 6,605 for investment measures.
Government agricultural consultancy in Bavaria*
(Organisation and legal basis)
Bavarian Ministry
for Food, Agriculture and Forestry
* As of January 1, 2003, the Bavarian Institutes
for Business Economics and Agricultural
Structure, for Soil Cultivation and Plant Production, for Livestock Breeding, for Fisheries,
for Nutrition and for Agro-engineering, as well
as the government research station administrations, will combine to form the Bavarian
Institute for Agriculture. As of January 1, 2004,
the teaching and research institutes for animal husbandry and the Schwaiganger State
Stud Farm will be incorporated as well. The
Bavarian Institute for Apiculture will combine
with the Institute for Viniculture and Horticulture as of January 1, 2003.
State
level
Bavarian
Institutes for
Business
Economics
and Agricultural Structure
Soil Cultivation
and Plant
Production
Viniculture and
Horticulture
Livestock
Breeding
Staatliche
Führungsakademie
for Food,
Agriculture
and Forestry
Technology
and Development Centre
Government
research
station
administrations
Government
teaching
and research
institutes
for animal
husbandry
Fisheries
State Stud
Farm
Schwaiganger
Apiculture
Nutrition
Government
specialist
schools of
agronomics
Advanced
agricultural
training
colleges
Schools of
agriculture
(Level II)
Schools of
agricultural
engineering
Specialist
academy of
agriculture
Agroengineering
Legal basis:
1. “Gesetz zur Förderung der Bayerischen Landwirtschaft”
of August 8, 1974 (BayRS 787-1-E)
2. “Verordnung über die Landwirtschaftsämter”
of Sept. 4, 2001 (GVBl. p. 493, BayRS 7801-2-L)
3. “Geschäftsordnung für die Landwirtschaftsämter”
of December 12, 2001 (AIIMBI 2002, p. 22)
Technical
Administrative
guidelines
district
and
level
information
County
level
7 District
governments,
departments
of agriculture
Supervisory Body
for Matters
Relating to
Livestock Breeding
7 Directorates
for Rural
Development
47 Offices for Agriculture
with 61 Schools of Agriculture (Level I)
As of January 1, 2002
10
7. Farm succession and professional
qualification in Bavaria
In 1999, 56.5 per cent of all farm owners aged over 45
either had no successor, or continued operation of the
farm was uncertain.
Continued operation is uncertain in 50 per cent of the
full-time farm holdings and in about 63 per cent of the
part-time farm holdings, either because there is no successor or because the transfer of ownership has not
been resolved.
>>> Chart 30
In the case of full-time farm holdings, more than three
fifths of the successors have an agricultural background,
whereas with part-time farm holdings, 87 per cent of the
successors have a non-agricultural training.
■ Professional education in agriculture
In 2001, 1,856 persons started in-company training for an
agricultural profession. The most sought-after profession
was that of horticulturist, followed by farmer. The administrative divisions of Upper Bavaria, Central Franconia and Swabia reported the highest trainee figures.
Chart 30
Share in %
Full-time holdings
Part-time holdings
0
20
Farm succession
ensured
40
60
Farm succession
uncertain
Chart 31
Beginners in agricultural professions in 2001
Farmer 561
Rural home
economist 65
>>> Chart 31
Horticulturist 757
The number of people sitting the examination for a master craftsman’s diploma has been decreasing since 1994.
Since 1975, 11,229 persons have passed the examination
in farming, 4,460 persons in rural home economics, and
2,836 persons in horticulture. Another 2,577 persons
have qualified as animal husbandry experts, horse
husbandry specialists, fisheries specialists, foresters,
hunters, wine growers, agricultural distillers, dairy
experts or dairy laboratory assistants.
Others 418
>>> Chart 32
11
Farm succession in Bavaria in 1999
Forester 55
Chart 32
Master craftsman’s diploma awards in 2001
Dairy specialist/
laboratory technician 22
Distiller 12
Animal/horse
husbandry
specialist 19
Wine grower 8
Horticulturist 75
8. Agrarian social policy
Rural home
economist 68
Farmer 178
Apart from insurance for the farming population against
accidents, illness, old age and nursing care, income
support and measures to cushion the social effects of
agricultural restructuring are also goals of agrarian social
policy.
The independent agrarian social security system is
geared to the special characteristics of agricultural living
and working conditions, and has, on the whole, proved
its worth. Administration of the social insurance scheme
for farmers is the responsibility of the Farmers’ Association and the old-age, health and nursing-care insurance
funds it has set up. They are public corporations and are
subject to regulatory control by the Bavarian Ministry of
Labour and Social Affairs, Family Affairs and Women.
80
No farm succession
100
9. Plant production
12
Chart 33
Land distribution in Bavaria in 2001
Agricultural land 50.6%
Buildings and
unused land 5.2 %
Traffic
area 4.6 %
Water
bodies 1.9 %
Recreational
areas 0.4 %
Commercially
used land 0.4 %
Miscellaneous 2.1 %
Forested area 34.8 %
Chart 34
Ecologically sound crop cultivation programme
Agroclimatological
measuring stations
DP assisted
decision modules
Monitoring
of grain diseases
Soil analyses
Nitrogen fertiliser
consultation system
Nitrogen monitoring
DP assisted fertiliser
and balancing programmes
Deep drilling
Sole enterprise crop files
■ Land distribution
Agricultural and forested areas account for 85 per cent
of the overall land, and are thus a characteristic feature
of Bavaria’s man-made landscape.
However, in Bavaria too, agricultural land continues to
be sacrificed for other purposes.
In 2001, utilised agricultural area (UAA) in Bavaria amounted to 3.26 million ha (overall area 7,055 million ha).
>>> Chart 33
■ Integrated crop management
The aim of integrated crop management is to achieve
high yields and good quality with minimum impact on
the environment. To this end, versatile crop management procedures are optimally combined so as to retain
and improve soil fertility. Preventive measures against
weeds, diseases and pests are significant features of the
integrated system.
