What are primates? - EUPRIM-Net
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Primate diversity Characteristics of the different primate radiations Primate phylogenetic tree Martin 1990 Primates in numbers • 65 living genera (Groves 2001; mammals: >1000) • >356 living species (Groves 2001) • ca. 200 known fossil species, but ca. 6500 estimated (Martin 1993) • >66 species discovered or described since 1990 • about 1/3 of primate species threatened Geographic distribution Martin 1990 Geographic diversity Asia Africa America Madagascar Australia 13 22 16 14 - Dermoptera 1 - - - - Scandentia 5 - - - - Proboscidea 1 1 - - - Pholidota 1 1 - - - Hyracoidea - 3 - - - Macroscelidae - 4 - - - Tubulidentata - 1 - - - Xenarthra - - 13 - - Marsupialia - - 9 - 60 Primates figures = number of genera Regional diversity Neotropics >205* Africa >170 Madagascar >80 Asia >180 * number of species/subspecies Primate diversity and rainforest area Fleagle 1999 Taxonomic ranking Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Subclass Eutheria Order Primates Suborder Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Species Subspecies Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Haplorrhini Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini Fleagle 1999 Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini Tapetum lucidum + − Tapetum lucidum Martin 1990 Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini Tapetum lucidum + − Fovea centralis − + Fovea centralis nerve fibres ganglion cell layer inner plexiform layer inner nuclear layer outer plexiform layer outer nuclear layer (photoreceptor nuclei) photoreceptors pigment epithelium Martin 1990 Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini Tapetum lucidum + − Fovea centralis − + tooth comb + − Tooth comb Geissmann 2003 Strepsirrhini - Haplorrhini Tapetum lucidum + − Fovea centralis − + tooth comb + − epitheliochorial hemochorial placenta Placenta types fetal endothelium fetal connective tissue chorionic epithelium endometrial epithelium maternal connective tissue maternal endothelium Strepsirrhini Haplorrhini nach: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/structure.html Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Madagascar Loriformes Africa, Asia Haplorrhini Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Cheirogaleidae Lemuridae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae Loriformes Haplorrhini Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae Tarsiiformes Simiiformes Synapomorphies of the Simiiformes (1) Fleagle 1999 Synapomorphies of the Simiiformes (2) Scandentia Uterus bicornis Strepsirrhini, Tarsiiformes Simiae Uterus simplex Martin 1990 Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae Tarsiiformes Tarsiidae Simiiformes Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Tarsiiformes Simiiformes Platyrrhini Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae Tarsiidae Catarrhini Platyrrhini - Catarrhini Fleagle 1999 Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Tarsiiformes Simiiformes Platyrrhini Catarrhini America Africa, Asia Tarsiidae Megaladapidae Indridae Daubentoniidae Madagascar Africa, Asia Asia Monophyly of the Simiiformes: morphological evidence Platyrrhini Catarrhini Goodman et al. 1999, Mol Phyl Evol 9:585-598 Monophyly of the Simiformes: genetic evidence Platyrrhini Catarrhini Goodman et al. 1999, Mol Phyl Evol 9:585-598 Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Tarsiiformes Simiiformes Platyrrhini Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Tarsiidae Cebidae Callitrichidae Megaladapidae Aotidae Indridae Pitheciidae Daubentoniidae Atelidae Catarrhini Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Tarsiiformes Simiiformes Platyrrhini Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Tarsiidae Cebidae Callitrichidae Megaladapidae Aotidae Indridae Pitheciidae Daubentoniidae Atelidae Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidae Hominoidea Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae Cercopithecoidea - Hominoidea Fleagle 1999 Colobinae - Cercopithecinae Fleagle 1999 Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Prosimiae Loriformes Simiae (Anthropoidea, Haplorrhini Tarsiiformes Pithecoidea) Simiiformes Platyrrhini Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Tarsiidae Cebidae Callitrichidae Megaladapidae Aotidae Indridae Pitheciidae Daubentoniidae Atelidae Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidae Hominoidea Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae „Simiae“ - „Prosimiae“ = „Simiae“ Fleagle 1999 Schmitz et al 2001. Genetics 157:777-783 Monophyly of the Haplorrhini Taxonomic arrangement of primates Primates Strepsirrhini Lemuriformes Haplorrhini Loriformes Tarsiiformes Simiiformes Platyrrhini Cheirogaleidae Loridae Lemuridae Galagonidae Tarsiidae Cebidae Callitrichidae