(cerebral) cortex
Abraham Maslow
Aaron Beck
Absolute threshold
Abnormal Behavior
Accommodation
Abnormal psychology
acetylcholine (ACh)
1a
humanistic psychology;
hierarchy of needs-needs at a
lower level dominate an
individual's motivation as long
as they are unsatisfied; selfactualization, transcendence
wrinkled outer portion of
brain; center for higher order
brain functions such as
thinking, planning, judgment;
processes sensory information
and directs movement
The statistically
determined minimum
level of stimulation
necessary to excite a
perceptual system.
pioneer in Cognitive
Therapy. Suggested
negative beliefs cause
depression.
According to Piaget, the
process by which existing
mental structures and
behaviors are modified to
adapt to new experiences
Behavior characterized as
atypical, socially unacceptable,
distressing to the individual or
others, maladaptive, and/or
the result of distorted
cognitions
neurotransmitter that
causes contraction of
skeletal muscles; lack of
Ach linked with
Alzheimer's disease;
The field of psychology
concerned with the
assessment, treatment,
and prevention of
maladaptive behavior.
1b
achievement test
adaptation
ACTH (arenocorticotropic
hormone)
Adolescence
action potential
adrenal glands
Actor-observer Effect
afferent neuron
2a
a trait or inherited
characteristic that has
increased in a population
because it solved a problem of
survival or reproduction
test designed to
determine a person's level
of knowledge in a given
subject area
The period of extending
from the onset of puberty
to early adulthood
released by adrenal glands;
triggered by norepinephrine to
prolong the response to stress
(used in the sympathetic
nervous system)
endocrine glands located
above the kidney and secretes
epinephrine and
norepinephrine, which
prepare the body for "fight or
flight"
an electrical current sent
down the axon of a neuron
and is initiated by the rapid
reversal of the polarization of
the cell membrane
nerve cell that sends
messages to brain or
spinal cord from other
parts of the body; also
called sensory neurons
The tendency to attribute the
behavior of others to
dispositional causes but to
attribute one's own behavior
to situational causes.
2b
Ageism
Albert Bandura
Aggression
Albert Ellis
agonist
Alfred Adler
Agoraphobia
Alfred Binet
3a
pioneer in observational learning
(AKA social learning), stated that
people profit from the
mistakes/successes of others;
Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults
demonstrated 'appropriate' play
with dolls, children mimicked play
Prejudice against the
elderly and the resulting
discrimination against
them
pioneer in Rational-Emotive
Therapy (RET), focuses on
altering client's patterns of
irrational thinking to reduce
maladaptive behavior and
emotions
Any behavior intended to
harm another person or
thing.
neo-Freudian,
psychodynamic;
Contributions: inferiority
complex, organ inferiority;
Studies: birth order influences
personality
chemical that mimics or
facilitates the actions of a
neurotransmitter
pioneer in intelligence (IQ)
tests, designed a test to
identify slow learners in need
of help-not applicable in the
U.S. because it was too
culture-bound (French)
anxiety disorder characterized
by marked fear and avoidance
of being alone in a place from
which escape might be
difficult or embarrassing
3b
Algorithm
amnesia
all-or-none principle
amygdala
Altruism
Anal Stage
Alzheimer's Disease
Androgynous
4a
inability to remember
information (typically, all
events within a specific
period), usually due to
physiological trauma
Procedure for solving a
problem by implementing
a set of rules over and
over again until the
solution is found.
part of the limbic system;
influences emotions such
as aggression, fear, and
self-protective behaviors
the law that the neuron
either fires at 100% or not
at all
Freud's second stage of personality
development, from about age 2 to
about age 3, during which children
learn to control the immediate
gratification they obtain through
defecation and to become responsive
to the demands of society.
Having both
stereotypically male and
stereotypically female
characteristics
Behaviors that benefit other
people and for which there is
no discernable extrinsic
reward, recognition, or
appreciation.
A chronic and progressive
disorder of the brain that
is the most common cause
of degeneration dementia
4b
Anna Freud
antagonist
Anna O.
anterograde amnesia
Anorexia Nervosa
Antisocial personality
disorder
anorexia nervosa
Anxiety
5a
child psychoanalysis;
chemical that opposes the
emphasized importance
actions of a
of the ego and its constant
neurotransmitter
struggle
loss of memory for events
and experiences
occurring from the time
of an amnesia-causing
event forward
Austrian-Jewish woman (real name:
Bertha Pappenheim) diagnosed with
hysteria, treated by Josef Breuer for severe
cough, paralysis of the extremities on the
right side of her body, and disturbances of
vision, hearing, and speech, as well as
hallucinations and loss of consciousness.
Her treatment is regarded as marking the
beginning of psychoanalysis.
Personality disorder characterized
by egocentricity, and behavior that
is irresponsible and that violates the
rights of other people, a lack of guilt
feelings, an inability to understand
other people and a lack of fear of
punishment.
An eating disorder
characterized by an obstinate
and willful refusal to eat, a
distorted body image, and an
intense fear of being fat
a generalized feeling of fear
and apprehension that may be
related to a particular
situation or object and is often
accompanied by increased
physiological arousal.
eating disorder most common
in adolescent females
characterized by weight less
than 85% of normal, restricted
eating, and unrealistic body
image
5b
aphasia
aptitude test
Appraisal
Archetypes
Approach-approach
conflict
Aristotle
Approach-avoidance
conflict
Arousal
6a
a test designed to predict
a person's future
performance
inability to understand or
use language
In Jung's theory, the
emotionally charged ideas and
images that are rich in
meaning and symbolism and
exist within the collective
unconscious.
the evaluation of the
significance of a situation
or event as it relates to a
person's well-being
Ancient Greek
philosopher. Wrote "Peri
Psyches" ("About the
Mind").
Conflict that results from
having to choose between
two attractive alternatives
Activation of the central
nervous system, the
autonomic nervous
system, and the muscles
and glands
Conflict that results from
having to choose an
alternative that has both
attractive and
unappealing aspects
6b
Assessment
Attitudes
Assimilation
Attributions
association areas
audition
Attachment
authoritarian parenting
7a
Patterns of feelings and beliefs
about other people, ideas, or objects
that are based on a person's past
experiences, shape his or her future
behavior, and are evaluative in
nature.
Process of evaluating
individual differences among
human beings by means of
tests interviews, observations,
and recordings of
physiological.
The process by which a
person infers other
people's motives or
intensions by observing
their behavior.
According to Piaget, the
process by which new ideas
and experiences are absorbed
and incorporated into existing
mental structures and
behaviors
the sense of hearing
areas of the cerebral cortex that are
not involved in primary motor or
sensory functions, rather, they are
involved in higher mental processes
such as thinking, planning, and
communicating
style of parenting marked
by emotional coldness,
imposing rules and
expecting obedience
The strong emotional tie
that a person feels toward
special other persons in
his or her life
7b
authoritative parenting
Avoidance-avoidance
conflict
autonomic nervous
system
axon
aversive conditioning
axon terminal
Aversive
counterconditioning
B.F. Skinner
8a
Conflict that results from
having to choose between
two distasteful
alternatives
parenting style characterized by
emotional warmth, high standards
for behavior, explanation and
consistent enforcement of rules,
and inclusion of children in
decision making
a division of the peripheral
a single long, fiber that
nervous system that regulates
carries outgoing messages involuntary functions; made
up of sympathetic and
to other neurons,
parasympathetic nervous
muscles, or glands
systems
terminal button, synaptic
knob; the structure at the end
of an excellent terminal
branch; houses the synaptic
vesicles and neurotransmitters
learning involving an
unpleasant or harmful
stimulus or reinforcer
behaviorism; pioneer in
operant conditioning;
behavior is based on an
organism's reinforcement
history; worked with pigeons
A counterconditioning
technique in which an aversive
or noxious stimulus is paired
with a stimulus with the
undesirable behavior.
8b
Babinski reflex
behavioral genetics
Backward search
behaviorism
behavior
Benjamin Whorf
Behavior therapy
binocular cues
9a
study of hereditary
influences and how it
influences behavior and
thinking
Reflex in which a
newborn fans out the toes
when the sole of the foot
is touched
perspective that defines
psychology as the study of
behavior that is directly
observable or through
assessment instruments
Heuristic procedure in which a
problem solver works backward
from the goal or end of a problem
to the current position, in order to
analyze the problem and reduce the
steps needed to get from the
current position to the goal.
language; his hypothesis
is that language
determines the way we
think
an observable action
depth cues that are based
on two eyes
A therapy that is based on the
application of learning principles to
human behavior and that focuses on
changing overt behaviors rather than
on understanding subjective feelings,
unconscious processes, or
motivations; also known as behavior
modification.
9b
Biofeedback
Body Language
Bipolar disorder
Bonding
blind spot
bottom-up processing
Blood-Brain Barrier
brain
10a
A process through which
people receive information
Communication of
about the status of a physical
information through body system and use this feedback
positions and gestures.
information to learn to control
the activity of that system
Special process of emotional
attachment that may occur
between parents and babies in
the minutes and hours
immediately after birth
mood disorder originally know
as manic-depressive disorder
because it is characterized by
behavior that vacillates
between two extremes; mania
and depression.
information processing
area on retina with no
that begins at the sensory
receptor cells (where optic
receptors and works up to
nerve leaves the eye)
perception
portion of the CNS above
the spinal cord; consists
of hindbrain, midbrain,
and forebrain
A mechanism that
prevents certain molecule
from entering the brain
but allows others to cross
10b
brainstem
Bulimia Nervosa
Brainstorming
bulimia nervosa
Brightness
Burnout
Broca's area
Bystander Effect
11a
An eating disorder
characterized by repeated
episodes of binge eating (and
a fear of not being able to stop
eating) followed by purging
top of the spinal column
eating disorder
Problem-solving technique
characterized by pattern
that involves considering
9of eating binges followed
all possible solutions
by purging (e.g.,
without making prior
vomiting, laxatives,
evaluative judgments.
exercise)
State of emotional and
physical exhaustion, lowered
productivity, and feelings of
isolation, often caused by
work-related pressures
Unwillingness to help
exhibited by witnesses to
an event, which increase
when there are more
observers.