The programme entitled “Ecologically Sound Crop
Cultivation” provides close control over plant protection
measures and fertilisation in integrated plant production.
>>> Chart 34
■ Green gene engineering
The aims of “green gene engineering” are:
– Environmentally compatible cultivation methods
(e.g. less use of agricultural pesticides)
– Securing and increasing of yields
– Improvement in the quality of cultivated plants
(e.g. increase in desired constituents)
■ Organic farming
At the end of 2000, the 3,050 agricultural holdings being
officially monitored within the scope of the EC Organic
Farming Regulation were cultivating 85,617 ha of UAA
in accordance with organic farming principles. By the
end of 2001, the number of holdings had increased to
3,386, with a cultivated UAA of 95,008 ha. The average
size of the holdings is 28.1 ha UAA.
In 2001, almost 5,000 agricultural holdings in Bavaria
were operating in accordance with organic farming
rules.
The funds granted in 2001 to the Association of Organic
Farmers in Bavaria (Landesvereinigung für den ökologischen Landbau in Bayern e.V.) for general activities
totalled EUR 68,500.
10. Land use in Bavaria
The share of land in Bavaria that is used agriculturally
(UAA) declined between 1977 and 1999, from 53.2 % to
46.2 %. During the same period, the proportion of the
UAA given over to grassland sank from 41.8 % to 35.4 %.
In 2001, total UAA amounted to 3,257,600 ha. This was
495,000 ha (13 %) less than in 1970.
Of the cereal crops, winter wheat predominates (37 %),
followed by winter barley (25 %), summer barley (12 %)
and grain maize (8 %).
Root crop cultivation was dominated in 2001 by sugar
beet (71,557 ha), followed by potatoes (49,985 ha). Other
root crops are of little significance. Whereas sugar beet
cultivation decreased only slightly between 1980 and
1999, the amount of land given over to potato growing
decreased by almost half.
Of the fodder crops, the most important is silage maize
(286,761 ha), which accounts for 71 % of fodder crops.
This is followed by clover/clover-grass (nearly 98,000 ha).
The UAA in Bavaria also includes 1,380 alpine pastures.
These provided approximately 40,000 ha of summer
grazing for 50,000 cattle, 3,600 sheep and just under 700
horses in 2001.
>>> Table 35
■ Cereals
Acreage and production
The acreage given over to the cultivation of cereals
(including grain maize) increased by 64,000 ha (5.5 %) to
1,221,000 ha during the period under review. Most of the
additional acreage was used for winter wheat, winter
barley and grain maize.
>>> Table 36
In the 1999/00 and 2000/01 crop years, Bavarian farmers
sold 48 % and 47 % respectively of the cereal harvest
(compared with 69 % and 65 % for Germany as a whole).
In the 2001/2002 crop year, the harvest was bigger, and
some 300,000 tonnes more were sold than in the preceding year. The marketed output rate is about 50 %.
■ Potatoes
In 2001, some 50,000 ha were given over to potato growing; this is the smallest acreage since statistics on
potato acreages in Bavaria were first recorded. In 2000,
2.42 million tonnes of potatoes were produced, in 2001
only 1.81 million tonnes. On average, potato growers in
Bavaria have 1.6 ha of land under potatoes.
>>> Table 37
■ Sugar beet
By successfully developing and continuously improving
rhizomania-tolerant sorts of sugar beet, plant breeders
have made a major contribution to the record yield of
623 dt/ha obtained in 2001.
Farmers in Bavaria reduced their sugar beet acreages by
some 8 % between 1999 and 2001.
>>> Table 38
Chart 35
13
Main forms of agricultural land use and principal
crops in Bavaria in 2001
Arable land 64.0 %, of which
Cereals, total 37.5 %
Fodder 12.4 %
Commercial crops
(with renewable
raw materials) 5.5 %
Root crops 3.8 %
Set-aside area
(without renewable
raw materials) 3.8 %
Miscellaneous 1.0 %
Garden land, fruit
orchards, tree nurseries,
vineyards, Christmas
tree plantations, etc. 0.6 %
Permanent grassland 35.4 %
Table 36
Cereal production in Bavaria
Year
Acreage
in 1,000 ha
Yield
dt/ha
Production
in 1,000 tonnes
1990
1995
2001
1,216
1,193
1,221
59.7
55.3
63.5
7,268
6,600
7,754
Table 37
Potato production in Bavaria
Year
Acreage
in ha
Average Yield
in dt/ha
Potato production
in 1,000 tonnes
1990
1995
2001
63,084
60,255
49,985
310
283
362
1,953
1,707
1,811
Table 38
Sugar beet production in Bavaria
Year
1990
1995
2001
Acreage
Yield
Production
in ha
dt/ha
in 1,000 tonnes
Sugar
content
in %
Adjusted
yield
dt/ha
81,104
79,096
71,557
594
587
623
4,814
4,641
4,461
17.80
16.70
17.60
92.7
86.1
109.5
14
■ Hops
After reaching a record low in 1999, the area given over
to hops growing increased again to 16,079 ha. In view of
the downward trend on the hops market, the EU support
granted to growers for setting aside and clearing land is
to be continued until 2003, a year longer than originally
planned. The aim is a further reduction in the amount of
land under hops cultivation.
During the last two years, 190 holdings in Bavaria have
abandoned hops cultivation altogether, pushing the
remaining number down to 1,781 (from 3,704 in 1990).
The average hops acreage per holding is now 9.02 ha.
>>> Table 39
■ Oil-producing crops
In 2001, 152,000 ha were given over to the cultivation of
rape. This was 6,700 ha more than in 2000.
>>> Table 40
■ Fodder crops and permanent grassland
With Bavaria being a centre of livestock production, fodder crops and grassland farming provide an important
economic basis. Particular importance is attached to
grassland use and the cultivation of silage maize, clover
and clover-grass. Altogether, some 50 % of UAA in
Bavaria is used to produce feed for beef and dairy herds
as well as for sheep and horses.