Megaladapidae Aotidae Indridae Pitheciidae Daubentoniidae Atelidae Catarrhini Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecidae Hominoidea Hylobatidae Pongidae Hominidae Madagascar Africa+Asia Asia America Africa+Asia Take care with common names !!! • Monkeys = Platyrrhini + Cercopithecoidea • Old World monkeys = Catarrhini or Cercopithecoidea • Old World primates = Loridae + Tarsiidae + Cercopithecoidea + Hominoidea TIME FOR A BREAK Cheirogaleidae • Microcebus • Mirza • Cheirogaleus • Allocebus • Phaner Cheirogaleidae • Madagascar • 24-500 g • dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3 • nocturnal • arboreal • dispersed social organization, pairs • fruits, insects, exudates, leaves, nectar • litter size: 1-4 Lemuridae • Eulemur • Hapalemur, Prolemur • Lemur • Varecia Lemuridae • Madagascar • 1-4 kg • dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3 • diurnal, cathemeral • arboreal, semi-terrestrial • fruits, leaves, nectar, insects • groups, pairs • litter size: 1(-2[-4]) Megaladapidae (Lepilemuridae) • Lepilemur • • • • • • • • Madagascar 0.5-1 kg dental formula: 0.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3 nocturnal arboreal folivor pairs litter size: 1 Indridae • Avahi • Propithecus • Indri Indridae • Madagascar • 1-8 kg • dental formula: 2.1.2.3 / 1.1.2.3 • diurnal, nocturnal (Avahi) • arboreal • leaves, fruits • pairs, groups • litter size: 1 Daubentoniidae • Daubentonia • Madagascar • 2.5 kg • dental formula 1.0.1.3 / 1.0.0.3 • nocturnal • arboreal • fruits, nuts, insect larvae • solitary • litter size: 1 • extremely thin middle finger Extinct giant lemurs Palaeopropithecus Archaeoindris Megaladapis Archaeolemur Hadropithecus Megaladapis edwardsii compared to Gorilla Galagonidae • Galago • Euoticus • Otolemur Galagonidae • Africa • 60-1200 g • dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3 • nocturnal • arboreal • fruits, insects, exudates • dispersed, pairs • litter size: 1-2 Loridae • Perodicticus • Arctocebus • Loris • Nycticebus • Pseudopotto Loridae • Africa, Asien • 200-850 g • dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3 • nocturnal • arboreal • insects, fruits, exudates • dispersed, pairs • litter size: 1 Tarsiidae • Tarsius • South-east Asia • <100-130 g • dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 1.1.3.3 • extremely large eys • nocturnal (secondarily) • arboreal • faunivore • dispersed, pairs • litter size: 1 Cebidae • Cebus • Saimiri Cebidae • • • • • • • South- and Central America 650 g – 3.5 kg dental formula: 2.1.3.3 / 2.1.3.3 diurnal arboreal group living fruits, insects, vertebrates, nectar Aotidae • Aotus • • • • • • South America 700-1000 g nocturnal arboreal pairs fruits, insects, nectar Callitrichidae • Saguinus • Leontopithecus • Callimico • Callithrix • Mico • Cebuella Callitrichidae • South- and Central America • 110-650 g • dental formula: 2.1.3.2 / 2.1.3.2 • diurnal • arboreal • fruits, insects, exudates • groups, pairs • litter size: 2 • chimerism Pitheciidae • Callicebus • Pithecia • Chiropotes • Cacajao Pitheciidae • • • • • • South America 800 g – 3.5 kg diurnal arboreal groups, pairs fruits, seeds Atelidae • Alouatta • Ateles • Lagothrix • Oreonax • Brachyteles Atelidae • • • • • • • South and Central America 3.5-12 kg diurnal arboreal groups fruits, leaves prehensile tail with dermatoglyphs Cercopithecinae • Allenopithecus • Cercopithecus • Chlorocebus • • Erythrocebus Miopithecus • • Cercocebus Lophocebus • Macaca • Mandrillus • Papio • Theropithecus • Rungwecebus Cercopithecinae • • • • • • • Africa, Asia 1-30 kg dental formula: 2.1.2.3 / 2.1.2.3 diurnal arboreal, semi-terrestrial, terrestrial groups fruits, leaves, seeds, (omnivorous) Colobinae • • • Colobus Pliocolobus Procolobus • Nasalis • Presbytis • Pygathrix • Rhinopithecus • Semnopithecus • Trachypithecus Colobinae • Africa, Asia • 4-20 kg • diurnal • arboreal • groups • leaves, fruits, seeds • enlarged, complex stomach Hylobatidae • Hylobates • Bunopithecus (Hoolock) • Nomascus • Symphalangus www.gibbons.de Hylobatidae • • • • • • • • South-east Asia 5-12 kg diurnal arboreal pairs fruits, leaves, insects suspensory locomotion Æ brachiation duetting Pongidae • Pongo • • • • • • South-east Asia 30-80 kg diurnal arboreal fruits solitary Hominidae • Gorilla • Pan • Homo Hominidae: Pan and Gorilla • • • • • • Africa 30-170 kg diurnal semi-terrestrial, terrestrial groups fruits, leaves (Gorilla), insects + vertebrates (Pan) Apes and men: new tree Pongo Gorilla Pan Homo Hylobatidae Cercopithecoidea nach: Fleagle 1999 Literature Fleagle JG. 1999. Primate adaptation and evolution. 2nd ed. New York, Academic Press. Geissmann T. 2003. Vergleichende Primatologie. Heidelberg, Springer. Martin RD. 1990. Primate origins and evolution. London, Chapman & Hall. Richard AF. 1985. Primates in nature. New York, Freeman & Company.