The lightness or darkness
of reflected light,
determined in large part
by the light's intensity.
located in left frontal lobe;
controls production of
speech
11b
Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion
Case study
Carl Jung
case study
Carl Rogers
Catatonic type of
schizophrenia
Carol Gilligan
central nervous system
12a
a descriptive study that includes an
intensive study of one person and
allows an intensive examination of
a single case, usually chosen for its
interesting or unique characteristics
conscious experience of
emotion and physiological
arousal occur at the same
time
a highly detailed
description of a single
individual or a vent
neo-Freudian, analytic
psychology; archetypes;
collective unconscious; libido
is all types of energy, not just
sexual; dream
studies/interpretation
Type of schizophrenia
characterized either by
displays of excited or
violent motor activity or
by stupor.
humanistic psychology;
Contributions: founded clientcentered therapy, theory that
emphasizes the unique quality of
humans especially their freedom
and potential for personal growth,
unconditional positive regard,
the brain and spinal cord
moral development studies to follow
up Kohlberg. She studied girls and
women and found that they did not
score as high on his six stage scale
because they focused more on
relationships rather than laws and
principles. Their reasoning was
merely different, not better or worse
12b
cerebellum
chromosome
Charles Darwin
chunks
Charles Spearman
Circadian Rhythms
Child abuse
Clark Hull
13a
threadlike structure
within the nucleus of cells
that contain genes
part of the brain that
coordinates balance,
movement, reflexes
manageable and meaningful
units of information
organized in such a way that
it can be easily encoded,
stored, and retrieved
biologist; developed theory of
evolution; transmutation of species,
natural selection, evolution by
common descent; "The Origin of
Species" catalogs his voyage on The
Beagle
Internally generated patterns of body
functions, including hormonal
signals, sleep, blood pressure, and
temperature regulation, which have
approximately a 24-hour cycle and
occur even in the absence of normal
cues about whether it is day or night
intelligence; found that
specific mental talents were
highly correlated, concluded
that all cognitive abilities
showed a common core which
he labeled 'g' (general ability)
motivation theory, drive reduction;
maintained that the goal of all
motivated behavior is the reduction
or alleviation of a drive state,
mechanism through which
reinforcement operates
physical, emotional, or
sexual mistreatment of a
child.
13b
Classical Conditioning
Cognitive Dissonance
Client-centered therapy
Cognitive Psychology
clinical psychologist
cognitive psychology
cochlea
Cognitive theories
14a
A state of mental discomfort
arising from a discrepancy
between two or more of a
person's beliefs or between a
person's beliefs and overt
behavior.
Conditioning process in which an
originally neutral stimulus, by
repeated pairing with a stimulus
that normally elicits a response,
comes to elicit a similar or even
identical response; aka Pavlovian
conditioning
The study if the overlapping fields
of perception, learning, memory,
and thought, with a special
emphasis on how people attend to,
acquire, transform, store, and
retrieve knowledge.
An insight therapy, developed be Carl
Rogers, that seeks to help people
evaluate the world and themselves
from their own perspective by
providing them with a nondirective
environment and unconditional
positive regard; also known as
person-centered therapy.
perspective that focuses
on the mental processes
involved in perception,
learning, memory, and
thinking
psychologist who treats
people serious
psychological problems or
conducts research into the
causes of behavior
In the study of motivation, an
explanation of behavior that asserts
that people actively and regularly
determine their own goals and the
means of achieving them through
thought.
snail-shaped fluid-filled
tube in the inner ear
involved in transduction
14b
cognitive-appraisal theory
of emotion
Color Blindness
cohort effect
computerized axial
tomography (CT scan)
Collective Unconscious
Concept
Collective Unconscious
Concordance rate
15a
The inability to perceive
different hues.
our emotional experience
depends on our
interpretation of the
situation we are in
creates a computerized
image using x-rays passed
through the brain
observed group differences based
on the era when people were born
and grew up, exposing them to
particular experiences that may
affect the results of cross-sectional
studies
Mental category used to
classify an event or object
according to some
distinguishing property or
feature.
In Jung's theory, a shared
storehouse of primitive ideas
and images that reside in the
unconscious and are inherited
from one's ancestors.
The degree to which a
condition or traits shared
two or more individuals
or groups
Jung's theory of a shared
storehouse of primitive ideas and
images that are inherited ideas and
images, called archetypes, are
emotionally charged and rich in
meaning and symbolism
15b
Concrete operational
stage
cones
Conditioned Response
Conflict
Conditioned Stimulus
Conformity
Conditioning
confounding variable
16a
photoreceptors that
detect color and fine
detail in bright-light
conditions; not present in
peripheral vision
Piaget's thrid stage of cognitive
development (lasting from
approximately age 6 or 7 to age 11 or
12), during which the child develops
the ability to understand constant
factors in the environment, rules, and
higher-order symbolic systems
The emotional state or
condition that arises when a
person must choose between
two or more competing
motives, behaviors, or
impulses
Response elicited by a
conditioned stimulus
People's tendency to change
attitudes or behaviors so that
they are consistent with those
of other people or with social
norms.
Neutral stimulus that,
through repeated association
with an unconditioned
stimulus, begins to elicit a
conditioned response
anything that causes a
difference between the IV
and the DV other than the
independent variable
Systematic procedure
through which
associations and
responses to specific
stimuli are learned
16b
Consciousness
control group
Consciousness
conventional level of
moral development
Conservation
Convergent thinking
consolidation
convolutions
17a
subjects and not exposed
to a changing variable in
an experiment
The general state of being
aware of and responsive to
events in the environment,
as well as one's own
mental processes
Freud's level of mental life
that consists of those
morality based on fitting
experiences that we are
in to the norms of society
aware of at any given
time.
In problem solving, the
process of narrowing
down choices and
alternatives to arrive at a
suitable answer.
Ability to recognize that
objects can e transformed in
some way, visually or
phycially, yet still be the same
in number, weight, substance,
or volume
the folds in the cerebral
cortex that increase the
surface area of the brain
the process of changing a
short-term memory to a
long-term one
17b
Coping
correlational research
cornea
counseling psychologist
corpus callosum
Counterconditioning
correlation coefficient
Creativity
18a
establish the relationship
between two variables
Process by which a person takes
some action to manage, master,
tolerate, or reduce environmental
or internal demands that cause or
might cause stress and that tax the
individual's inner resources
psychologist who treats
people with adjustment
problems
transparent covering of
the eye
Process of reconditioning
in which a person is
taught a new, more
adaptive response to a
familiar stimulus.
large band of white neural fibers
that connects to to brain
hemispheres and carries messages
between them; myelinated;
involved in intelligence,
consciousness, and self-awareness;
does it reach full maturity until 20s
A feature of thought and
problem solving that includes
the tendency to generate or
recognize ideas considered to
be high-quality, original,
novel, and appropriate.
a number that expresses
the degree and direction
of the relationship
between 2 variables,
ranging from -1 to +1
18b
Critical Period
Daniel Goleman
Cross-sectional Studies
Dark adaptation
Cross-sectional study
Darley & Latane
crystallized intelligence
David McClelland
19a
emotional intelligence
The time in to development of an
organism when it is especially
sensitive to certain environmental
influences; outside of that period
the same influences will have far
less effect
The increase in sensitivity to light
that occurs when the illumination
level changes from high to low,
causing chemicals in the rods and
cones to regenerate and return to
their inactive state.
A type of research design
that compares individuals
of different ages to
determine how they differ
social psychology;
bystander apathy,
diffusion of responsibility
A type of research design that
compares individuals of
different ages to determine
how they differ on an
important dimension
achievement motivation;
developed scoring system
for TAT's use in assessing
achievement motivation
learned knowledge and
skills such as vocabulary,
which tends to increase
with age
19b
David Rosenhan
decay
David Weschler
Decentration
Debriefing
Decision making
debriefing
declarative memory
20a
loss of information from
memory as a result of
disuse and the passage of
time
did study in which healthy patients
were admitted to psychiatric
hospitals and diagnoses with
schizophrenia; showed that once you
are diagnosed with a disorder, the
label, even when behavior indicates
otherwise, is hard to overcome in a
mental health setting
Process of changing from a
totally self-oriented point of
view to one tha recognizes
other people's feelings, ideas,
and viewpoints
established an intelligence
test especially for adults
(WAIS); also WISC and
WPPSI
Assessing and choosing
among alternatives.
Informing participants
about the true nature of a
experiment after its
completion.
memory for specific
information
a procedure to inform
participants about the
true nature of an
experiment after its
completion
20b
Defense Mechanism
demand characteristics
Deindividuation
Dementia
Delusions
dendrites
Demand characteristics
Denial
21a
clues participants
discover about the
purpose of a study that
suggest how they should
respond
An unconscious way of
reducing anxiety by
distorting perceptions of
reality.
Impairment of mental functioning
and global cognitive abilities in
otherwise alert individuals, causing
memory loss and related symptoms
and typically having a progressive
nature
The process by which
individuals lose their selfawareness and distinctive
personality in the context of a
group, which may lead them to
engage in antinormative
behavior.
branching extensions of
neuron that receives
messages from
neighboring neurons
False beliefs that are
inconsistent with reality
but are held in spite of
evidence that disproves
them.
Defense mechanism by
which people refuse to
accept reality.
Elements of an experimental
situation that might cause a
participant to perceive the situation
in a certain way or become aware of
the purpose of the study and thus
bias the participant to behave in a
certain way, and in so doing, distort
results.
21b
Dependence
descriptive statistics
dependent variable
Descriptive Studies
depressants (AKA
sedative-hypnotics)
developmental
psychologist
Depressive disorders
Developmental
Psychology
22a
general set of procedures
used to summarize,
condense, and describe
sets of data
The situation that occurs when
the drug becomes part of the
body's functioning and
produces withdrawal
symptoms when the drug is
discontinued
A type of research method that
allows researchers to measure
variables so that they can
develop a description of a
situation or phenomenon
the variable in a controlled
experiment that is
expected to change due to
the manipulation of the
independent variable
studies psychological
development across the
lifespan
Any of a class of drugs
that relax and calm a user
and, in higher doses,
induce sleep; also known
as a depressant
The study of the lifelong, often agerelated, processes of change in the
physical, cognitive, moral, emotional,
and social domains of functioning;
such changes are rooted in biological
mechanisms that are genetically
controlled, as well as in social
interactions
general category of mood
disorders in which people
show extreme and persistent
sadness, despair, and loss of
interest in life's usual
activities.
22b
Deviation IQ
Disorganized type of
schizophrenia
Dichromats
Displacement
difference threshold
Dissociative amnesia
Discrimination
Dissociative disorders
23a
type of schizophrenia
characterized by severely
disturbed thought processes,
frequent incoherence,
disorganized behavior, and
inappropriate affect.
A standard IQ test score
whose mean and standard
deviation remain constant
for all ages
Defense mechanism by
which people divert
sexual or aggressive
feelings for one person
onto another person.
People who can
distinguish only two of the
three basic colors.
Dissociative disorder
characterized by the sudden
and extensive inability to
recall important personal
information, usually of a
traumatic or stressful nature.
minimum difference
between any two stimuli
that person can detect
50% of the time
psychological disorders
characterized by a sudden but
temporary alteration in
consciousness, identity,
sensorimotor behavior, or
memory
Behavior targeted at
individuals or groups and
intended to hold them
apart and treat them
differently.
23b
Dissociative identity
disorder
dopamine
Divergent thinking
Double bind
DNA
double-blind procedure
dominant genes
Double-blind techniques
24a
neurotransmitter that
influences voluntary
movement, attention, alertness;
lack of dopamine linked with
Parkinson's disease; too much
is linked with schizophrenia
dissociative disorder characterized by
the existence within an individual of
two or more distinct personalities,
each of which is dominant at
different times and directs the
individual's behavior at those times;
commonly known as multiple
personality disorder.
a situation in which an
individual is given two
different and inconsistent
messages.