>>> Chart 41
■ Alpine farming and forestry
Mountain farming is essential to the preservation and
sustainable use of the alpine region. Family-run farms
provide the basis for long-term settlement of these
areas and are a fundamental requirement for the preservation of the mountain area as a cultural landscape and
a place to live, work and relax. The typical landscapes
are largely a product of the work of mountain farmers
and forest owners. In their own special way, they fulfil
central functions for the public at large:
– Creation and preservation of the unique man-made
landscape, which is so important for tourism,
– Protection of natural resources and preservation of
ecological diversity. Upland management is essential
to the preservation of species and biotopes.
– Prevention of soil erosion and landslides.
Table 39
Hops production in Bavaria
Year
Number of
holdings
1990
1995
2001
3,704
2,708
1,781
Area under hops in ha
Total
Per holding
18,648
18,663
16,079
5.03
6.89
9.02
Production
in dt
Yield
dt/ha
257,575
299,434
276,260
13.8
16.0
17.2
Table 40
Oil-production crops in Bavaria (rape and other oil-producing crops)
including renewable raw materials and set-aside areas
Year
Acreage
in ha
Average yield
in dt/ha
Production
in tonnes
1990
1996
2001
147,455
109,991
151,919
29.8
26.4
33.0
439,493
290,130
501,808
Chart 41
Fodder-crop production by types of crop
Acreage in 1,000 ha
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Permanent
grassland
Fodder crops
total
of which:
Fodder beet
Clover, clover-grass
Lucerne
Silage maize
Other fodder
crops (including
cultivated grass)
Permanent
grassland and
fodder crops
together
1990/95
2001
1,260,787
1,153,557
469,248
405,945
10,736
103,472
9,564
327,886
1,595
97,756
4,294
286,761
17,590
15,539
1,730,035
1,559,502
■ Wine
Production potential
Between 1999 and 2000, the number of wineries declined
by 1.8 %, to 6,667. At the same time, the productive area
under vines per winery continued to increase (1993: 0.77
ha; 1995: 0.80 ha; 1997: 0.84 ha; 2000: 0.94 ha).
>>> Chart 42
Chart 42
15
Area under vines in Bavaria, as per the register of vineyards
Survey includes holdings with an area of 10 or more are under vines
Number of holdings
Area under vines in ha
8,000
7,659
7,649
7,364
7,500
7,096
Production
In 2001, wine growers in Bavaria produced 500,000 hl
of wine must, of which almost 95 % came from the
administrative district of Lower Franconia.
White varieties made up nearly 91 % of the total, while
the 46,000 hl of red accounted for just over 9 %.
7,000
>>> Chart 43
5,000
Year
■ Horticulture
The last horticultural survey in Bavaria was conducted
in 1994. Compared with 1982, the number of holdings
cultivating horticultural products for sale declined by
25.1 %, to 8,564. At the same time, however, the total
area under horticultural cultivation in Bavaria increased
by 2,985 ha, or 21.5 %, to 16,872 ha. This meant that the
average holding increased the area utilised for horticultural production from 1.2 ha to 2.0 ha. Of the holdings
recorded in the 1994 survey, 5,204 or 60.8 % were horticultural holdings which derived at least 50 % of their
revenues from horticulture, trading or services. The
remaining 3,360 holdings are classified as farm holdings
with horticultural production.
In 2001, the total acreage given over to vegetable growing was some 12,200 ha. The lion’s share (about 12,000
ha) was used to grow outdoor vegetables, while the rest
(over 200 ha) was under glass. Altogether 1,711 ha were
under asparagus cultivation (productive area: 1,333 ha).
■ Fruit farming
According to the last fruit-farming survey, conducted in
1997, 4,031 Bavarian fruit farms produce some 50,000
tonnes of fresh-market fruit annually on 3,624 ha of
land. Fruit growing is concentrated in climatically favourable regions such as Lower Franconia (1,123 ha), and
the area around the town of Lindau (780 ha). In 2001,
Bavaria as a whole produced dessert fruit comprising
30,544 tonnes of apples, 5,444 tonnes of pears, 8,292
tonnes of stone fruit, 33 tonnes of walnuts and some
13,570 tonnes of strawberries. The acreage under strawberry cultivation increased between 1981 and 2001 by
500 ha, to 1,395 ha.
6,667
6,500
6,404
6,319
6,290
6,188
6,000
5,856
5,808
5,987
5,877
6,294
5,911
5,500
1991
1993
1995
Number of holdings
1997
Total area
under vines
2000
Productive area
under vines
Grafik 43
Wine must production in Bavaria
Yield in hl/ha
Production in 1,000 hl
100
99.8
90
70
84.6
77.5
80
68.5
67.1
600
400
592,9852
499,881
467,166
500
401,720
86.0 %
402,604
300
200
100
0
Year
23.1 %
1991
Yield hl/ha
29.0 %
28.2 %
1993
1995
Total hl
37.4 %
1997
2001
Percentage vintage wine
11. Animal products industry
16
Animal production is the livelihood of agriculture in
Bavaria. In 2001, 111,778 farms, which corresponds to
77 per cent of all agricultural holdings, raised livestock.
At present, the share of animal production in overall
agricultural production amounts to 51 per cent in
Bavaria. This accounts for 70 % of agricultural income.
The most significant structural changes since the end of
the war took place between 1984 and 2001. The number
of cattle keepers has dropped by 53.3 per cent since
1984, and the number of dairy cow keepers has decreased by 61.1 per cent. In pig-keeping, the concentration process has been even more pronounced than in
cattle keeping. In the space of seventeen years, 75.6 per
cent of holdings discontinued pig keeping, and 71.1 per
cent stopped keeping breeding sows.
Livestock and meat
In the last two years, the per capita meat consumption
decreased by 2.9 kg, to a total of 60.7 kg per annum. The
only increase was in poultry, with annual consumption
rising to 10.4 kg per person. The per capita consumption
of beef dropped to 8.2 kg, and that of pork to 39.8 kg per
annum.
