The Enlightenment
Cultural and intellectual movement based on
reason, ca. 1650-1790
n
The Philosophers:
We
finally -have
a new
voice
is not the
n Voltaire
held that
science
andthat
rationalism
are the There
key to the
of the
human
Church.
willimprovement
be a shift in
aesthetics,
condition. Argued for a separation of church
artistsofand
society.
and state;in
freedom
religion.
What are Burke (1757) and Kant (1790)
in their
writings?
How that
willfeeling
their
n saying
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
- believed
andwritings
emotions affect
trumped
that the
artreason
and and
artists?
return to the natural, or the “primitive state”
would lead to the salvation of humankind.
Very political. Involved in French Revolution
Modern Art
When did Modern Art begin?
When did Modern Art begin?
n
n
n
1776/1789: American and
French Revolutions?
1814: Goya’s painting the Third
of May, 1808?
1863: landmark exhibition at the
Salon des Refusés in Paris?
Neoclassicism
n
n
n
n
Neoclassicism was opposed to the Rococo style of art.
The Roman Empire was selected as the model to emulate.
n This was fueled by the archaeological discoveries of the
time.
The goal was to reform society. Neoclassicists enlisted ancient
virtue, morality, and ethics as the solution to what they considered
to be the frivolity, licentiousness, and luxury of 18th century elites.
Art is characterized by a restraint of emotion and subjects that
inspired morality.
Do these new standards relate to earlier artistic
philosophies of the Renaissance, Baroque & Rococo?
Neoclassicism
Jacques-Louis David
The Oath of the Horatii, 1784, Oil on Canvas
Neoclassicism
Poussin
Rubens
n
n
Poussinistes - artists who used subdued color palettes, and placed importance on
draftsmanship and sculptural forms.
Rubenistes - artists who used a vibrant palette and aggressive brush strokes.
- Géricault and Delacroix (Romantics)
Neoclassical Sculpture
n
Neoclassical style was also applied to sculptures.
n
n
It was the style of choice for official portraits, relief sculpture
and monuments.
Napoleon Bonaparte’s sister, Pauline Borghese, had herself
sculpted as Venus the goddess of love.
Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus
Victrix. 1808. Marble, life-size
Neoclassicism vs.
Romanticism
Ingres, Grande Odalisque (1814)
Discuss these works critically. Focus on
the content, context and artistic ideals
of the artworks.
Delacroix, Odalisque (1845-50)
Romanticism
n
n
Romanticism reflected the revolutionary spirit of the times with
an emphasis on emotions.
n Characteristics:
n Extremes of emotion
n Great brushwork
n A bright color palette
A favorite theme was nature because it was considered
unpredictable and uncontrollable.
Romantic
Eugene Delacroix
Entry of the Crusaders into
Constantinople on
12 April 1204, 1840
Style: Rubeniste
Eugene Delacroix
Romantic
What is the subject
of this painting?
The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826, Oil on Canvas
Romantic
Theodore Gericault
The Raft of
Medusa.
1818.
What is the
political
meaning
behind this
painting?
Francisco Goya
n
n
n
He is considered the greatest painter of the Neoclassical and
Romantic periods but belonged to neither artistic group.
n Never visited France (artistic center) and unknown to
painters of the 18th-19th c.
Goya is best known for his works of political satire and
condemnations of war.
Goya heightens emotion by the use of color tones and strong
chiaroscuro.
Romantic
The Third of May, 1808
What is happening
in this painting?
What is the focus
of this painting?
The Academy
n
n
n
The Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (1648) in Paris set
up rules of style and subject matter that were considered
appropriate.
n Although very popular during this time Academic Painting
had the least influence on the development of Modern Art.
n Modern painters wanted to paint realistically and therefore
objected to Academic Art (conceptual vs. optical)
Realist artists chose to represent subjects evident in everyday
life.
n Where else have we seen everyday life depicted?
Later on, the Salon des Réfusés was the century’s most important
gathering of avant-garde artists. It was suggested by Napoleon
III as an alternate exhibition.
Realism
n
The artists:
n
n
n
Honoré Daumier - concerned with bringing the plight of the masses to light.
Used caricature.
Gustav Courbet - possibly foreshadowed the Impressionist movement.
Édouard Manet - some say Manet is the most responsible for changing the
course of the history of painting. He was the most important influence on
the French Impressionists.
Third Class
Carriage,
1862
What is the point of this painting by Daumier?
“Father of Realism” - Courbet
Gustave Courbet, The Stone-Breakers, 1849.
Do you see any foreshadowing of future artistic styles?
Manet, Le Dejeuner sur L’Herbe, 1863.
How is Manet’s painting style different from others at this time? What about
the viewpoint? What inspired him to paint this?
Salon des Refuses
n
n
n
Manet submitted Le Déjeuner sur L’Herbe to the
Academy’s annual Salon, but it was refused along
with 2,800 other paintings.
The artists rebelled so strongly that Napoleon III
stepped in and suggested an alternate exhibition
known as the Salon de Réfusés.
The Salon des Réfusés was this century’s most
important gathering of avant-garde artists.
n What does this mean? Why avant-garde?
Compare & Contrast
Cezanne, A Modern Olympia (1873-74)
A review in L'artiste, written in
May 1874 by Marc de
Montifaud: "like a voluptuous
vision, this artificial corner of
paradiseManet,
has left
even
the most
Olympia
1863
courageous gasping for
breath…. and Mr Cézanne
What
are the
in of
merely
gives
thesimilarities
impression
content? What are the differences?
being
a sort of madman,
painting
a state
of delirium
How doesin“the
male gaze”
play into
tremens ".these
- Musee
D’Orsay
paintings?