In problem solving, the
process of widening the
range of possibilities and
expanding the options for
solutions.
technique in which neither the
persons involved for those
conducting the experiment
know in what group to
participate is involved
deoxyribonucleic acid;
genetic formation in a
double-helix; can
replicate or reproduce
itself; made of genes
A research technique in which
neither the experimenter nor
the participants know who is
in the control and
experimental groups.
member of a gene terror
that controls the
appearance of a certain
trait
24b
Dream
Drug
Dream analysis
dualism
Drive
eclectic
Drive theory (aka, drivereduction theory)
educational psychologist
25a
Any chemical substance
that, in small amounts,
alters biological or
cognitive processes or
both
seeing mind and body as
two different things that
interact
A state of consciousness
that occurs during sleep,
usually accompanied by
vivid visual, tactile, or
auditory imagery.
Psychoanalytic technique in
which a patient's dreams are
described in detail and
interpreted so as to provide
insight into the individual's
unconscious motivations.
use of techniques and
ideas from a variety of
approaches
an internal aroused
condition that directs an
organism to satisfy a
physiological need
focuses on how effective
teaching and learning
take place
an explanation of behavior
that assumes that an organism
is motivated to act because of
a need to attain, reestablish,
or maintain some goal that
helps with survival
25b
Edward Bradford
Titchener
Ego
Edward Thorndike
Egocentrism
EEG
(electroencephalogram)
Ekman & Friesen
efferent neuron
Elaboration Likelihood
Model
26a
In Freud's theory, the part
of personality that seeks
to satisfy instinctual
needs in accordance with
reality.
Student of Wilhelm
Wundt; founder of
Structuralist school of
psychology.
Inability to perceive a
situation or event except
in relation to oneself; also
know as self-centeredness
behaviorism; Law of
Effect-relationship
between behavior and
consequence
Universal Emotions (based
upon facial expressions);
Study Basics: Constants
across culture in the face
and emotion
shows brain's electrical
activity by positioning
electrodes over the scalp
Theory suggesting that there are two
routes to attitude change: the central
route, which focuses on thoughtful
consideration of an argument for
change, and the peripheral route,
which focuses on less careful, more
emotional, and even superficial
evaluation.
nerve cell that send
messages from brain and
spinal cord to other parts
of body; also called motor
neurons
26b
elaborative rehearsal
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross
Electroconvulsive therapy
(ECT)
Elizabeth Loftus
Electroencephalogram
(EEG)
Embryo
Electromagnetic
Radiation
Emotion
27a
developmental psychology; wrote
"On Death and Dying": 5 stages the
terminally ill go through when
facing death (1. denial, 2. anger, 3.
bargaining, 4. depression, 5.
acceptance)
rehearsal involving repletion
and analysis, in which a
stimulus may be associated
with (linked to) other
information and further
processed
cognition and memory; studied
repressed memories and false
memories; showed how easily
memories could be changed and
falsely created by techniques such as
leading questions and illustrating the
inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony
A treatment for severe mental
illness in which an electric
current is briefly applied to the
head in order to produce a
generalized seizure.
The prenatal organism
from the 5th through the
49th day after conception
Graphical record of brainwave activity obtained
through electrodes placed
on the scalp and forehead
A subjective response, usually
accompanied by a
physiological change, which is
interpreted n a particular way
by the individual and often
leads to a change in behavior
The entire spectrum of
waves initiated by the
movement of charged
particles.
27b
emotional intelligence
endocrine glands
empiricism
endocrine system
encoding
endorphins
encoding specificity
principle
engineering psychologist
28a
the bodies "slow"
chemical communication
by secreting hormones
directly into the
bloodstream
the ability to perceive,
express, understand, and
regulate emotions
glands that secrete
hormones into the
bloodstream, which
regulate body and
behavioral processes
the view that knowledge
should be acquired
through observation and
often an experiment
chemical similar to
opiates that relieves pain;
may induce feelings of
pleasure
organizing sensory
information so it can be
processed by the nervous
system
does research on how
people function best with
machines
retrieval cues that match
original information work
better
28b
epinephrine
Ernst Weber
episodic memory
ESP
Equity Theory
ethics
Erik Erikson
ethnocentrism
29a
perception; identified
just-noticeable-difference
(JND) that eventually
becomes Weber's law
adrenaline; activates a sympathetic
nervous system by making the heart
beat faster, stopping digestion,
enlarging pupils, sending sugar into
the bloodstream, preparing a blood
clot faster
the controversial claim
that sensation can occur
apart from sensory input
memory of specific
personal events and
situations (episodes)
tagged with information
about time
rules of proper and
acceptable conduct that
investigators use to guide
psychological research
Social psychological theory
that states that people attempt
to maintain stable, consistent
interpersonal relationships in
which the ratio of member's
contributions is balanced.
tendency to believe that one's
own group is the standard, the
reference point by which other
people and groups should be
judged
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8
psychosocial stages of development:
theory shows how people evolve
through the life span. Each stage is
marked by a psychological crisis
that involves confronting "Who am
I?"
29b
evolutionary psychology
excitatory
neurotransmitter
Ex Post Facto Design
Excitement phase
ex post facto study
Expectancy Theories
ex post facto study
experiment
30a
chemical secreted at
terminal button that
causes the neuron on the
other side of the synapse
to fire
perspective that seeks to explain
and predict behaviors by analyzing
how the human brain developed
over time, how it functions, and
how input from the environment
affects human behaviors
the first phase of the sexual
response cycle during which
there are increases in heart
rate blood pressure and
respiration
A type of design that
contrasts groups of people
who differ on some
variable of interest to the
researcher.
Explanations of behavior that
focus on people's expectations
about reaching a goal and
their need for achievement as
energizing factors
a type of design that
contrasts groups of people
who differ on some
variable of interest to the
researcher
a procedure in which a
researcher systematically
manipulates and observes
elements of a situation in order
to test a hypothesis and make a
cause-and-effect statement
describes differences
between groups of
participants that differ
naturally on a variable
such as race or gender
30b
Experimental design
Extinction (classical
conditioning)
experimental group
Extinction (operant
conditioning)
experimenter bias
Extrinsic motivation
explicit memory
Factor analysis
31a
The procedure of withholding
the unconditioned stimulus
and presenting the conditioned
stimulus alone, which
gradually reduces the
probability of the conditioned
response
A design in which researchers
manipulate an independent
variable and measure a
dependent variable to
determine a cause-and-effect
relationship
The process by which the
probability of an organism's
emitting a response is reduced
when reinforcement no longer
follows the response
in an experiment, the
group of participants to
whom a treatment is
given
Motivation supplied by
rewards that come from
the external environment
expectation of the person
conducting an experiment
which may be affect the
outcome
Statistical procedure
designed to discover the
independent elements
(factors) in any set of data
conscious memory that a
person is aware of
31b
family studies
Fixation
Family therapy
Fixed-interval Schedule
fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS)
Fixed-ratio Schedule
Fetus
flashbulb memories
32a
An excessive attachment
to some person or object
that was appropriate only
at an earlier stage of
development
studies of hereditability on the
assumption that if a gene
influences a certain trait, close
relatives should be more
similar on that trait in distant
relative
A type of therapy in which two
A reinforcement schedule in which
or more people who are
a reinforcer (reward) is delivered
committed to one another's
after a specified interval of time,
provided that the required response well-being are treated at once,
in and effort to change the
occurs at least once in the interval
ways the interact.
A reinforcement schedule in
which a reinforcer(reward) is
delivered after a specified
number of responses has
occurred
group of abnormalities
that occur in the babies of
mothers who drink
alcoholic beverages
during pregnancy
detailed memory for
events surrounding a
dramatic event that is
vivid and remembered
with confidence
The prenatal organism
from the 8th week after
conception until birth
32b
fluid intelligence
Formal operational stage
forebrain
fovea
forebrain
Francis Galton
forensic psychologist
fraternal twins
33a
Piaget's fourth and final stage of
cognitive development (beginning
at about age 12), during which the
individual can think hypothetically,
can consider future possibilites, and
can use deductive logic
cognitive abilities
requiring speed or rapid
learning that tends to
diminish with age
top of the brain which includes
the thalamus, hypothalamus,
small area of retina where and cerebral cortex;
responsible for emotional
image is focused
regulation, complex thought,
memory aspect of personality
differential psychology AKA "London
School" of Experimental Psychology;
Contributions: behavioral genetics,
maintains that personality & ability
depend almost entirely on genetic
inheritance; compared identical &
fraternal twins, hereditary differences
in intellectual ability
largest, most complicated, and most
advanced of the three divisions of
the brain; comprises the thalamus,
hypothalamus, limbic system, basal
ganglia, corpus callosum, and
cortex
twins from two separate
fertilized eggs (zygotes);
share half of the same
genes
applies psychological
concepts to legal issues
33b
Free association
frontal lobes
frequency
Fulfillment
frequency distribution
Functional fixedness
frequency polygon
functional MRI (fMRI)
34a
control emotional behaviors,
make decisions, carry out
plans; speech (Broca's area);
controls movement of
muscles
In Roger's theory of
personality, an inborn
tendency directing people
toward actualizing their
essential nature and thus
attaining their potential.
Psychoanalytic technique in which a
person is asked to report to the
therapist his or her thoughts and
feelings as they occur, regardless of
how trivial, illogical, or
objectionable their content may
appear.
number of wavelengths
that pass a point in a
given amount of time;
determines hue of light
and the pitch of a sound
a chart or array of scores,
Inability to see that an
usually arranged from
object can have a function
highest to lowest, showing
other than its stated or
the number of instances
usual one.
for each score
shows brain activity at higher
reolution than PET scan when
changes in oxygen
concentration in neurons
alters its magnetic qualities
graph of a frequency
distribution that shows the
number of instances of
obtained scores, usually with
the data points connect by
straight lines
34b
functionalism
Gazzaniga or Sperry
Fundamental Attribution
Error
Gender
GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid)
Gender Identity
gate control theory
Gender Schema Theory
35a
neuroscience/biopsychology;
studied split brain patients
school of psychological
thought that was
concerned with how and
why the conscious mind
works
A socially and culturally
constructed set of distinctions
between masculine and
feminine sets of behaviors that
is promoted and expected by
society
The tendency to attribute
other people's behavior to
dispositional (internal) causes
rather than situational
(external) causes.
A person's sense of being
male or female
neurotransmitter that
inhibits firing of neurons;
linked with Huntington's
disease
The theory that children and
adolescents use gender as an
organizing theme to classify
and interpret their
perceptions about the world
and themselves
pain is only experienced
in the pain messages can
pass through a gate in the
spinal cord on their route
to the brain
35b
Gender stereotype
genetics
gene
Genital Stage
Generalized anxiety
disorder
genotype
genetic mapping
Gestalt psychology
36a
study of how traits are
transmitted from one
generation to the next
A fixed, overly simple,
sometimes incorrect idea
about traits, attitudes,
and behaviors of males or
females
Freud's last stage of personality
development, from the onset of
puberty through adulthood, during
which the sexual conflicts of
childhood resurface (at puberty)
and are often resolved during
adolescence).
a DNA segment on a
chromosome that controls
transmission of traits
an individual's genetic
make-up
An anxiety disorder characterized by
persistent anxiety occurring on more
days than not for at least 6 months,
sometimes with increased activity of
the autonomic nervous system,
apprehension, excessive muscle
tension, and difficulty in
concentrating
school of psychological
thought that argued that
behavior cannot be studied in
parts but must be viewed a s
whole
dividing the chromosomes into
smaller fragments that can be
characterized and ordered so that
the fragments reflect their
respective locations on specific
chromosomes
36b
Gibson & Walk
graded potential
glial cells
Grammar
gonads
Grasping reflex
Gordon Allport
Group
37a
shift in electrical charge in a tiny
area of the neuron (temporary);
transmits a long cell membranes
leaving neuron and polarized state;
needs higher than normal threshold
of excitation to fire
The linguistic description of
how a language functions,
especially the rules and
patterns used for generating
appropriate and
comprehensible sentences.
developmental
psychology; "visual cliff"
studies with infants
supportive cells of nervous
system that guide growth of
new neurons; forms myelin
sheath; holds neuron in place;
provides nourishment and
removes waste
Reflex that causes a newborn
to grasp vigorously any object reproductive glands-male,
touching the palm or fingers
testes; female, ovaries
or placed in the hand
Two or more individuals who
are working with a common
purpose or have some
common goals,
characteristics, or interests.
trait theory of personality;
3 levels of traits: cardinal,
central, and secondary
37b
Group Polarization
habituation
Group therapy
hallucinogens (AKA
psychedelic drugs)
Groupthink
Halo effect
gustation
Hans Eysenck
38a
decreased responsiveness
with repeated
presentation of the same
stimulus
Shifts or exaggeration in
group members' attitudes
or behavior as a result of
group discussion.