■ Production and marketing
In 2001, Bavarian agriculture contributed about 15.2 per
cent to German meat production. In the production of
beef and veal, Bavaria contributed an above-average
share of about 29 per cent. The Bavarian share in
German pork production amounted to about 13 per cent
in 2001. The market value of Bavarian slaughter animals
was approximately EUR 1.61 billion in 2001.
■ Cattle keeping
Cattle keeping earns 55 per cent of the agricultural income
in Bavaria and is thus the most important production
sector.
Whilst the number of cattle keepers and, in particular,
the number of dairy cow keepers has dropped to 42 per
cent and 35 per cent respectively since 1980, the stock of
cattle and dairy cows has decreased only by 17 per cent
and 29 per cent respectively. These figures reflect the
concentration of livestock in the holdings remaining.
In 2001, the average herd size was 23.2, which is an
increase of 1.7 cows per keeper compared to 1999. The
total number of dairy cows in 2001 was 1.40 million.
>>> Table 44
Herd size structure has undergone profound changes.
While the majority of dairy cows are found in herds
comprising 30 to 49 cows, a comparison of herd size
surveys shows an increase in the share of holdings with
50 and more cows from 2.3 per cent in 1990 to 17.2 per
cent in 2001.
Herd sizes vary considerably within Bavaria. The largest
herds are kept in Upper Bavaria and Swabia. These two
administrative districts account for 54 per cent of all
Bavarian cows.
>>> Table 45
Table 44
Cattle breeders and head of cattle by size of herd
Size of herd
from … to …(head)
1–9
10–19
20–29
30–49
50–99
100–199
200 or more
Bavaria
1980
51,752
47,818
32,710
36,053
23,259
2,075
175
193,842
26.7 %
24.7 %
16.9 %
18.5 %
2.0 %
1.1 %
0.1 %
Number of farms
1990
26,107
27,156
20,811
29,115
30,198
4,319
299
138,005
18.9 %
19.6 %
15.1 %
21.1 %
22.0 %
13.1 %
0.2 %
2001
10,057
11,730
9,750
16,662
24,371
8,542
628
81,740
12.3 %
14.4 %
11.9 %
20.4 %
29.8 %
10.5 %
0.8 %
1980
279,801
676,836
789,347
1,372,940
1,511,974
255,702
55,878
4,942,478
5.7 %
13.7 %
16.0 %
27.8 %
30.5 %
5.2 %
1.1 %
Number of animals
1990
143,273
385,470
503,640
1,126,820
2,034,097
531,350
83,531
4,808,181
3.0 %
8.0 %
10.5 %
23.4 %
42.3 %
11.1 %
1.7 %
2001
54,954
167,904
238,017
651,387
1,712,791
1,093,704
165,551
4,084,408
1.3 %
4.1 %
5.8 %
15.9 %
41.9 %
26.8 %
4.1 %
Table 45
Dairy farmers and head of dairy cows by size of herd
Size of herd
from … to…(head)
1–9
10–19
20–29
30–49
50–99
100 or more
Bavaria
1980
91,153
55,470
21,004
7,218
359
13
175,217
52.0 %
31.7 %
12.0 %
4.1 %
0.2 %
0.0 %
Number of farms
1990
43,270
39,588
24,044
11,714
686
8
119,310
36.3 %
33.2 %
20.2 %
9.7 %
0.6 %
0.0 %
2001
11,848
17,096
14,223
13,383
3,762
86
60,398
19.5%
28.3 %
23.5%
22.2 %
6.2 %
0.1 %
1980
466,556
755,687
490,539
251,029
20,641
1,859
1,986,311
23.5 %
38.0 %
24.7 %
12.6 %
1.1 %
0.1 %
Number of animals
1990
230,451
555,403
570,654
412,564
38,874
1,072
1,809,018
12.7 %
30.7 %
31.5 %
22.8 %
2.2 %
0.1 %
2001
69,509
246,952
344,721
499,006
231,136
10,270
1,401,594
5.0 %
17.6 %
24.6 %
35.6 %
16.5 %
0.7 %
■ Milk production and delivery
In each of the years 2000 and 2001, Bavaria contributed
about 7.6 million tonnes or about 27 per cent of the milk
produced in Germany. Milk and cream deliveries totalled
7.03 million tonnes in 2001. Milk accounts for 26 per cent
of the gross agricultural output.
Chart 46
Milk production, milk delivery and milk yield recording in Bavaria
Yield in kg/cow
Production and delivery in 1,000 t
9,000
>>> Chart 47
8,493
8,000
7,688 8,142
90.5 %
6,000
7,241
7,773
88.9 %
6,874
7,000
3,000
92.6 %
80.4 %
3,618
64.8 %
57.6 %
92.2 %
5,527
5,587
3,113
1,792
In pig keeping, the so-called growth threshold is 200
fattening pigs or 50 breeding sows per keeper.
Since 1990, the average pig herd per holding has increased from 40.2 animals to 113.1 animals. The average number of breeding sows kept per holding has
increased from 15.8 to 32.9.
Fifty-seven per cent of breeding sow keepers had less
than twenty breeding sows; they have 11 per cent of the
breeding sow stock. More than two thirds of the breeding sows are in herds of 50 and more animals.
7,201 7,623 7,028
5,000
4,000
4,876
4,415
4,279
5,439
3,498
3,119
2,000
1,818
1,000
■ Pig keeping
In 2001, Bavarian pig keepers had a share of just under
15 per cent in the overall pig stock in Germany. In
Bavaria, pig keeping was subject to an even greater
concentration process than cattle keeping. Since 1980,
the number of pig keepers has decreased by 79 per cent
and the number of pigs by 9 per cent. The number of
breeding sows has decreased by 11 % since 1980, and the
number of keepers has also dropped drastically (-77 %).
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Average annual milk yield in kg/cow
Milk production in 1,000 t
Milk delivery to dairies in 1,000 t
Milk delivery to dairies as a % of total production
1995
2001
>>> Table 48
■ Milk processing
Consumer demand for Bavarian fresh milk products
remained strong in 2000 and 2001. Compared to the previous year, production in 2001 remained more or less
constant at 1.91 million tonnes. Cheese production
increased by 7.2 per cent, from 665,491 tonnes in 2000
to a total of 713,520 tonnes in 2001.
