p. 443 - 457
I. Leaders
A. Axis
1. Adolf Hitler – Germany (did already)
2. Benito Mussolini – Italy (did already)
3. Emperor Hirohito – (1901-1989) Japan
a. The emperor was regarded as divine by Japanese. Reality little power.
b. Reluctantly supported invasion of Manchuria & war with China. “Asia for
Asians.
(Panay Incident???)
c. Attempted to encourage cooperation with Britain and the USA.
d. had no choice but to approve the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
e. Despite lack of enthusiasm to go to war, was pleased with the Japanese
military & naval successes.
f. After the atomic bomb attacks, wants Japan to surrender.
g. August 15, 1945, makes a radio broadcast announcing the end of the war
(first time the people of Japan had heard the voice of their emperor.)
h. Some Allied leaders want to try him as war criminal.
B. Allies
1. Joseph Stalin – USSR – (already did)
2. Franklin D. Roosevelt – USA –
a. Guided US through Depression
b. Initially kept America out of World War Two
c. Provided financial assistance and equipment to Britain and its allies.
d. Devoted time to the planning of the post-war workload, (UN).
3. Harry Truman – USA – took FDR’s place when he died, decided to drop
atomic bomb.
4. Winston Churchill – Great Britain
a. May 13, 1940 became Prime Minister – later fall of France
b. To parliament -“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”
c. Led G.B. through the Battle of Britain
d. “Give us the tools and we'll finish the job” - asks US for supplies
e. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on
the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.
f. “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so
few.” Battle of Britain
g. “If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the
devil in the House of Commons.” Following Germany’s attack on USSR
5. Big Three – Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin
a. Decide the plans of WW2 and the future.
II. Generals
A. Axis
1. Wilhelm Keitel – German #1 general - Hitler's chief military advisor,
completely loyal to Hitler.
2. Erwin Rommel – Desert Fox –
a. blitzkrieg, famous for attack on France and exploits in
N. Africa.
b. “He outwitted, bluffed, deceived, cheated the enemy. It
was said that his greatest pleasure was to trick his
opponents into premature and often quite needless
surrender.” David Irving
c. Not given enough supplies to win
d. Committed suicide when falsely accused of plotting
against Hitler.
2. Heinz Guderian - Regarded as one of the
leading pioneers of modern mechanized warfare.
3. Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff during the
war. Hitler's first adviser on strategic and operations
matters.
2. Hideki Tojo – Japan - Axis
a. led his country's war efforts after the attack on the U.S.
base at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941,
b. under his direction smashing victories were initially
scored throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
c. was tried for war crimes and was found guilty, hanged.
3. Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto –
a. led attack on Pearl Harbor –
b. "I'm afraid we have awakened a sleeping giant and filled it
with terrible resolve,"
c. Plane shot down
B. Bernard Montgomery – British – Monty – beat Rommel
C. Dwight Eisenhower – US – In charge of European theater
D. Douglas Macarthur – US – Pacific theater of war – island hopping
E. George Patton – US – famous tank commander – “Old blood and guts”
F. Admiral Chester Nimitz – US – Pacific fleet commander
G. Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov – USSR –
a. took charge of the defense of Stalingrad where
b. oversaw the encirclement and surrender of the German 6th Army.
c. coordinated the Soviet armies at the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle
in history, the defeat of the Germans at Kursk was the turning point of the
war.
d. Zhukov led the final Soviet assault on Germany in 1945, capturing Berlin
in April and becoming a world famous figure
III. Inventions
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Jets - Messerschmitt Me 262 , Me163 Komet rocket fighters
Radar
Sonar
Missles – V1 flying bomb “Buzz Bomb”, V2 ballistic missile
Aircraft carriers
Assault weapons – MP 44
Submachine gun
G. Napalm
H. penicillin
I. Synthetic rubber
J. Magnetron which is now used in microwave ovens
k. Atomic bomb – Little boy Hiroshima, Fat Man Nagasaki
L. SPAM
M. Helicopters
N. Operational Battle Tanks
O. Synthetic motor oil
P. Aluminum
Tanks
IV. Main Battles/Events
A. European Theater – After Poland invasion
1. Phony War – Sitzkrieg
2. USSR under Stalin takes –
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland
3. Apr. 9, 1939 Hitler takes Den and Norway
4. May 1940 Hitler takes low countries
more
5. France
- Maginot Line
- Dunkirk
-France Surrenders on June 22
- Occupied France and Vichy France
- Charles deGaulle
Now Britain Is All Alone!
6. U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union..........................$11 billion
France..................................$3 billion
China..................................$1.5 billion
Other European......................$500 million
South America.......................$400 million
The amount totaled:
$48,601,365,000
Lend-Lease
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
7. Great Britain –
- Germans assemble
- Luftwaffe vs. RAF
- Battle of Britain / Blitz
- Radar allows GB to maximize the RAF
Date:July 1940 to May 1941 (with main daylight
battles taking place in August to October)
Location:United Kingdom airspace, mostly over
southern England
Result:British strategic victory
Combatants United Kingdom Germany
Commanders Hugh Dowding, Hermann Göring
Strength approx 700 fighters (at the
beginning)1,260 bombers; 320 dive-bombers;
1,090 fighters (at the beginning)
Casualties1,550 aircraft; Civilian: 27,450 dead,
32,140 wounded1,890 aircraft
8. Axis invasion
- Fall 1940 Italy invades Eg & Greece
- Apr. 1941 Ger. Invades Yugo
- May 1941 Ger invades Greece
- June 1941 Ger signs Turkey
- June 22, 1941 Ger invades USSR
(Barbarossa)
- Stalingrad (0 – 48) – Turning point - sniper
- (US and Pearl Harbor)
9. The Atlantic Charter
 Roosevelt and
Churchill sign
treaty of
friendship in
August 1941.
