ANTH 215
Physical Anthropology
Study Guide for Exam-II
Exam Format: 70 multiple choice (a single correct answer) and bonus question worth 5 extra points.
Review the assigned reading from the Jurmain et al. text (Chapters 5-7); Chapters 6-8 in Study Guide;
PPT lectures; and handouts/notes. Specific items of review should include:
1. Geological time and the evolution of the vertebrates.
2. What is the biological species concept (BSC) and how does it compare with the evolutionary species
concept? Be able to contrast the two (a diagram may help).
3. Review the principles of taxonomy and classification: hierarchal classification, rule of priority, type
designation, binomial nomenclature. Review (memorize) short classification of primates (page 147) and
know the common (and some formal) names of representative species (e.g., what are lemurs, lorises,
tarsiers, macaques, baboons, colobus monkeys, etc.) How species are named (e.g., Homo sapiens)
4. Review the major biological and evolutionary features of primate evolution: reproduction, pre- and
post-natal care, vision, grasping extremities, brain, limb structure and locomotion.
5. Primate behavior: review the social organization of baboons and chimps discussed in the text; what are
the major themes of primate social organization and ways in which primate social organization is
organized on ecological and other principles.
6. Communication in primates. Attributes of human language. Human and nonhuman communication
7. Tool making in non-human primates. Human tool making/using abilities. Do primates posses culture?
Know the meaning of the following terms:
cladogram
Chapter 5.
phylogenetic species
(Microevolution: Processes
sexual dimorphism
of Vertebrate and
derived (modified) traits
Mammalian Evolution)
shared derived traits
adaptive radiation
analogies
cerebrum
homologies
Chordata (Chordates)
hompolasy
epochs
taphonomy
geological time scale
speciation
heterodontism
vertebrates
homoiothermy
viviparous
Metazoa
Lobefins
neocortex
amniotic egg
primitive trait (ancestral)
Amphioxus
punctuated equilibrium
Therapsida
phenetics
allopatric (or geographic)
cladistics
species
clade
genus
phylogenetic tree
sympatric (or non-
1
geographic) species
biological species concept
evolutionary species
paleospecies
speciation
taxon
category
evolutionary systematics
taxonomy
classification
hierarchal classification
speciation
phylogenetic tree
cladogenesis
anagenesis
binomial nomenclature
rule of priority
placental
adaptive radiation
Chapter 6 (Overview of
Primates)
adaptive niche
anthropoid
arboreal
Haplorhini
Strepsirhini
Callithricidae
Cebidae
Cercopithecidae
cercopithecines
colobines
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Hylobatidae
Ponginae
Gorillinae
Homininae
Hominidae
hominoid
Hominin
Panini
Pongo
Pan
Galago
Aye-aye
bonobo
diurnal
estrus
frugivorous
homology
ischial callosities
macaque
nocturnal
crepuscular
opposability
postorbital bar
prehensility
prosimian
rhinarium
ominivore
dental comb
visual predation theory
arboreal theory
retina
cones/rods
incomplete decussation
macula lutea
fovea
binocular vision
neocortex
motor cortex
cerebral cortex
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
visual center
secondary association area
association cortex
vertical clinging leaping
brachiation
qradrupedalism
bipedalism
opposability
pentadactyl
Chapter 7 (Primate
Behavior)
affiliative
matrilines
autonomic
communication displays
ecological
alloparenting
altruism
artificially provisioned
2
crepuscular
diurnal
dominance hierarchies
grooming
mother-infant relationship
nocturnal
polyandry
polygynous
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area
territories
core area
sociobiology
socioecology
reproductive strategies
ritualized behavior
sexual selection
r-selected
K-selected
home range
free ranging
philopatric
paradigm
altruism
anthropocentric
biological continuum
conserved
conspecifics
life history
allometry
core area
culture
encephalization
territories
conspecifics
cultural tradition
cortex
SAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Similarities based on descent from a common ancestor are:
analogies.
discrepancies.
homologies.
phrenologies.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Apes and hominids belong to the category:
Hominoidea.
Cercopithecoidea.
Hominidae.
a and c.
b and c.
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
4.
a.
c.
e.
Cartmill's alternative to the arboreal theory as an explanation of primate origins is called the:
visual-predation hypothesis.
diurnal activity theory.
omnivorous/browsing hypothesis.
savanna/grass-eating theory.
seed-eating hypothesis.
Which of the following is not a prosimian?
lemur
b.
macaque
tarsier
d.
loris
bushbaby
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The dental formula characteristic of Old World anthropoids is:
1-1-3-3.
2-1-2-3.
2-1-3-3.
3-1-4-3.
2-1-3-2.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following is a classification of a primate locomotory pattern?
vertical clinging and leaping
quadrupedalism
bipedalism
all of these
a and b only
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The adaptive value of a harem group may be that:
where food is scarce, such a group would consume less.
if predators are not a problem, one male may be adequate.
neither of these.
both of these.
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
An interesting parallel between wolves and what early hominids may have been like is:
division of labor.
home base.
close mother-infant relationship.
all of these.
3
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
There is some evidence that chimpanzees may practice:
cannibalism.
a sexual division of labor.
predation.
all of these.
10.
The relationship between specific environmental features and the social behavior of primates is
the discipline of:
a.
sociobiology.
b.
biosociology.
c.
socioecology.
d.
sociolinquistics.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE:
C
6.
D
D
7.
D
A
8.
D
B
9.
D
B
10.
C
4