■ Sheep keeping
Trends in numbers of animals are best demonstrated by
comparing numbers of ewes, which have totalled some
290,000 for years. Bavaria has about 17.6 per cent of all
German sheep and thus more than any other German
state. The overall number of sheep in Bavaria has increased continuously since 1970, from approx. 163,800
to 472,000 animals. The average flock has increased
from 24 to 57 head of sheep per keeper.
Chart 47
Pig keeping trends in Bavaria since 1980
Animals in millions
Keepers in 1,000
160
5.00
140
120
3.75
100
80
2.50
60
40
1.25
20
0
1980
1982
Pig keepers
1984
1986
Pigs
1988
1990
1992
Breeding sow keepers
1994
1996
Breeding sows
1997
1998
2000
2001
Table 48
Breeding sow keepers and number of breeding sows by size of herd
Size of herd
from … to …(head)
1–9
10–19
20–29
30–49
50–99
100 or more
Bavaria
1980
43,408
6,409
2,866
2,320
1,282
158
56,443
76.9 %
11.4 %
5.1 %
4.1 %
2.2 %
0.3 %
Number of farms
1990
16,815
4,106
2,301
2,421
1,950
394
27,987
60.1 %
14.7 %
8.2 %
8.6 %
7.0 %
1.4 %
2001
5,360
1,946
1,242
1,516
1,780
1,012
12,856
41.7 %
15.1 %
9.7 %
11.8 %
13.8 %
7.9 %
Number of animals
1990
1980
128,282
86,480
68,051
86,857
83,192
22,114
474,976
27.0 %
18.2 %
14.3 %
18.3 %
17.5 %
4.7 %
55,721
56,285
54,988
92,060
131,256
52,758
443,068
12.6 %
12.7 %
12.4 %
20.8 %
29.6 %
11.9 %
2001
19,877
27,243
29,832
58,023
124,907
163,711
423,593
4.7 %
6.4 %
7.1 %
13.7 %
29.5 %
38.6 %
0
17
12. Rural development through land
consolidation and village renewal
18
■ Poultry keeping
Laying hens
In poultry keeping, the number of hen keepers has
dropped from 149,470 to 34,063 since 1980, and the
number of hens from 7,201,687 to 4,315,524. The number
of holdings with fewer than 30,000 hens has decreased
continuously, and only those holdings with hen counts
that fall within the maximum size category have remained more or less constant in number. Only in this hencount category (30,000 and above) has the share of hens
increased.
The level of self-sufficiency in eggs is below 51 per cent
in Bavaria, compared to approx. 76 per cent in Germany
as a whole.
Fattening poultry
The number of chickens has increased again slightly in
the last few years. At the time of the head count conducted in May, 2001, 889 holdings kept about 3.9 million
broilers. The 92 fattening farms in Bavaria with coop
capacities for over 10,000 birds account for 96 per cent
of the broilers. Eight per cent of German broilers and nine
per cent of German turkey-hens are produced in Bavaria.
Turkey-hen production had a 21 per cent share in overall
poultry production in Bavaria – here the level of selfsufficiency in Bavaria is 40 per cent.
■ Horse keeping
Horse breeding and equestrian sports have developed
into a significant economic factor in Bavaria. The number of riders in clubs is continuing to increase. In 2001,
941 clubs had 102,219 members. The number of horses
kept in Bavaria is estimated at 120,000. Of these, two
thirds are kept on farm holdings and use approximately
130,000 ha of UAA.
■ Fisheries
With altogether 126,000 ha of water, Bavaria is among
those German Laender richest in water bodies.
Carp pond fish farming
In 2000 and 2001, 6,500 tonnes and 6,000 tonnes respectively of food carp or about 50 per cent of the entire
German production was produced. Apart from carp, the
20,000 ha of carp ponds were also used to breed tench,
pike, pike-perch and catfish.
Trout pond fish farming
The Bavarian share of the 23,000 tonnes of food trout
produced in Germany annually amounts to 8,000 tonnes,
or just under 34 per cent. Out of a total of 4,000 German
fish farms, 3,300 (83 per cent) are located in Bavaria.
Angling fisheries
In 2000, 244,000 persons in Bavaria had a valid fishing
licence; about 120,000 of these licence owners are members of the Bavarian fishing association. Every year,
about 9,000 candidates take the official fishing licence
examination, with 7,000 passing.
For decades, land consolidation and village renewal has
helped to promote rural development.
There are currently 1,700 rural development measures
in progress, affecting 700,000 ha and benefiting more
than a million inhabitants. The policy of village improvement and the reparcelling of land is helping enormously
to invigorate areas lacking in infrastructure and to create
uniform, healthy living and working conditions throughout Bavaria.
The instrument of village renewal is currently in operation
in some 540 communes, with 1,800 villages and more
than 470,000 inhabitants. In 2000 and 2001, the
Directorates for Rural Development (DRD) and the
Offices for Agriculture granted subsidies to the value of
EUR 104 million for village improvements. Investments
to the value of EUR 327 million, both in the private and
the municipal sectors, were triggered directly as a
result. Small and medium-sized regional craft and trade
enterprises benefit most from these investments.
Chart 49
Rural development in 2001
Area in 1,000 ha
400
300
Number of projects
739
587
380,081
200
373
600
400
153,871
166,818
100
800
200
0
0
Planning
Improvements and
soil ordinance
Completion
Chart 50
Rural development investment in 2001
Total DRD expenditure excluding personnel and material costs
in EUR million
Improvements to villages, hamlets and solitary farms
Improvements to utilised agricultural and silvicultural area
Soil conservation and water management measures
Landscape management
Soil ordinance (including vineyards, planning and consultancy)
Village renewal
Interim purchasing of land
13. Non-food utilisation of biomass
14. Funding of agropolitical measures
■ Biomass used as an energy source
In 2000, about 3.6 per cent of Bavaria’s primary energy
demand was met by biomass. This is equivalent to
about 2.1 billion litres of heating oil.