Consciousness-altering drugs
that affect moods, thoughts,
memory, judgment, and
perception and that are
consumed for the purpose of
producing those results
Psychotherapeutic process in
which several people meet as
a group with a therapist to
receive psychological help.
The tendency for one
characteristic of an
individual to influence a
tester's evaluation of
other characteristics
personality theorist; asserted
that personality is largely
determined by genes, used
introversion/extroversion
The tendency of people in a
group to seek concurrence
with one another when
reaching a decision, rather
than effectively evaluating
options.
sense of taste
38b
Harry Harlow
Henry Murray
Harry Stack Sullivan
Heritability
health psychologist
heritability
Health psychology
Herman von Helmholtz
39a
personality assessment; created the
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
with Christina Morgan, stated that
the need to achieve varied in strength
in different people and influenced
their tendency to approach and
evaluate their own performances
development, contact comfort,
attachment; experimented with baby
rhesus monkeys and presented them
with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed
that the monkeys became attached to
the cloth mothers because of contact
comfort
The genetically
determined proportion of
a trait's variation among
individuals in a
population
interpersonal psychoanalysis;
groundwork for enmeshed
relationships, developed the
Self-System, a configuration of
personality traits
the proportion of
variation among
individuals that is due to
genetic causes
focuses on psychological
factors in illness
Theorist who both aided in the
development of the
trichromatic theory of color
perception and Place theory of
pitch perception.
Subfield concerned with the
use of psychological ideas and
principles to enhance health,
prevent illness, diagnose and
treat disease, and improve
rehabilitation
39b
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Higher-order
Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
hindbrain
Hermann Rorschach
hindbrain
Heuristics
hippocampus
40a
Process by which a
neutral stimulus takes on
conditioned properties
through pairing with a
conditioned stimulus
memory; studied
memorization of
meaningless words
the most primitive of the three
functional divisions of the
brain, consisting of the pons,
medulla, reticular formation,
and cerebellum
the first person to study
memory scientifically and
systematically; used nonsense
syllables and recorded how
many times he had to study a
list to remember it well
division which includes the
cerebellum, Pons, and medulla;
responsible for involuntary
processes: blood pressure, body
temperature, heart rate,
breathing, sleep cycles
developed one of the first projective
tests, the Inkblot test which consists
of 10 standardized inkblots where
the subject tells a story, the
observer then derives aspects of the
personality from the subject's
commentary
part of the limbic system
and is involved in
learning and forming new
long-term memories
Sets of strategies, rather
than strict rules, that act
as guidelines for
discovery-oriented
problem solving.
40b
Hobson & McCarley
Howard Gardner
Holmes & Rahe
Hue
Homeostasis
human genomes
hormone
humanistic psychology
41a
devised theory of multiple
intelligences: logicalmathematic, spatial, bodilykinesthetic, intrapersonal,
linguistic, musical,
interpersonal, naturalistic
sleep/dreams/consciousness;
pioneers of Activation-Synthesis
Theory of dreams; sleep studies
that indicate the brain creates
dream states, not information
processing or Freudian
interpretations
The psychological
property of light referred
to as color, determined by
the wavelengths of
reflected light.
stress and coping; used
"social readjustment
scale" to measure stress
30,000 genes needed to
build a human
Maintenance of a constant
state of inner stability or
balance
perspective that
emphasizes the
uniqueness of the
individual and the idea
that humans have free
will
chemical that carries
messages that travel
through the bloodstream
to help regulate bodily
functions
41b
Humanistic theory
hypothesis
Hyperopic
Id
hypnosis
Ideal Self
hypothalamus
identical twins
42a
a tentative statement or idea
expressing a causal
relationship between two
events or variables that is to
be evaluated in a research
study
An explanation of behavior that
emphasizes the entirety of life
rather than individual components
of behavior and focuses on human
dignity, individual choice, and selfworth
In Freud's theory, the
source of a person's
instinctual energy, which
works mainly on the
pleasure principle.
Able to see objects at a
distance clearly but
having trouble seeing
things up close; farsighted
In Roger's theory of
personality, the self a
person would ideally like
to be.
state with deep relaxation
and heightened suggestibility
twins from a single
fertilized egg (zygote)
with the same genetic
makeup; also called
monozygotic (MZ) twins
area of the brain that is part of
the limbic system and
regulates behaviors such as,
eating, drinking, sexual
behaviors, motivation; also
body temperature
42b
imagery
independent variable
Imaginary Audience
industrial/organizational
psychologist
implicit memory
inferential statistics
Impression Formation
informed consent
43a
the variable in a controlled
experiment that the
experimenter directly and
purposefully manipulates to
see how the other variables
under study will be affected
the creation or re-creation
of a mental picture of a
sensory or perceptual
experience
applies psychological
principles to the
workplace to improve
productivity and the
quality of work life
A cognitive distortion
experienced by adolescents, in
which they see themselves as
always "on stage" with an
audience watching
procedures used to draw
conclusions about larger
populations from small
samples of data
memory a person is not
aware of possessing
the agreement of participants to take
part in an experiment and their
acknowledgement that they
understand the nature of their
participation in the research, and
have been fully informed about the
general nature of the research, its
goals, and methods
The process by which a
person uses behavior and
appearance of others to
form attitudes about
them.
43b
inhibitory
neurotransmitter
insulin
Insight therapy
Intelligence
Insomnia
interference
instinct
interneurons
44a
hormone backpacks in the
regulation of blood sugar by
acting in the utilization of
carbohydrates; released by
pancreas; too muchhypoglycemia, too littlediabetes
chemical secreted at terminal
button that prevents (or
reduces ability of) the neuron
on the other side of the
synapse from firing
The overall capacity of an
individual to act purposefully,
to think rationally, and to deal
effectively with the
environment
Any therapy that attempts
to discover relationships
between unconscious
motivations and current
abnormal behavior.
the suppression of one bit Problems in going to sleep
of information by another
or maintaining sleep
nerve cell that transmits
messages between
sensory and motor
neurons
inherited, automatic
species-specific behaviors
44b
Interpersonal Attraction
introspection
Interpretation
ions
Intimacy
iris
Intrinsic motivation
Ivan Pavlov
45a
a person's description and
analysis of what he or she is
thinking and feeling or what
he or she has just thought
about
The tendency of one person
to evaluate another person
(or a symbol or image of
another person) in a positive
way.
electrically charged particles
found both inside and outside
a neuron; negative ions are
found inside the cell
membrane in a polarized
neuron
In Freud's theory, the technique of
providing a context, meaning, or
cause for a specific idea, feeling, or
set of behaviors; the process of
tying a set of behaviors to its
unconscious determinant.
colored part of the eye
that regulates size of pupil
A state of being or feeling in
which each person in a
relationship is willing to selfdisclose and to express
important feelings and
information to the other
person.
discovered classical
conditioning; trained
dogs to salivate at the
ringing of a bell
Motivation that leads to
behaviors engaged in for no
apparent reward except the
pleasure and satisfaction of
the activity itself
45b
James-Lange theory of
emotion
John Locke
Jean Piaget
Judith Langlois
John B Watson
just noticeable difference
(JND)
John Garcia
Karen Horney
46a
17th century English philosopher.
Wrote that the mind was a "blank
slate" or "tabula rasa"; that is,
people are born without innate
ideas. We are completely shaped by
our environment .
conscious experience of
emnotion results from
one's awareness of
physiological arousal
developmental psychology;:
social development &
processing, effects of
appearance on behavior, origin
of social stereotypes,
sex/love/intimacy, facial
expression
cognitive psychology; created a 4stage theory of cognitive
development, said that two basic
processes work in tandem to
achieve cognitive growth
(assimilation and accommodation)
experience of the
difference threshold
behaviorism; emphasis on
external behaviors of people
and their reactions on a given
situation; famous for Little
Albert study in which baby
was taught to fear a white rat
neo-Freudian, psychodynamic;
criticized Freud, stated that
personality is molded by current
fears and impulses, rather than being
determined solely by childhood
experiences and instincts, neurotic
trends; concept of "basic anxiety"
Researched taste aversion. Showed
that when rats ate a novel substance
before being nauseated by a drug or
radiation, they developed a
conditioned taste aversion for the
substance.
46b
Karl Wernicke
Kurt Lewin
Kenneth Clark
Langer & Rodin
kinesthesis
Language
Konrad Lorenz
Latency Stage
47a
social psychology; German refugee
who escaped Nazis, proved the
democratic style of leadership is the
most productive; studied effects of
3 leadership styles on children
completing activities
"Wernicke's area"; discovered area
of left temporal lobe that involved
language understanding: person
damaged in this area uses correct
words but they do not make sense
Social Psychology; Helping
behavior, personal
responsibility; studied the
effects of enhanced personal
responsibility and helping
behavior
social psychology; research
evidence of internalized
racism caused by
stigmatization; doll
experiments-black children
chose white dolls
A system of symbols, usually
body sense that provides
words, that convey meaning
information about the
and a set of rules for
position and movement of
combining symbols to
individual parts of the
generate an infinite number of
body
messages.
Freud's fourth stage of
personality development,
from about age 7 until
puberty, during which
sexual urges are inactive.
ethology (animal
behavior); studied
imprinting and critical
periods in geese
47b
Latent Content
Learned Helplessness
Latent Learning
Learned helplessness
Law of Effect
Learning
Lawrence Kohlberg
lens
48a
The behavior of giving up or not
responding to punishment,
exhibited by people or animals
exposed to negative consequences
or punishment over which they
have no control
The deeper meaning of a
dream, usually involving
symbolism hidden
meaning, and repressed or
obscured ideas and wishes
the behavior of giving up or not
responding, exhibited by people
and animals exposed to negative
consequences or punishment over
which they feel they have no
control.