 Solidifies alliance.
 Fashioned after
Wilson’s 14 Points.
 Calls for League of
Nations type
organization.
10. North Africa –Nov. 1942 - Rommel
11. “Soft Underbelly” – Sept. 1943 - Anzio
12. “Round the Clock Bombing” (0-2 min)
Little Friends
13. D-day/Normandy/Operation Overlord
Band (3 min – end)
14. Battle of the Bulge - December 16, 1944 to January 25, 1945
15. May 8, 1945 Ger. Surrenders
(V E Day)
WW2 Pwpt 2
Europe theatre Pwpt.
B. Pacific Theatre
1. 1931 Japan attacks China – 1st
belligerent action.
2. Panay incident -Japanese attack on the
United States Navy gunboat Panay Dec.
12, 1937
3. Dec. 7,1941 – Pearl Harbor and … (data)
a. Gen. Yamamoto
b. Dec. 8 – “This day will live in infamy” FDR
c. Other US and British military installations attacked also
d. Bataan Death March - 72,000 prisoners taken together, killing rate of one
in four up to two in seven (25% to 28.5%)
4. Doolittle Raids - April 18, 1942. Left from carrier Hornet, Doolittle led a flight
of 16 B-25 bombers on a daring raid over Japan, hitting targets in Tokyo,
Yokohama, and other cities, scoring a moral huge victory. (start at 3)
5. Battle of Coral Sea - May 4-8, 1942 - air and naval engagement between the
US, Australians and Japanese on May 7-8, 1942.
• stopped the Japanese advance to Australia.
• first naval battle fought without the opposing ships making contact,
6. Battle of Midway - June 4-7, 1942, effectively destroyed Japan’s naval
strength when the US destroyed four of its aircraft carriers. Japan’s navy
never recovered and it was on the defensive after this battle. US on offense.
Chester W. Nimitz
Yamamoto Isoroku
3 carriers,
~25 support ships,
233 carrier aircraft,
127 land-based aircraft
4 carriers,
2 battleships,
~15 support ships (heavy and
light cruisers, destroyers),
248[2] carrier aircraft, 16
floatplanes
Did not participate in battle:
2 light carriers,
5 battleships,
~41 support ships (Yamamoto
"Main Body", Kondo "Strike
Force" plus "Escort" and
"Occupation Support Force")
carrier sunk,
1 destroyer sunk,
98 aircraft destroyed[citation needed],
307 killed[3]
4 carriers sunk,
1 cruiser sunk,
248 carrier aircraft destroyed,
3,057 killed
7. Island hopping – Macarthur and Nimitz
•
•
•
•
•
•
January 1943, New Guinea Invaded
Tarawa invaded, Nov. 20, 1943
Marianas secured on June 19, 20, 1944
Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944
Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945
Okinawa, April 1, 1945
• Kamikaze
• Banzai Charge
8. Japanese atrocities – Rape of Nanking, Philippines, testing disease,
experimenting on soldiers, prisoners of war. (US interned Japanese civilians)
9. Atomic bombing of Japan – Warned???
a. Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 – 140,000
b. Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945 – 80,000
10. V-J Day – Aug. 14, 1945 – Some don’t sur..
VI. Conference - Feb. 4–11, 1945
A. Yalta – Big 3 met to met at Yalta in the Crimea to plan the
final defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany. Germany
was to be divided into zones - U.S., British, French, &
Soviets. Allies stated they had no duty to Germans except
minimum subsistence, German military industry would be
abolished or confiscated, and major war criminals to be
tried at an international court, which subsequently
presided at Nuremberg. More details on UN. Eastern
Eur. would hold elections to determine new gov’t. USSR
would help with Japan. Unconditional surrender was goal.
• B. Potsdam - July 17 to August 2, 1945 - topics administration of defeated Germany, the demarcation of
the boundaries of Poland, the occupation of Austria, the
definition of the Soviet Union’s role in eastern Europe,
the determination of reparations, and the further
prosecution of the war against Japan. The good will
characterized former wartime conferences was missing
at Potsdam, each nation was most concerned with its
own self-interest, and Churchill was suspicious of Stalin.
Stalin will reverse on many of the earlier agreements.
WW II Casualties: Europe
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
WW II Casualties: Asia
Each symbol
indicates 100,000
dead in the
appropriate theater
of operations
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.
Massive Human Dislocations
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R.
Emerged as the Two Superpowers
of the later 20c
The Bi-Polarization of Europe:
The Beginning of the Cold War
The Division of Germany:
1945 - 1990
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
Japanese War Crimes Trials
General
Hideki Tojo
Bio-Chemical
Experiments
7 Future American Presidents
Served in World War II
The Race for
Space
Early Computer Technology
Came Out of WW II
Colossus, 1941
Mark I, 1944
Admiral Grace Hooper,
1944-1992
COBOL language
The Emergence of Third
World Nationalist Movements
The De-Colonization of
European Empires
Was the US justified in dropping
the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima?
1. Yes
2. No
50%
1
50%
2
Nagasaki?
1. Yes
2. No
3. Should have
waited/given more
time.
33%
1
33%
2
33%
3
Which of the following dictators would
you least like to live under?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hitler
Mussolini
Hirohito
Stalin
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
After looking at WWII, who would you
least like to be attacked by? (no Abomb)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Germany
USSR
Japan
Italy
USA
20%
1
20%
20%
2
3
20%
4
20%
5