■ Support schemes
Allocation of responsibilities
Responsibility for agrarian policy is shared by the
Bavarian state, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
and the European Union (EU).
The Bavarian state is primarily responsible for
– Structural agrarian policy (rural development)
– Initial training, advanced training, consultancy,
specialist schooling, agricultural research
– Preservation of man-made landscapes and natural
resources
– Improvement of productivity and quality
– Improvement of living and working conditions in
agriculture
The Federal German Republic for
– Social and fiscal policies
The European Union for
– Market and price policies
The EU also lays down the policy framework for almost
all support schemes.
Chart 51
Biomass mix in Bavaria
Biomass in waste 24.0 %
Other biomass in heating
and CHP stations 17.3 %
Digester gas 3.7 %
Biogenic fuels –
vegetable oil 2.7 %
Sewage sludge 1.4 %
Biogas (agricultural
plants) 0.9 %
Charcoal 0.6 %
Straw 0.5 %
Firewood 48.9 %
At the end of 2001, Bavaria had the following infrastructure for using biomass as an energy source:
Solid biomass fuels:
– Some 265 heating plants
– 1.76 million wood-burning stoves and open fireplaces
Biogenic fuels:
– Biodiesel production capacity 80,000 tonnes p.a.
– Approx. 240 public biodiesel filling stations
– 2,600 tonnes of biodiesel (including small-scale vegetable-oil CHP units)
Biogas:
– Approx. 560 biogas plants on agricultural holdings
– Approx. 250 sewage and landfill gas plants
Central Franconia, the Allgäu region and the southeastern part of Upper Bavaria are regional centres for
agricultural biogas plants.
■ Material utilisation
The main emphasis here during the last two years was on:
– Natural-fibre-reinforced moulded plastics
– Highly flexible polyurethane foam
– Rapeseed-oil asphalt
■ Cultivation trends
In 2000 and 2001, renewable raw materials were cultivated on set-aside areas of approx. 34,600 ha and 36,700
ha respectively. Oilseed crops for the production of fuel
or for other technical applications accounted for 95 per
cent of this acreage.
In addition, 50,000 ha of “normal land” are used every
year to cultivate renewable raw materials (oilseed, potatoes, sugar beet) for non-food uses.
■ Funding
Funding in 2000 and 2001 totalled EUR 25.9 million.
Most of the projects funded were projects concerning
the use of biomass as an energy source. Thus the trend
of previous years to intensify the funding of renewable
energy has continued.
■ State-funded support
Section 08 of the Bavarian budget shows expenditure of
EUR 1,201,156,000 for the year 2002.
The legal basis for agricultural state funding in Bavaria
is the Law on Assistance for Bavarian Agriculture of
8.8.1974 as amended on 24.7.1998.
■ Aggregate agrarian policy funding by Bavaria, the
FRG and the EU
The aggregate sum shown in section 08 of the Bavarian
budget also includes funds partly reimbursed by the
Federal Republic or the EU. Allowing for reimbursements, Bavaria’s budgetary expenditure on agrarian
measures (including consultancy) is about EUR 756 million.
Chart 23 (on page 8) shows aggregate agrarian policy
funding by source of funds.
Chart 52
Financial support (in EUR million) for Bavarian agriculture
and forestry from the EU, the FRG and Bavaria in 2001
(excluding approx. EUR 400 million for administration, consultancy, research and miscellaneous items)
Improvement of the market position
of Bavarian producers 41.41
Support programmes for
renewable raw materials
14.73
Support programmes
for forestry 21.88
Restructuring
grants for rural
areas 149.96
Subsidies for
green diesel 60.79
Other EU
payments 44.79
Special support schemes
and miscellaneous 23.83
Aggregate financial support EUR 2,737.71 million
Environmental problems 191,53
Self-help
programmes 43.72
Investment promotion
programmes 126.75
Animal premiums
111.41
Social
assistance
1,179.6
Land-related
compensatory
payments 727.31
19
15. Forestry and the timber industry
20
■ Forest area and social functions of forests
Forest area
One third of Bavaria (2.45 million ha) is covered by
forests . Of this, about 54 % is privately owned by some
500,000 forest owners, 31 % is under state ownership,
13 % under communal ownership and two % under
federal ownership. In 2000/01, Bavaria’s forest area
increased by 598 ha.
Chart 53
Forest ownership
(in per cent)
State-owned 31.3 %
Communal ownership
(incl. public
law entities)
13.0 %
Federally-owned 1.5 %
Privately-owned 54.2 %
Protected and protection forest
Designating woodland as protected forest and following
this up with a statutory order is a particularly effective
legal means of preventing deforestation, especially in
densely populated and in sparsely wooded areas. By the
end of 2000, town and country planning authorities had
designated approximately 205,600 ha of woodland in
Bavaria as protected forest, of which 184,600 ha had
been declared protected by statutory order.
Under Bavarian forestry law, protection forest is defined
as including all woodland in the higher reaches and in
ridge zones of the Alps and other montane environments (permanent protection forest) as well as woodland which protects neighbouring tree stands from
storm damage. To compensate for the difficulty of
managing permanent protection forest, forest owners
are entitled to a subsidy. In 2000/2001, subsidies totalling
EUR 1.9 million were granted.
Protection forest restoration
In 1986, the Bavarian Forestry Administration introduced
a catalogue of measures to restore the protective character of montane forest. Among these were measures to
promote natural regeneration and to shield young trees
by temporary avalanche protection. During 2000 and
2001, funding for the project totalled EUR six million. To
guarantee the project’s continued success, the control of
ungulate populations by hunting remains imperative.
National parks
Established in 1970, the Bavarian Forest National Park
covers roughly 24,250 ha. The natural forest dynamics
are being influenced to such an extent by a bark beetle
infestation that in certain areas diseased spruce is being
removed in order to protect adjacent forest. In the higher
reaches of the Bavarian Forest, 3,610 ha of spruce forest
have died. Reforestation, however, will take place naturally. In 2000 and 2001, the Bavarian Forestry Administration invested approximately EUR 11.5 million in the
National Park.