Learning that occurs in the
absence of direct
reinforcement and that is not
necessarily demonstrated
through observable behavior
Relatively permanent
change in an organism
that occurs as a result of
experiences in the
environment
behaviors followed by pleasant
consequences are
strengthened while behaviors
followed by unpleasant
consequences are weakened
(Thorndike)
structure behind pupil
that changes shape to
focus light rays onto the
retina
moral development; presented boys
moral dilemmas and studied their
responses and reasoning processes in
making moral decisions. Most
famous moral dilemma is "Heinz"
who has an ill wife and cannot afford
the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
48b
Leon Festinger
Libido
Lev Vygotsky
Light
levels-of-processing
approach
limbic system
Lewis Terman
Linguistics
49a
In Freud's theory, the
instinctual (and sexual) life
force that, working on the
pleasure principle and seeking
immediate gratification,
energizes the id.
social cognition, cognitive
dissonance; Study Basics:
Studied and
demonstrated cognitive
dissonance
The small portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum
that is visible to the
human eye.
child development;
investigated how culture &
interpersonal communication
guide development; zone of
proximal development; play
research
a donut ring-shaped of loosely
connected structures located in the
forebrain between the central core
and cerebral hemispheres; consists
of: septum, cingulate gyrus,
endowments, hypothalamus, and to
campus, and amygdala; associated
with emotions and memories
The study of language,
including speech sounds,
meaning, and grammar.
brain encodes
information in different
ways or on different
levels; deeper processing
leads to deeper memory
revised Binet's IQ test and
established norms for American
children; tested group of young
geniuses and followed in a
longitudinal study that lasted beyond
his own lifetime to show that high IQ
does not necessarily lead to
wonderful things in life
49b
Little Albert
long-term potentiation
Lloyd and Margaret
Peterson
Longitudinal Study
Logic
Longitudinal Study
long-term memory
Lucid Dream
50a
the biochemical processes
that make it easier for the
neuron to respond again
when it has been
stimulated
subject in John Watson's
experiment, proved
classical conditioning
principles, especially the
generalization of fear
A research method that
focuses on a specific group of
individuals at different ages to
examine changes that have
occurred over time
did work on short-term
memory
A research approach that
The system of principles
follows a group of people
of reasoning used to reach
over time to determine
valid conclusions or make
change or stability in
inferences.
behavior.
Dream in which the
dreamer is aware of
dreaming while it is
happening
storage mechanism that
keeps a relatively
permanent record of
memory
50b
magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Manifest Content
Mainstreaming
Martin Seligman
maintenance rehearsal
Mary Ainsworth
Major depressive
disorder
Mary Cover-Jones
51a
The overt story line,
characters, and setting of
a dream-the obvious,
clearly discernible events
of the dream
learning; Positive Psychology;
learned helplessness theory
of depression; Studies: Dogs
demonstrating learned
helplessness
developmental psychology;
compared effects of maternal
separation, devised patterns of
attachment; "The Strange
Situation": observation of
parent/child attachment
behaviorism/learning;
pioneer in systematic
desensitization,
maintained that fear
could be unlearned
creates a computerized
image using a magnetic
field and pulses of radio
waves
Practice of placing children
with special needs in regular
classroom settings, with the
support of professionals who
provide special education
services
repetitive review of
information with little or
no interpretation
Depressive disorder characterized
by loss of interest in almost all of
life's usual activities; a sad,
hopeless, or discourage mood, sleep
disturbance; loss of appetite; loss of
energy; and feelings of
unworthiness and guilt.
51b
Masters & Johnson
median
mean
Mediation
Means-ends analysis
medulla (also medulla
oblongata)
measure of central
tendency
memory
52a
the measure of central
tendency that is the data
point with 50% of the
scores above it and 50%
below it
motivation; human sexual
response—studied how both
men and women respond to
and in relation to sexual
behavior
The use of a variety of techniques
including concentration, restriction
of incoming stimuli, and deep
relaxation to produce a state of
consciousness characterized by a
sense of detachment.
the arithmetic average of
a set of scores
part of the brain which
controls living functions such
as breathing, heart rate,
blood pressure, body
temperature
Heuristic procedure in which the
problem solver compares the
current situation with the desired
goal to determine the most efficient
way to get from one to the other.
the ability to recall past events,
images, ideas, or previously learned
information or skills; the storage
system that allows a person to
retain and retrieve previously
learned information
a descriptive statistic that
tells which result or score
best represents an entire
set of scores
52b
memory span
midbrain
menarche
midbrain
menopause
mode
Metal retardation
Model:
53a
the second level of the three
organizational structures of the brain
that receives signals from other parts
of the brain or spinal cord and either
relays the information to other parts
of the brain or causes the body to act
immediately; involved in movement
the middle division of brain
responsible for hearing and sight;
location where pain is registered;
includes temporal lobe, occipital
lobe, and most of the parietal lobe
the number of items a
person can reproduce
from short-term memory,
usually consisting of one
or two chunks
first menstrual period
the most frequently
occurring score in a set of
data
the cessation of the ability
to reproduce
an analogy or a perspective
that uses a structure from
one field to help scientists
describe data in another
field
Below-average intellectual
functioning, as measured on
an IQ test, accompanied by
substantial limitations in
functioning that originate
before age 8
53b
monism
Morality
Monochromats
Moro reflex
monocular cues
Morpheme
moral development
motivated forgetting
54a
A system of learned attitudes
about social practices,
instituations, and individual
behavior used to evaluate
situations and behavior as
right or wrong, good or bad
seeing mind and body as
different aspects of the
same thing
Reflex in which a newborn
strectches out the arms and
legs and cries in response to a
loud noise or an abrupt
change in the environment
People who cannot
perceive any color, usually
because their retinas lack
cones.
A basic unit of meaning in
a language.
depth cues that are based
on one eye
occurs when frightening,
traumatic events are
forgotten because people
want to forget them
growth in the ability to tell
right from wrong, control
impulses, and act ethically
54b
Motivation
motor projection areas
Motive
mutation
motive
myelin sheath
motor neurons
Myopic
55a
primary motor cortex;
areas of the three boat
cortex for response
messages from the brain
to the muscles and glands
any internal condition,
although usually an internal
one, that initates, activates, or
maintains an organism's goal
directed behavior
unexpected changes in the gene
replication process that are not
always evident in phenotype and
create unusual and sometimes
harmful characteristics of body or
behavior
a specific (usually internal)
condition, usually involving
some form of arousal, which
directs an organism's behavior
toward a goal.
a white, fatty covering of
the axon which speeds
transmission of message
a need or want that causes
someone to act
Able to see clearly things efferent neurons; neurons
that are close but having that carry messages from
trouble seeing objects at a
spinal cord/brain to
distance; nearsighted.
muscles and glands
55b
natural selection
nature-nurture
controversy
Naturalistic observation
Need
naturalistic observation
Need for achievement
nature
Negative Reinforcement
56a
deals with the extent to
which heredity and the
environment each
influence behavior
the principle that those
characteristics and behaviors that
help organisms adapt, be fit, and
survive will be passed on to
successive generations, because
flexible, fit individuals have a
greater chance of reproduction
State of physiological
imbalance usually
accompanied by arousal
A descriptive research
method in which
researchers study
behavior in its natural
context.
A social need that directs
a person to strive
constantly for excellence
and success
observing and recording
behavior naturally
without trying to
manipulate and control
the situation
Removal of a stimulus
after a particular
response to increase the
likelihood that the
response will recur
a person's inherited traits,
determined by genetics
56b
nerve
neurogenesis
nervous system
neuron
neural impulse
neuropsychologist
neural plasticity
neuroscience
57a
production of new brain
cells; November 1988:
cancer patients proved
that new neurons grew
until the end of life
bundles of axons
individual cells that are the
smallest unit of the nervous
system; it has three functions:
receive information, process
it, send to rest of body
the structures and organs that
facilitate electrical and
chemical communication in
the body and allow all
behavior and mental processes
to take place
concerned with the
relationship between
brain/nervous system and
behavior
action potential; the firing of a
nerve cell; the entire process of the
electrical charge (message/impulse)
traveling through inner on; can be
as fast as 400 fps (with myelin) or 3
fps (no myelin)
study of the brain and
nervous system; overlaps
with psychobiology
Ability of the brain to
change their experience,
both structurally and
chemically
57b
neurotransmitters
Nonverbal
Communication
Noam Chomsky
norepinephrine
Non-rapid Eye Movement
Sleep
Normal curve
nonconscious
normal distribution
58a
The communication of
information by cues or actions
that include gestures, tone of
voice, vocal inflections, and
facial expressions.
noradrenaline; chemical which is
excitatory, similar to adrenaline, and
affects arousal and memory; raises blood
pressure by causing blood vessels to
become constricted, but also carried by
bloodstream to the anterior pituitary
which relaxes ACTH thus prolonging
stress response
A bell-shaped graphic
representation of data
showing what percentage of
the population falls under
each part of the curve
approximate distribution of scores
expected when a sample is taken
from a large population, drawn as a
frequency polygon that often takes
the form of a bell-shaped curve,
called the normal curve
chemical messengers
released by terminal
buttons into the synapse
language development; disagreed
with Skinner about language
acquisition, stated there is an
infinite # of sentences in a
language, humans have an inborn
native ability to develop language
Four distinct stages of
sleep during which no
rapid eye movements
occur.
the level of consciousness
devoted to processes
completely unavailable to
conscious awareness (e.g.,
fingernails growing)
58b
Norms
Observational Learning
Theory
nurture
observer bias
Obedience
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
Object permanence
occipital lobes
59a
Theory that suggests that
organisms learn new
responses by observing the
behavior of a model and then
imitating it; aka. Social
learning theory
The scores and corresponding
percentile ranks of a large and
representative sample of
individuals from the
population for which a test
was designed
expectations of an
observer which may
distort an authentic
observation
a person's experiences in
the environment
Anxiety disorder characterized
by persistent and
uncontrollable thoughts and
irrational beliefs that cause the
performance of compulsive
rituals that interfere with daily
life.
Compliance with the
orders of another person
or group of people.
primary area for
processing visual
information
The realization of infants
that objects continue to
exist even when they are
out of sight
59b
Oedipus Complex
opiates (AKA narcotics)
olfaction
Opponent-process theory
Operant Conditioning
opponent-process theory
of emotion
operational definition
Optic chiasm
60a
Drugs derived from the
opium poppy, including
opium, morphine, and
heroin
Feelings of rivalry with the parent
of the same sex and sexual desire
for the parent of the other sex,
occurring during the phallic stage
and ultimately resolved through
identification with the parent of the
same sex.
Visual theory, proposed by Herring, that
color is coded by stimulation of three
types of paired receptors; each pair of
receptors is assumed to operate in an
antagonist way so that stimulation by a
given wavelength produces excitation
(increased firing) in one receptor of the
pair and also inhibits the other receptor.
sense of smell
following a strong emotion, an
opposing emotion counters the first
emotion, lessening the experience
of that emotion; on repeated
occasions, the opposing emotion
becomes stronger
Conditioning in which an increase
or decrease in the probability that a
behavior will recur is affected by
the delivery of reinforcement or
punishment as a consequence of the
behavior;
Point at which half of the
optic nerve fibers from
each eye cross over and
connect to the other side of
the brain.
a definition of a variable in
terms of the set of methods
or procedures used to
measure or study that
variable
60b
optic nerve
pancreas
Oral Stage
Panic Attack
Orgasm phase
parallel processing
Overjustification effect
Paranoid type of
schizophrenia
61a
organ lying between the
stomach and small intestine;
regulates blood sugar by
secreting to regulating
hormones insulin and
glucagon
carries impulses from the
eye to the brain
Anxiety disorders characterized
as acute anxiety, accompanied
by sharp increases in
autonomic nervous system
arousal, that is not triggered by
a specific event.
