More allomorphs
Phonological Analysis
Complementary distribution
separate phonemes or allophones?
• Akan
Phonology II
• minimal pairs?
3 allomorphs for a negative marker:
Yes - phonemes (contrastive/phonemic)
NCTU FLL Phonetics and Phonology sp13
Week 10 Y. Lai
The situation in which phones NEVER occur
in the same phonetic environment,
• in complementary distribution?
e.g., [p] [ph] in English
Yes - allophones
No - free variation
Complementary distribution in
Free variation
English letters
•
• cursive - handwriting, variations
a
print
which one sounds is substituted for
another without chaning the word’s
meanings.
e.g. ‘often’, ‘the’
[x]!voiceless velar fricative
[x]!voiceless velar fricative
[k]! voiceless velar stop
[k]! voiceless velar stop
Greek
[c] !voiceless palatal stop
[ҫ]!voiceless palatal fricative
[ҫ]!voiceless palatal fricative
1. [kano]! “do”! !
!
9. [ҫeri]
2. [xano]! “lose”! !
!
10. [kori]!
“daughter”
3. [ҫino]! “pour”!!
!
11. [xori]!
“dances”
4. [cino]! “move”!
!
12. [xrima] “money”
“charms”! !
13. [krima] “shame”
5. [kali] !
“hand”
“handful”
k-x
c-ç
k-x
1. [kano]! “do”! !
!
9. [ҫeri]
2. [xano]! “lose”! !
!
10. [kori]!
“daughter”
3. [ҫino]! “pour”!!
!
11. [xori]!
“dances”
4. [cino]! “move”!
!
12. [xrima] “money”
“charms”! !
13. [krima] “shame”
5. [kali] !
!
14. [xufta]
6. [xali] ! “plight”!
!
14. [xufta]
7. [ҫeli]!
“eel”! !
!
15. [kufeta] “bonbons”
7. [ҫeli]!
“eel”! !
!
15. [kufeta] “bonbons”
8. [ceri]!
“candle”! !
16. [oҫi]
8. [ceri]!
“candle”! !
“no”
Assimilation
makes neighboring segments more similar by copying or
spreading its features
•
“hand”
6. [xali] ! “plight”!
Homorganic nasalization. Change the place of
articulation of a nasal consonant so that it agrees with
the place feature of articulation of a following consonant
•
in+excusable, in+attentive, in+tolerable, in+definable, in
+novation, in+surmountable
•
•
impossible, imbalance, immaterial,
incomplete, inglorious
16. [oҫi]
“handful”
u
e
k-x
k-x
•
•
•
•
[ҫ]!voiceless palatal fricative
shi [ʃi]
chi [tʃi] tsu [tsɯ]
1. [kano]! “do”! !
!
9. [ҫeri]
2. [xano]! “lose”! !
!
10. [kori]!
“daughter”
3. [ҫino]! “pour”!!
!
11. [xori]!
“dances”
4. [cino]! “move”!
!
12. [xrima] “money”
“charms”! !
13. [krima] “shame”
5. [kali] !
l
[k]:! before [a], [o], [u], [r]
[k] vl velar stop
[x]:! before [a], [o], [u], [r]
[x]! vl velar fricative
[c]:! before [i], [e]
[c] vl palatal stop
[ҫ]! before [i], [e]
Greek
[c] !voiceless palatal stop
o
[ҫ]! vl palatal fricative
Complementary distribution ?
____ phonemes? _____allophones?
“hand”
6. [xali] ! “plight”!
!
14. [xufta]
7. [ҫeli]!
“eel”! !
!
15. [kufeta] “bonbons”
8. [ceri]!
“candle”! !
16. [oҫi]
“handful”
“no”
Practice
singular
plural
Gloss
dɑl
gyl
dɑl- lɑr
gyl- ler
branch
rose
diʃ
kol
zel
diʃ- ler
kol- lɑr
zel- ler
tooth
arm
dog
kɯz
kul
kɯz- lɑr
kul- lɑr
daughter
slave
Vowel harmony
“no”
Dissimilation
/n/
• I can ask
• I can see
• I can bake
• I can play
• I can go
i
[k]! voiceless velar stop
Environment
Greek
[c] !voiceless palatal stop
Japanese drill
k
s
t
n
h
m
y
r
w
• Alternative pronunciations of a word in
(allograph) in different contexts
[x]!voiceless velar fricative
German devoicing
A segment becomes less similar to its neighboring sound
aɪ kæn æsk
aɪ kæn si
aɪ kæm bek
aɪ kæm ple
aɪ kæŋ ɡo
• 5th • Fifth /fɪfθ/ to [fɪft]
• 6th • Sixth /sɪksθ/ to [sɪkst]
• German has both voiced and voiceless
obstruents as phonemes, but when they
occur at the end of words, they become
voiceless.
Distinctive Features
• For two phones/sounds, to contrast meaning
there must be some difference b/t them
e.g., the phonetic feature of voicing
Feature values
•
[+ feature] or [-feature] to indicate the
presence or absence of that particular
feature
• e.g., [b] is [+voiced] and [p] is [-voiced]
distinguishes [s] from [z]
Feature values
•
[+ feature] or [-feature] to indicate the
presence or absence of that particular
feature
• e.g., [b] is [+voiced] and [p] is [-voiced]
What are YOUR
distinctive features?
• When a feature distinguishes one phoneme
from another, it is a distinctive feature or a
phonemic feature
Features in ASL
• Signs can also be broken down into features:
• The location, movement, and handshape
are distinctive features
• Minimal pairs can be found to prove that
these features are distinctive
• There are also nondistinctive features of
ASL such as whether a sign is articulated
with the right or the left hand
Natural Classes
Phonological rule
Greek
• Phonological rules often apply to natural
classes of sounds
•
A natural class is a group of sounds described by a
small number of distinctive features
•
Natural classes can be defined by + and – feature
values
• Palatalize velar consonants before front
vowels
[+velar] ! [+palatal] / ___ [-back]