Established in 1978, the Berchtesgaden National Park
covers roughly 20,800 ha. The National Park Plan was
introduced in 2001. Forest maintenance measures, such
as the restoration of typical natural woodland in place of
spruce monoculture, is restricted to development zones.
Hunting remains necessary in order to assist the regeneration of mixed forest. In 2000 and 2001, the Bavarian
Forestry Administration granted the National Park funds
to the value of roughly EUR 1.3 million.
Natural forest reserves
Natural forest reserves serve for the preservation and
understanding of natural forest ecosystems. Forestry operations are forbidden in these reserves. A wide variety of
scientific studies provides valuable information on ecologically sensitive woodland management. At the end of
2001, there were 151 natural forest reserves in Bavaria,
covering a total area of 6,410 ha.
Forests in protected areas
The huge importance of forests for nature conservation
and environmental protection is reflected in the extent
of woodland in protected areas: forests cover roughly
2/3 of officially designated water conservation areas in
Bavaria and about 50 % of all nature or landscape conservation areas. Considering that the share of forests in
Bavaria as a whole is 36 %, protected areas have clearly
above-average forest coverage. Most of the forests outside of protected areas, too, are of special importance
for various reasons, such as protection of groundwater
and surface water, prevention of soil erosion and protection against flooding. Some 63 % of the 558,000 ha
proposed by Bavaria for the European Natura 2000 network is woodland, of which nearly 60 % is state-owned.
The management of Natura 2000 sites has been entrusted to the Bavarian Forestry Administration, which presented Germany’s first management plan for a wooded
FFH area in 2001.
Forest recreation
Especially in congested urban areas, forests are indispensable recreational areas. Among other amenities,
Bavarian state-owned forest has 9,500 km of hiking
trails, 2000 km of cycling trails, some 49 km of toboggan
runs, 37 viewing platforms and 13 camping sites for
young people. The most important recreational benefit
of all, however, is offered by the forest in its natural
form.
Forest education
Since January 1, 1998, forest education of the public has
been a statutory task of the state forestry authorities.
This includes not only environmental education in the
forest, but also information on sustainable commercial
use of forests.
Most forest education activities are organised by the
forest offices, forest experience centres and forest youth
camps. By participating in activities at 9000 events held
in each of the years 2000 and 2001, some 240,000 people
obtained first-hand knowledge about forests and forest
management.
■ Forest damage, forest conservation and research
Storm, snow and forest-fire damage
In 2000/2001, significant storm and snow breakage were
restricted to certain regions of Upper Bavaria (a thunderstorm in summer, 2001) and Upper Franconia (snow
breakage in winter, 2000/2001). In 2001, 33 forest fires
affected a total of some 21 ha.
Damage by insects and fungi
The years 2000/2001 were relatively unproblematic.
Thanks to favourable weather conditions and the rapid
implementation of countermeasures by forest owners
and forest offices, there were no large-scale outbreaks
of bark beetle. In 2000, salvage logging of affected trees
in Bavaria accounted for 167,000 solid m3 of timber,
which is 30 % less than in preceding years. Damage by
the small spruce sawfly has been decreasing since 1996
except in the Tertiary hills of Lower Bavaria. However,
the increased occurrence in alders of root/crown rot caused by the Phytophthora fungus is causing concern.
Countermeasures based on intensive research have
been initiated.
New types of forest damage
All in all, the condition of the crowns of forest trees in
Bavaria deteriorated during 2000 and 2001. For all tree
types, mean defoliation loss increased noticeably. This
was due partly to inadequate precipitation in certain
areas. The Alpine region was particularly affected, with
pines showing the most damage.
Chart 54
Mean defoliation loss and tree proportion
showing pronounced damage 1991-2001
Tree proportion showing pronounced damage in %
Mean defoliation loss in %
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
Pronounced damage
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Mean defoliation loss
Soil conservation
After many years of high pollutant input, forest floors
are increasingly losing their buffering capacity. In the
medium term, this may impair the stability of the forests
and the quality of the groundwater, and threaten biodiversity. For long-term environmental protection, therefore, pollution control measures are equally important
and just as necessary as the continued replacement of
coniferous forest by mixed woodland.
Research & Development
Forest-related R&D activities in Bavaria are carried out
primarily by the Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, the
Institute for Forest Seeding and Planting, and in the
Bavarian Forest National Park. In addition, numerous
projects entrusted to other organisations, such as the
Weihenstephan Research Centre, the Technical
University in Munich and the Weihenstephan University,
are funded by the Bavarian Forestry Administration.
Increased numbers of publications on research findings
intensified knowledge transfer.
21
22
■ Organisational structure/personnel of the Bavarian
Forestry Administration
Forestry organisational structure
As of January 1, 2002, the Bavarian Forestry Administration has comprised the Forestry department of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, four regional offices, 134 local forest offices, 1003 ranger districts and 15
special units such as National Parks, research units or
working centres.
Employees
The Bavarian Forestry Administration was staffed by
about 2,100 civil servants and 680 other employees. In
2001, an average of 2,300 loggers held permanent, allthe-year-round jobs in state-owned forests. Just under
40 training positions were available. Dealing with the
damage caused by hurricane Lothar, which caused
devastation particularly in Swabia, presented an especially difficult challenge in 2000. With the help of personnel from all over Bavaria, the storm timber was recovered rapidly enough to prevent further damage, for
example by bark beetle. In addition to these efforts, 140
forestry workers and 23 head rangers assisted in neighbouring Baden-Württemberg, which bore the brunt of
the hurricane damage in Germany.
Initial and on-going training
The Bavarian Forestry Administration provides training
for various internal careers.
The Bavarian Technical College of Forestry is the only
one of its kind in Germany. In 2001, following a one-year
suspension in new admissions, 24 candidates enrolled
for this two-year training course.
Forestry Administration employees participated in
ongoing training on an average of three working days per
year in 2000 and 2001. Technical courses (especially IT)
and management training sessions attracted the most
participants.