Freud's first stage of
personality development, from
birth to about age 2, during
which the instincts of infants
are focused on the mouth as
the primary pleasure center.
simultaneously analyzing
different elements of
sensory information, such
as color, brightness,
shape, etc.
the third phase of the sexual
response cycle, during which
autonomic nervous system activity
reaches its peak and muscle
contractions occur in spasms
throughout the body, but especially
in the genital area
type of schizophrenia
characterized by
hallucinations and delusions
of persecution or grandeur (or
both), and sometimes
irrational jealousy.
Decrease in likelihood that an
intrinsically motivated task,
after having been extrinsically
rewarded, will be performed
when the reward is no longer
given.
61b
parasympathetic nervous
system
participant
parathormone
Paul Ekman
parathyroid
Percentile score
parietal lobes
percentile score
62a
an individual who takes
part in an experiment and
whose behavior is
observed as part of the
data collection process
a branch of the autonomic
nervous system that maintains
normal body functions; it
calms the body after
sympathetic stimulation
hormone that controls
imbalances levels of calcium
emotion; found that facial and phosphate in the blood
expressions are universal and tissue fluid; influences
levels of excitability; secreted
by parathyroids
for glands embedded in the
A score indicating what thyroid; secretes
percentage of the test
parathormone; controls
population would obtain a announces level of calcium
and phosphate (which
lower score
influence levels of excitability)
the percentage of scores
at or below a certain score
processes sensory
information including
touch, temperature, and
pain from other body
parts
62b
Perception
Personality disorders
peripheral nervous
system
Phallic Stage
Personal Fable
phenotype
Personality
Phillip Zimbardo
63a
psychological disorders
characterized by inflexible and
longstanding maladaptive
behaviors that typically cause
stress and/or social or
occupational problems.
Freud's third stage of
personality development,
from about age 4 through age
7, during which children
obtain gratification primarily
from the genitals.
the expression of genes
social psychology; Stanford Prison Study;
college students were randomly assigned
to roles of prisoners or guards in a study
that looked at who social situations
influence behavior; showed that peoples'
behavior depends to a large extent on the
roles they are asked to play
Process by which an
organism selects and
interprets sensory input
so that it acquires
meaning.
division that connects the central
nervous system to the rest of the
body; includes all sensory and
motor neurons; divided into
somatic nervous system and
autonomic nervous system
A cognitive distortion experienced
by adolescents, in which they
believe they are so special and
unique that other people cannot
understand them and risky
behaviors will not harm them
A pattern of relatively
permanent traits,
dispositions, or
characteristics that give some
consistency to people's
behavior.
63b
Phineas Gage
Phonology
Phineas Gage
Photoreceptors
Phobic disorders
photoreceptors
Phoneme
pineal gland
64a
The study of the patterns and
distributions of speech
sounds in a language and the
tacit rules for their
pronunciation.
Vermont railroad worker who
survived a severe brain injury that
changed his personality and
behavior; his accident gave
information on the brain and which
parts are involved with emotional
reasoning
The light-sensitive cells in
the retina- the rods and
cones.
railroad worker who survived a
severe brain injury that
dramatically changed his
personality and behavior; case
played a role in the development of
the understanding of the
localization of brain function
light sensitive cells (rods
and cones) that convert
light to electrochemical
impulses
Anxiety disorders
characterized by excessive and
irrational fear of, and
consequent attempted
avoidance of, specific objects
or situations.
endocrine gland that
produces melatonin that
helps regulate sleep/wake
cycle
A basic or minimum unit
of sound in a language.
64b
pitch
placebo effect
pituitary gland
Placenta
placebo
Plateau phase
Placebo effect
polarization
65a
response to the belief that the
IV will have an effect, rather
than the IV's actual effect,
which can be a confounding
variable
the highness or lowness of
a sound
A mass of tissue that is
attached to the wall f the uterus
and connected to the
developing fetus by the
umbilical cord; it supplies
nutrients and eliminates waste
products
endocrine gland that produces a
large amount of hormones; it
regulates growth and helps control
other endocrine glands; located on
underside of brain; sometimes
called the "master gland"
the second phase of the sexual
response cycle, during which
physical arousal continues to
increase as the partners bodies
prepare for orgasm
typically a pill that is used
as a control in the
experiment; a sugar pill
when the neuron is at rest;
condition of neuron when the
inside of the neuron is negatively
charged relative to the outside of
Enron; is necessary to generate the
neuron signal in release of this
polarization
A nonspecific improvement
that occurs as a result of a
person's expectations of
change rather than as a direct
result of any specific
therapeutic treatment.
65b
polygenic inheritance
Positive Reinforcement
pons
positron emission
tomography (PET scan)
population
postconventional level of
moral development
positive psychology
Posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)
66a
Presentation of a stimulus
after a particular response in
order to increase the
likelihood that the response
will recur
process by which several
genes interact to produce
a certain trait; responsible
for most important traits
shows brain activity when
radioactively tagged
glucose rushes to active
neurons
part of the brain involved
in sleep/wake cycles; also
connects cerebellum and
medulla to the cerebral
cortex
morality based on one's
own individual moral
principles (i.e.,
conscience)
all of the individuals in
the group to which a
study applies
Psychological disorder that may
become evident after a person has
undergone extreme stress caused by
some type of disaster; common
symptoms include vivid, intrusive
recollections or reexperiences of the
traumatic event and occasional
lapses of normal consciousness
in emerging Theo psychology that
focuses on positive experiences;
includes subjective well-being, selfdetermination, the relationship
between positive emotions and
physical health, and the factors that
allow individuals, communities, and
societies to boorish
66b
Preconscious
Premack principle
preconscious
prenatal development
preconventional level of
moral development
Preoperational stage
Prejudice
Prevalence
67a
commonly occurring
behavior can reinforce a
less frequent behavior
Freud's level of the mind that
contains those experiences
that are not currently
conscious but may become so
with varying degrees of
difficulty.
period of development
from conception until
birth
level of consciousness that is
outside awareness but
contains feelings and
memories that can easily be
brought into conscious
awareness
Piaget's second stage of
cognitive development
(lasting from about age 2 to
age 6 or 7), during which the
child begins to represent the
world symbolically
the percentage of a
population displaying a
disorder during any
specified period.
morality based on
consequences to self
Negative evaluation of an
entire group of people,
typically based on unfavorable
(and often wrong) stereotypes
about groups.
67b
primacy effect
Problem Solving
Primary Punisher
procedural memory
Primary Reinforcer
Projection
proactive interference
Projective Tests
68a
The behavior of individuals
when confronted with a
situation or task that requires
insight or determination of
some unknown elements.
the more accurate recall
of items presented at the
beginning of a series
memory for skills,
including perceptual,
motor, and cognitive
skills required to
complete tasks
Any stimulus or event that
is naturally painful or
unpleasant to an
organism
Defense mechanism by
which people attribute
their own undesirable
traits to others.
Reinforcer that has
survival value for an
organism; this value does
not have to be learned
Devices or instruments used to
assess personality, in which
examinees are shown a
standard set of ambiguous
stimuli and asked to respond to
the stimuli in their own way.
previously learned
information interferes
with the ability to learn
new information
68b
Prosocial Behavior
Psychoactive Drug
Prototype
Psychoanalysis
pseudoscience
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
psychoanalytic
69a
A drug that alters behavior,
thought, or perception by
altering biochemical reactions
in the nervous system, thereby
affecting consciousness
Behavior that benefits someone else
or society but that generally offers
no obvious benefit to the person
performing it and may even involve
some personal risk or sacrifice.
A lengthy insight therapy that was
developed by Freud and aims at
uncovering conflicts and
unconscious impulses through
special techniques, including free
association, dream analysis, and
transference.
An abstraction, an idealized
pattern of an object or idea
that is stored in memory and
used to decide whether similar
objects or ideas are members
of the same class of items.
one who uses
psychoanalysis to treat
psychological problems
an unscientific system which
pretends to discover
psychological information that
his means are unscientific or
deliberately fraudulent
perspective developed by freud,
which assumes that psychological
problems are the result of anxiety
resulting from unresolved conflicts
and forces of which a person might
be unaware
a medical doctor who
specializes in the
diagnosis and treatment
of mental disorders
69b
psychobiology
psychology
Psychodynamically
psychometrician
Psycholinguistics
Psychoneuroimmunology
psychologist
Psychophysics
70a
the scientific study of
behavior and mental
processes
study that focuses on
biological foundations of
behavior and mental
processes; overlaps with
neuroscience
focuses on methods of
acquiring and analyzing
data
Therapies that use
approaches or techniques
derived from Freud, but that
reject or modify some
elements of Freud's theory.
An interdisciplinary area of
study that includes behavioral,
neurological, and immune
factors and their relationship
to the development of disease
The study of how
language is acquired,
perceived, understood,
and produced.
Subfield of psychology that
focuses on the relationship
between physical stimuli and
people's conscious experiences
of them.
professional who studies
behavior and uses behavioral
principles in scientific
research or in applied
settings
70b
Psychosurgery
Punishment
Psychotherapy
pupil
Psychotic
random sample
Puberty
range
71a
Process of presenting an
undesirable or noxious
stimulus, or removing a
desirable stimulus, to decrease
the probability that a
preceding response will recur
Brain surgery used in the
past to alleviate
symptoms of serious
mental disorders.
small opeing in iris that is
smaller in bright light and
larger in darkness
The treatment of
emotional or behavior
problems through
psychological techniques.
selection of a part of the
population without
reason; participation is by
chance
suffering from a gross
impairment in reality testing
that interferes with the ability
to meet the ordinary
demands of life.
the spread between the
highest and the lowest
scores in a distribution
The period during which the
reproductive system matures;
it begins with an increase in
the production of sex
hormones, which signals the
end of childhood
71b
Rape
Raw score
Rapid Eye Movement
Sleep
Raymond Cattell
Rational-emotive therapy
Reactance
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
72a
A test score that has not
been transformed or
converted in any way
Forcible sexual assault on
an unwilling partner.
intelligence: fluid &
crystal intelligence;
personality testing: 16
Personality Factors (16PF
personality test)
Stage of sleep characterized by
high-frequency, low-amplitude
brain-wave activity, rapid and
systematic eye movements,
more vivid dreams, and
postural muscle paralysis
The negative response evoked when
there is an inconsistency between a
person's self-image as being free to
choose and the person's realization
that someone is trying to force him
or her to choose a particular
occurrence.
A cognitive behavior
therapy that emphasizes
the importance of logical,
rational thought
processes.
Defense mechanism by which
people behave in a way
opposite to what their true
but anxiety-provoking
feelings would dictate.
Defense mechanism by which
people reinterpret
undesirable feelings or
behaviors in terms that make
them appear acceptable.
72b
Reasoning
recessive gene
recency effect
Reflex
Receptive fields
refractory period
receptor site
Regression
73a
member of the gene terror
that controls the appearance
of a certain trait only if it is
paired with the same gene
The purposeful process by
which a person generates
logical and coherent ideas,
evaluates situations, and
reaches conclusions.