■ Management of state-owned forest
Bavaria’s state-owned forest benefits from sustainable
forest management based on natural methods. Siteadapted mixed forests are best able to meet the manifold requirements placed on wooded areas. It is able to
fulfil all the commercial, protective, environmental and
social functions of a forest, both now and for future
generations.
Long-term silvicultural planning
In 2001, long-term forest planning including a detailed
inventory was undertaken in 22 local forest offices. The
inventories document that stocks of mature wood, both
deciduous and coniferous, have increased.
Logging, regeneration and tending
Forestry operations in 2000 and 2001 were strongly
influenced by the impact of hurricane Lothar, which
ripped through the countryside at the end of 1999. 42 %
of the timber logged in 2000 was storm timber. Logging
operations produced 4.35 million m3 of timber in 2000,
and 4.85 million m3 in 2001. The roughly 1,700 ha of
devastated forest had been restocked by the spring of
2001.
In 2000/01, altogether 3,900 ha were regenerated artificially, primarily with deciduous trees. 16,900 ha of young
and 34,000 ha of pole stands were tended. To increase
the timber value, 1,250 ha of trees were pruned.
The 15-year Fichtel Mountains forest regeneration project was completed in June, 2001. At a cost of roughly
EUR 10 million, 1,755 ha of depleted forest were planted
up with 6.8 million trees, most of them deciduous. 9,400
ha of woodland were fertilised with lime.
Economic result of the Bavarian Forestry
Administration
In 1999 and 2000, the Bavarian Forestry Administration
spent EUR 318 million and EUR 348 million respectively
in discharging its responsibilities, EUR 15 million (1999)
and EUR 29 million (2000) being devoted to public and
other administrative tasks. Expenditure on services in
privately-owned and communal woodland amounted to
EUR 72 million in 1999 and EUR 80 million in 2000; this
included grants/subsidies and other non-operating
expenditure. The Bavarian Forestry Administration’s
commercial activities yielded an operating profit of EUR
17 million in 1999, but, as a result of hurricane Lothar,
only EUR 0.67 million in 2000.
■ Privately-owned and communal woodland
Bavaria’s private and communal forests are also managed in a sustainable way. The Forestry Administration
offers initial and ongoing training, as well as advice and
development grants, to forest owners all over Bavaria.
Communal or municipal authorities can conclude a contract to transfer management activities in their forests to
the local forest offices.
16. Hunting
In 1999/2000, Bavaria supported private and communal
forests with altogether EUR 36.4 million. This government funding was used, for example, to develop roughly 3,700 ha of new deciduous and mixed woodland, to
afforest 850 ha of agricultural land, and to construct
some 200 km of scenically non-invasive forest roads. It
also included EUR 2.7 million used to support consolidated forestry operations; financial assistance was provided, for example, for the administration of forestry
cooperatives and for joint investments in machinery.
The results of the annual financial survey on a representative group of communal forests showed a loss of EUR
20/ha and EUR 21/ha for 1999 and 2000 respectively.
One of the main reasons for this was the difficult timber
market situation in the wake of hurricane Lothar.
Privately-owned woodland yielded a profit of EUR
196/ha and EUR 225/ha for 1999 and 2000 respectively.
■ Timber and the timber market
According to the 1986 federal inventory, Bavaria’s
forests produce roughly 21 million m3 of wood per year.
Harvestable growth is approx. 18 million m3 of standing
crop. Of this, some 10 to 12 m3 is currently felled each
year.
In Bavaria, as elsewhere, the raw timber market was
dominated in 2000 and 2001 by hurricane Lothar
(26.12.1999). Altogether 4.3 million m3 of timber were
blown down in Bavaria, and as much as 25 million m3
in Baden Württemberg. Timber prices plunged for
Bavarian forest owners. The price for spruce timber, for
example, decreased by almost 25 %, and it was not until
the end of 2000 that prices began to recover. This was
partly thanks to the Bavarian Forestry Ministry’s marketing strategy of putting a stop on all regular felling until
the autumn and thus taking pressure off the swamped
market. This measure also benefited the owners of
private and communal forest. At present, the timber
market appears to be stabilising.
In 2000/01, forest certification became an established
marketing instrument to assure purchasers that wood
and wood products originate from sustainably managed
forests. By the end of 2001, more than 86,000 forest
owners in Bavaria (including the Bavarian Forestry
Ministry) responsible for altogether 1.73 million ha of
woodland were certified according to the pan-European
forest certification system (PEFC). PEFC relies on a
regional approach and thus enables small forest
owners, too, to acquire credible certification.
Hunting grounds
Bavaria has 6.2 million ha of hunting grounds. 8,750
jointly managed and 2,366 privately-owned hunting
grounds account for 87 % of this area. The remaining
13 % is state-owned hunting ground managed by the
Bavarian Forestry Administration.
Shooting list
Type of game
Red deer
Chamois
Wild boar
Roe deer
Hare
1998/99
9,264
4,639
22,217
1999/00
9,313
4,165
33,666
143,790
133,160
2000/01
8,638
3,820
27,640
825,503
116,928
During the 1999/00 and 2000/01 hunting seasons, the
numbers of chamois and roe-deer shootings decreased
slightly. Wild-boar shootings peaked in 1999/00 but then
decreased again. Roe-deer shooting was more or less
the same as in the previous three-year period. Following
a sharp increase in preceding years, the number of hare
kills decreased somewhat. Various research projects
were conducted in 2000/01 on game endangered by depletion in numbers, such as wood grouse, black grouse,
fish otters, lynx and wild cats. Habitat studies were
carried out and protective measures implemented.
Forest damage due to game
In 2000, damage caused by ungulate browsing was
inventoried for the sixth time. On the basis of this inventory, which is conducted every three years in all forests
of Bavaria, the forest offices monitored regeneration for
every hunting community. Roughly 2 million forest plants
growing in some 21,500 ha of reforestation areas were
recorded. Evaluation of the data showed that although
browsing damage has become noticeably less, forest
regeneration is endangered in many areas unless protective measures are taken.
23
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