Automatic behavior that occurs
involuntarily in response to a
stimulus and without prior
learning and usually shows
little variability from instance
to instance
the more accurate recall
of items presented at the
end of a series
after firing when a neuron Areas of the retina that,
will not fire again no
when stimulated, produce
matter how strong the
a change in the firing of
incoming message may be cells in the visual system.
A return to a prior stage after a
person has progressed through
the various stages of
development; caused by
anxiety.
a location on a receptor
neurons which is like a key to
a lock (with a specific nerve
transmitter); allows for
orderly pathways
73b
rehearsal
REM (rapid eye
movement) sleep
Reinforcer
René Descartes
relative refractory period
replication
Reliability
Representative sample
74a
sleep stage when the eyes
move about, during which
vivid dreams occur; brain
very active but skeletal
muscles paralyzed
process of repeatedly
verbalizing, thinking about, or
otherwise acting on or
transforming information in
order to keep that information
active in memory
17t century French
philosopher. Famously known
for writing "cogito ergo sum"
("I think, therefore I am").
Wrote about concept of
dualism.
Any event that increases
the probability of a
recurrence of the
response that preceded it
the repetition of an
experiment to test the
validity of its conclusion
a period after firing when a neuron
is returning to its normal polarize
state and will only fire again if the
incoming message open
parentheses impulse) is stronger
than usual; returning to arresting
state
A sample that reflects the
characteristics of the
population from which it
is drawn
Ability of a test to yield
very similar scores for the
same individual over
repeated testings
74b
Representative sample
Resilience
representative sample
Resistance
Repression
Resolution Phase
Residual type of
schizophrenia
response bias
75a
The extent to which
people are flexible and
respond adaptively to
external or internal
demands
A sample of individuals who
match the population with
whom they are being
compared with regard to key
variables such as
socioeconomic status and age
In psychoanalysis, an unwillingness
to cooperate, which a patient
signals by showing a reluctance to
provide the therapist with
information or to help the therapist
understand or interpret a situation.
selection of a part of the
population which mirrors
the current demographics
the fourth phase of the sexual
response cycle, following
orgasm, during which the
body returns to its resting, or
normal state
Defense mechanism by
which anxiety-provoking
thoughts and feelings are
forced to the unconscious.
preconceived notions of a
person answering [a
survey] which may alter
the experiments purpose
a schizophrenic disorder in
which the person exhibits
inappropriate affect, illogical
thinking, and/or eccentric
behavior but seems generally
in touch with reality.
75b
resting potential
retroactive interference
reticular formation (RF)
(RES)
retrograde amnesia
retina
Robert Rosenthal
retrieval
Robert Sternberg
76a
newly learned
information interferes
with the ability to recall
previously learned
information
when a neuron is in polarization;
more negative ions are inside the
neuron cell membrane with a
positive ions on the outside, causing
a small electrical charge; release of
this charge generates a neuron's
impulse (signal/message)
loss of memory of events
and experiences that
preceded an amnesiacausing event
netlike system of neurons that
weaves through limbic system and
plays an important role in attention,
arousal, and alert functions;
arouses and alerts higher parts of
the brain; anesthetics work by
temporary shutting off RF system
social psychology; focus on
nonverbal communication,
self-fulfilling prophecies;
Studies: Pygmalion Effecteffect of teacher's expectations
on students
light-sensitive surface on
back of eye containing
rods and cones
intelligence; devised the
Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence (academic
problem-solving, practical,
and creative)
process by which stored
information is recovered
from memory
76b
Robert Yerkes
Rosenhan
Robert Zajonc
Rosenthal & Jacobson
rods
Saccades
Rooting reflex
sample
77a
Psychopathology and Social Psychology;
effects of labeling; Rosenhan and
colleagues checked selves into mental
hospitals with symptoms of hearing voices
say "empty, dull and thud." Diagnosed
with schizophrenia. After entered, acted
normally. Never "cleared" of diagnosis.
Roles and labels in treating people
differently.
intelligence, comparative;
Yerkes-Dodson law: level
of arousal as related to
performance
Intelligence and learning, selffulfilling prophecy; Study Basics:
Researchers misled teachers into
believing that certain students had
higher IQs. Teachers changed own
behaviors and effectively raised the
IQ of the randomly chosen students
motivation; believes that
we invent explanations to
label feelings
Rapid voluntary
movements of the eyes.
photoreceptors that detect
black, white, and gray,
and movement; used for
vision in dim light
a group of participants who
are assumed to be
representative of the
population about which an
inference is being made
Reflex that causes a
newborn to turn the head
toward a light touch on
lips or cheek
77b
Saturation
schema
Schachter-Singer theory
of emotion
Schizophrenic disorders
Schema
school psychologist
schema
science
78a
a conceptual framework
that organizes
information and allows a
person to make sense of
the world
a group of psychological disorders
characterized by a lack of reality
testing and by deterioration of
social and intellectual functioning
and personality beginning before
age 45 and lasting at least 6 months
The depth and richness of a hue
determined by determined by the
homogeneity of the wavelengths
contained in the reflected light; also
known as purity.
we determine our emotion
based on our physiological
arousal, then label that
emotion according to our
explanation for that arousal
assesses and counsels
students, consults with
educators and parents, and
performs behavioral
intervention when necessary
In Piaget's view, a specific mental
structure; an organized way of
interacting with the environment and
experiencing it- a generalization a
child makes based on comparable
occurences of various actins, usally
physical, motor actions
way of getting knowledge
about the world based on
observation
framework of basic ideas
about people, objects and
events based on past
experience in long-term
memory
78b
scientific method
selection studies
Secondary Punisher
selective attention
Secondary Reinforcer
Self
Secondary Sex
Characteristics
Self-actualization
79a
studies that estimate the
hereditability of a trait by
breeding animals with
another animal that has
the same trait
in psychology, the
techniques used to
discover knowledge about
human behavior and
mental processes
Any neutral stimulus that
focused awareness of only initially has no intrinsic
a limited amount of all
negative value for an organism
but acquires punishing
you are capable of
qualities when linked with a
experiencing
primary punisher
Any neutral stimulus that
In Roger's theory of personality, the initially has no intrinsic value
perception an individual has of
for an organism but that
himself or herself and of his or her
relationships to other people and to becomes rewarding when
linked with a primary
various aspects of life.
reinforcer
In humanistic theory, the final level
of psychological development, in
which one strives to realize one's
uniquely human potential-to
achieve everything one is capable of
achieving
The genetically determined
physical features that
differentiate the sexes but are
not directly involved with
reproduction
79b
Self-actualization
Self-fulfilling prophecy
self-actualization
self-fulfilling prophecy
Self-efficacy
Self-perception Theory
Self-efficacy
Self-serving Bias
80a
The creation of a situation
that unintentionally
allows personal
expectancies to influence
participants
The process of growth and the
realization of individual potential; in
the humanistic view, a final level of
psychological development in which a
person attempts to minimize ill
health, be fully functioning, have a
superior perception of reality, and
feel a strong sense of self-acceptance.
when a researcher's
expectations unknowingly
create a situation that
affects the results
the human need to fulfill
one's potential
Approach to attitude
formation that assumes that
people infer their attitudes
and emotional states from
their behavior.
The belief that a person
can successfully engage in
and execute a specific
behavior
People's tendency to ascribe
their positive behaviors to
their own internal traits, but
their failures and
shortcomings to external,
situational factors.
A person's belief about
whether he or she can
successfully engage in and
execute a specific
behavior.
80b
Selye's General
Adaptation Syndrome
Sensorimotor stage
semantic memory
sensory adaptation
Semantics
sensory memory
Sensation
sensory neurons
81a
The first of Piaget's four stages of
cognitive development (covering
roughly the first 2 years of life),
during which the child develops
some motoer coordination skills
and a memory for past events
three-stage process which
describes the body's
reaction to stress: 1)
alarm reaction, 2)
resistance, 3) exahaustion
temporary decrease in
sensitivity to a stimulus
that occurs when
stimulation is unchanging
memory of ideas, rules,
words, and general
concepts about the world
performs initial encoding;
provides brief storage;
also called sensory
register
The analysis of the
meaning of language,
especially of individual
words.
afferent neurons; neurons
that carry messages from
sensory organs to the
brain and spinal cords
Process in which the sense
organs' receptor cells are
stimulated and relay initial
information to higher brain
centers for further processing.
81b
serotonin
shaping
set point
short-term storage
Sex
Signal Detection Theory
Shaping
significant difference
82a
positively reinforcing
closer and closer
approximation of a
desired behavior to teach
a new behavior
neurotransmitter that
affects sleep, arousal,
mood, appetite; lack of it
is linked with depression
holds information for
preset natural body
processing; fragile; also weight, determined by the
called short term memory number of fat cells in the
or working memory
body
Theory that holds that an observer's
perception depends not only on the
intensity of a stimulus but also on
the observer's motivation, the
criteria he or she sets for
determining that a signal is present,
and on the background noise.
The biologically based
categories of male and
female
in an experiment, a difference that
is unlikely to have occurred because
of chance alone and is inferred to
be most likely due to the systematic
manipulations of variables by the
researcher
Selective reinforcement of
behaviors that gradually
approach the desired
response
82b
Size constancy
Social Facilitation
Skinner Box
Social Influence
Social Categorization
Social Interest
Social Cognition
Social Loafing
83a
Change in behavior that
occurs when people
believe they are in the
presence of other people.
Ability of the visual perceptual
system to recognize that an object
remains constant in size regardless
of its distance from the observer or
the size of its image on the retina.
The ways people alter the
attitudes or behaviors of
others, either directly or
indirectly.
Named for its developer, B.F.
Skinner, a box that contains a
responding mechanism and a
device capable of delivering a
consequence to an animal in the
box whenever it makes the desired
response
In Adler's theory, a feeling The process of dividing
of openness with all
the world into "in" groups
humanity.
and "out" groups.
Decrease in effort and
productivity that occurs
when an individual works
in a group instead of
alone.
The process of analyzing
and interpreting events,
other people, oneself, and
the world in general.
83b
Social Need
Sociobiology
Social phobia
sociocultural psychology
social psychologist
Socrates
Social Psychology
Solomon Asch
84a
A discipline based on the premise
that even day-to-day behaviors are
determined by the process of natural
selection - that social behaviors that
contribute to the survival of a species
are passed on via the genes from one
generation to the next.
An aroused condition that
directs people to behave in
ways that allow them to feel
good about themselves and
others and to establish and
maintain relationships
perspective concerned
with how cultural
differences affect
behavior
Anxiety disorder characterized by
fear of, and desire to avoid,
situations in which the person
might be exposed to scrutiny by
others and might behave in an
embarrassing or humiliating way.
Ancient Greek
philosopher. Promoted
introspection by saying,
"Know thyself."
focuses on how the
individual's behavior and
mental processes are
affected by interactions
with other people
conformity; showed that social
pressure can make a person say
something that is obviously incorrect
; in a famous study in which
participants were shown cards with
lines of different lengths and were
asked to say which line matched the
line on the first card in length
The scientific study of how people
think about, interact with,
influence, and are influenced by the
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of
other people.
84b
somatic nervous system
split brain patients
sound localization
Spontaneous Recovery
Specific phobia
sports psychologist
spinal cord
standard deviation
85a
people whose corpus
callosum has been surgically
severed
division of peripheral
nervous system; controls
voluntary actions
Recurrence of an
extinguished conditioned
response, usually
following a rest period
the process by which the
location of sound is
determined
helps athletes improve
their focus, increase
motivation, and deal with
anxiety and fear of failure
Anxiety disorder characterized
by irrational and persistent
fear of a particular object or
situation, along with a
compelling desire to avoid it.
a descriptive statistic that
measures the variability
of data from the mean of
the sample
portion of the CNS that
carries messages to the
PNS; connects brain to
the rest of the body
85b
Standard score
Stanley Schachter
Standardization
state-dependent learning
Stanford-Binet
intelligence tests
statistics
Stanley Milgram
Stereotypes
86a
emotion; stated that in order
to experience emotions, a
person must be physically
aroused and know the
emotion before you
experience it
A score that expresses an
individual's position
relative to the mean,
based on the standard
deviation
Process of developing
the tendency to recall
uniform procedures for
information learned while in a
particular physiological state
administering and scoring
most accurately when one is in a test and for establishing
that physiological state again
norms
branch of mathematics
that deals with collecting,
classifying, and analyzing
data
Fixed, overly simple and often
erroneous ideas about traits,
attitudes, and behaviors of
groups of people; stereotypes
assume that all members of a
given group are alike.
constructed by Lewis
Terman, originally used
ratio IQ (MA/CA x 100);
now based on deviation
from mean
obedience to authority; had
participants administer what they
believed were dangerous electrical
shocks to other participants;
wanted to see if Germans were an
aberration or if all people were
capable of committing evil actions
86b
Stimulant
strain studies
Stimulus Discrimination
Stress
Stimulus Generalization
Stressor
storage
structuralism
87a
studies of hereditability it be a
behavioral traits using animals that
have been inbred to produce strains
that are genetically similar to one
another
A drug that increases
alertness, reduces fatigue,
and elevates mood
A nonspecific, emotional
response to real or imagined
challenges or threats; a result
of a cognitive appraisal by the
individual
Process by which an
organism learns to
respond only to a specific
stimulus and not to other
stimuli
An environmental stimulus
that affects an organism in
physically or psychologically
injurious ways, usually
producing anxiety, tension, and
physiological arousal
Process by which a
conditioned response becomes
associated with a stimulus that
is similar but not identical to
the original conditioned
stimulus
school of psychological
thought that considered the
structure and elements of
conscious experience to be the
proper subject matter of
psychology
the process of
maintaining or keeping
information readily
available; the locations
where information is held
87b
Subgoal analysis
Sucking reflex
Sublimation
Superego
Subliminal perception
Superstitious Behavior
Substance Abuser
Survey
88a
Reflex that causes a
newborn to make sucking
motions when a finger or
nipple if placed in the
mouth
Heuristic procedure in
which a problem is
broken down into smaller
steps, each of which has a
subgoal.
In Freud's theory, the moral aspect
of mental functioning comprising
the ego ideal (what a person would
ideally like to be) and the
conscience and taught by parents
and society.
Defense mechanism by
which people redirect
socially unacceptable
impulses toward
acceptable goals.
Behavior learned through
coincidental association
with reinforcement
Perception below the
threshold of awareness.
One of the descriptive
methods of research; it
requires construction of a set
of questions to administer to a
group of participants
A person who overuses
and relies on drugs to deal
with everyday life
88b
survey research
synaptic cleft
sympathetic nervous
system
synaptic vesicles
Symptom substitution
Syntax
synapse
Systematic
desensitization
89a
synaptic gap or synaptic space; tiny
gap between the terminal of one
neuron and the dendrites of
another neuron (almost never
touch); location of the transfer of
an impulse from one neuron to the
next
the measurement of
public opinion through
the use of sampling and
questioning
tiny oval-shaped sacs in a
terminal of one neuron; assist
in transferring mineral
impulse from one neuron to
another neuron by releasing
specific neurotransmitters
a branch of the autonomic
nervous system and prepares
the body for quick action in
emergencies; "fight or flight"
The way words and
groups of words combine
to form phrases, clauses,
and sentences.
The appearance of one
overt symptom to replace
another that has been
eliminated by treatment.
A three-stage
counterconditioning
procedure in which people are
taught to relax when
confronting stimuli that
forming elicited anxiety.
the space between two
neurons where
neurotransmitters are
secreted by terminal buttons
and received by dendrites
89b
Temperament
thalamus
temporal lobes
Thanatology
Teratogen
theory
terminal buttons (axon
terminals)
Theory of mind
90a
motor sensory relay center for four
of the five senses; and with a brain
stem and composed of two eggshaped structures; integrates in
shades incoming sensory signals;
Mnemonic-"don't smell the llamas
because the llamas smell bad"
Early-emerging and longlasting individual differences
in disposition and in the
intensity and especially the
quality of emotional reactions
The study of the
psychological and medical
aspects of death and
dying
main area for hearing,
understanding language
(Wernicke's area),
understanding music;
smell
a collection of interrelated
ideas and facts put forward to
describe, explain, and predict
behavior and mental
processes
Substance that can
produce developmental
malformations (birth
defects) during the
prenatal period
An understanding of mental
states such as feelings, desires,
beliefs, and intentions and of
the causal role they play in
human behavior
ends of axons that secrete
neurotransmitters
90b
thyroid gland
Token economy
thyroxine
token economy
timbre
Tolerance
Time-out
Tolman
91a
An operant conditioning
procedure in which individuals
who display appropriate
behavior receive tokens that
they can exchange for desirable
items or activities.
operant training system that
uses secondary reinforcers
(tokens) to increase
appropriate behavior; learners
can exchange tokens for
desired rewards
located in neck; regulates
metabolism by secreting
thyroxine
released by thyroid; hormone that
regulates the body's metabolism;
OVERACTIVE-over-excitability,
insomnia, reduced attention span,
fatigue, snap decisions, reduced
concentration (hyperthyroidism);
UNDERACTIVE-desire to sleep,
constantly tired, weight gain
(hypothyroidism)
The characteristic of
requiring higher and
higher doses of a drug to
produce the same effect.
the quality of a sound
determined by the purity
of a waveform
cognition; studied rats
and discovered the
"cognitive map" in rats
and humans
An operant conditioning
procedure in which a person is
physically removed from
sources of reinforcement to
decrease the occurrence of
undesired behaviors.
91b
top-down processing
Transference
Trait
triarchic theory of
intelligence
Transduction
Trichromatic theory
transfer appropriate
processing
Trichromats
92a
Psychoanalytic phenomenon in
which a therapist becomes the
object of a patient's emotional
attitudes about an important
person in the patient's life, such
as a parent.
information processing
guided by pre-existing
knowledge or
expectations to construct
perceptions
Robert Sternberg's theory
that describes intelligence
as having analytic,
creative and practical
dimensions
Any readily identifiable
stable quality that
characterizes how an
individual differs from
other individuals.
Visual theory, stated by Young
and Helmholtz that all colors
can be made by mixing the
three basic colors: red, green,
and blue; a.k.a the YoungHelmholtz theory.
Process by which a
perceptual system analyzes
stimuli and converts them
into electrical impulses; also
known as coding.
People who can perceive
all three primary colors
and thus can distinguish
any hue.
occurs when initial processing
of information is similar to the
process of retrieval; the better
the match, the better the recall
92b
twin studies
Unconditioned Response
Type A behavior
Unconditioned Stimulus
Type B behavior
Unconscious
Types
unconscious
93a
Unlearned or involuntary
response to an
unconditioned stimulus
studies as identical and
rhetorical twins to determine
relative influence of heredity
and environment on human
behavior
Stimulus that normally
produces a measurable
involuntary response
Behavior pattern characterized
by competitiveness,
impatience, hostility, and
constant efforts to do more in
less time
Behavior pattern
Freud's level of mental life
exhibited by people who
that consists of mental
are calmer, more patient,
activities beyond people's
and less hurried than
normal awareness.
Type A individuals
level of consciousness that
includes unacceptable
feelings, wishes, and thoughts
not directly available to
conscious awareness
Personality categories in
which broad collections of
traits are loosely tied
together and interrelated.
93b
Undifferentiated type of
schizophrenia
Variable-interval
Schedule
Validity
Variable-ratio Schedule
variability
Vasocongestion
variable
vestibular sense
94a
A reinforcement schedule in which
a reinforcer (reward) is delivered
after predetermined but varying
amounts of time, provided that the
required response occurs at least
once after each interval
a schizophrenic disorder that
is characterized by a mixture
of symptoms and does not
meet the diagnostic criteria of
any one type.
A reinforcement schedule in
which a reinforcer (reward) is
delivered after a
predetermined but variable
number of responses has
occurred
Ability of a test to
measure what it is
supposed to measure and
to predict what it is
supposed to predict
In the sexual response
cycle, engorgement of the
blood vessels, particularly
in the genital area, due to
increased blood flow
the extent to which scores
differ from one another
body sense of equilibrium
and balance
a condition or characteristic of
a situation or a person that is
subject to change (it varies)
within or across situations or
individuals
94b
visual acuity
Walter B. Cannon
Visual cortex
Wechsler intelligence tests
Von Restorff effect
Wernicke's area
Vulnerability
Wilhelm Wundt
95a
motivation; believed that
gastric activity as in empty
stomach, was the sole basis for
hunger; did research that
inserted balloons in stomachs
sharpness of vision
three age individual IQ
tests: WPPSI (children),
WISC (children), WAIS
(adults)
The most important area of the
brain's occipital lobe, which
receives and further processes
information from the lateral
geniculate nucleus; also known
as the striate cortex.
located in left temporal
lobe; plays role in
understanding language
and making meaningful
sentences
occurs when recall is
better for a distinctive
item, even if it occurs in
the middle of a list
structuralism; in 1879 founded
first psychology laboratory in
world at University of Leipzig;
introspection, basic units of
experience
A person's diminished
ability to deal with
demanding life events.
95b
William Dement
Wolpe
William James
working memory
William Sheldon
Working through
Withdrawal Symptoms
Zajonc & Markus
96a
learning; systematic
desensitization
Sleep researcher who
discovered and coined the
phrase "rapid eye
movement" (REM) sleep.
Temporarily holds current or
recent information for immediate
or short-term use; Information is
maintained for 20-30 seconds while
active processing (e.g., rehearsal)
takes place
founder of functionalism;
studied how humans use
perception to function in
our environment
In psychoanalysis, the
repetitive cycle of
interpretation, resistance
to interpretation, and
transference.
personality; theory that linked
personality to physique on the
grounds that both are governed by
genetic endowment: endomorphic
(large), mesomorphic (average),
and ectomorphic (skinny)
intelligence and development;
discovered that first born and
only children tend to have
higher IQs than latter born
children
The Reaction experienced
when a substance abuser
stops using a drug with
dependence properties
96b
zone of proximal
development
Zygote
97a
the range between the level at
which a child can solve a problem
working alone with difficulty, and
the level at which a child can solve a
problem with the assistance of
adults or children with more skill
A fertilized egg
97b