Impressionism
n
n
n
Artists had common ideas, but their styles differed.
Characteristics of Impressionism:
n Favored painting outside
n Chose subjects found in nature.
n Studied the effects of atmosphere and light on people
and objects.
Impressionists: Monet, Cezanne, Degas & Renoir
“Landscape is nothing but an
impression, and an
instantaneous one, hence this
label that was given us, by the
way because of me… They
asked me for a title for the
catalogue, it couldn't really be
taken for a view of Le Havre,
and I said: 'Put Impression.’”
- Monet
Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872
Claude Monet
What is unique about this work?
Rouen Cathedral, 1894
Cezanne
The Bathers, 1900
The Bathers, 1874
Cézanne sought to "recreate nature" by
simplifying forms to their basic geometric
equivalents, utilizing contrasts of colour and
considerable distortion to express the essence of
landscape, still-lifes, and figural groupings.
The Rehearsal, 1877
Edgar Degas
Actress in Her Dressing
Room, c. 1879
Little Dancer, Aged
Fourteen, 1878-81
The Millinery Shop
Two Laundresses
1884
1882
Degas strove to unite the discipline of
classical art with the immediacy of
Impressionism.
Degas's main interest was the human - and
in particular the female – form. To him its
poses and movements were synonymous
with perfection and harmony.
Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Who and what is Renoir depicting in this painting?
Dance at Bougival,
1883
Renoir
After the Bath
1888
Renoir’s work is identified with the
world of Parisian leisure - gardens,
cafés, dances, boating scenes – and
are often infused with sensuality. His
later work is devoted primarily to the
representation of the female nude,
with which he is most associated.
Bather
1888
Berthe Morisot,
Young Girl in the Window,
1878.
Morisot was married to
Manet’s brother,
Eugene.
Fauvism
n
n
n
n
n
n
A critic gave them the name
The Fauves (the wild beasts)
Like the Postimpressionists,
the Fauves rejected the soft
palette and delicate
brushwork of the
Impressionists.
Their subject matter included
traditional nudes, still lifes,
and landscapes.
Color and brushwork was
chosen on the basis of its
emotive quality.
Fauvism did not last very
long.
Main artist: Matisse
HENRI MATISSE. Red Room (Harmony in Red) (1908-1909)
- Matisse believed paintings should be joyous
Matisse's career can be
divided into several periods
that changed stylistically, but
his underlying aim always
remained the same: to
discover "the essential
character of things" and to
produce an art "of balance,
purity, and serenity," as he
himself put it.
The Red Room (Harmony in Red), 1908
Reclining Odalisque (Harmony in Red),
1927
Postimpressionism
n
Two groups of Postimpressionists:
n
1. Those that had a systematic approach to
composition, brushwork and color.
n
n
George Seurat and Paul Cezanne
2.) Those that had more texture in their
brushwork and coordinated line and color with
symbolism and emotion.
n
Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin
Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grade Jatte,
1884-86
How does this work differ from Impressionist works?
How did Seurat apply color?
Young Woman Powdering Herself
1889-90
Bathers at Asnières
1883-84
Georges Seurat moved away from the
spontaneity and rapidity of Impressionism
and developed a structured, more
monumental art to depict modern urban
life.
Cherries and Peaches
1883-87
The perspective of this picture is broken in a variety of ways;
the plate of cherries is shown from a different angle to the other objects
Vincent van Gogh
1889-90
Discuss his life
and how it is
reflected/affected
his art.
Van Gogh called this
painting Starry Sky. It
is an imaginative
composition, not
painted from nature or
the motif but
composed from various
sights and scenes of
Brabant and Provence
Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, 1889.
Mulberry Tree, October 1889
Portrait of a Peasant (Patience Escalier),
August 1888
Van Gogh’s formal distortions and
humanistic concerns made him a principal
forerunner of 20th-century Expressionism
Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji by Katsushika
Hokusai (c. 1831)
Japonisme - the influence of Japanese art on Western art
Outskirts of Paris near Montmartre
Orchard with Blossoming Apricot Trees
Sunflowers gone to seed
Exchange
between artists
& friends
Van Gogh and
Gauguin
Sunflowers gone to seed
On the shore of the lake, Martinique, 1887
Garden with
flowers, 1888
“Uncle Cor has
seen work of
mine more than
once, and he
thinks it
atrocious”
Ordinary Life
Mousmé
"It took me a whole
week...but I had to reserve my
mental energy to do the
mousmé well. A mousmé is a
Japanese girl—Provençal in
this case—twelve to fourteen
years old”
Joseph Roulin , 1888
“A head something like that of
Socrates, almost no nose, a high
forehead, bald pate, small grey
eyes, high-coloured full cheeks, a
big beard, pepper and salt, big
ears”
What was the
main focus of
ToulouseLautrec’s
works?
How is his life
reflected in
his
works?
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. At the Moulin Rouge. 1892
Between 1890 and 1896 Lautrec
painted roughly thirty paintings of the
Moulin Rouge, which gave us a better
picture of the famous dance hall, its
atmosphere and its clientele
Moulin Rouge: La Goulue (The Glutton), 1891
At the Moulin Rouge
1892
His greatest contemporary impact was his series
of 30 posters (1891-1901), which transformed
the aesthetics of poster art
Gauguin's style developed from
Impressionism towards a highly
personal brand of Symbolism, that
combined and contrasted an idealized
vision of local Polynesian culture with
the skeptical pessimism of an
educated European.
Paul Gauguin, The Noble Woman,
1896
n
n
n
n
Expressionism sought to be
more emotional, expressive,
and laden with symbolism.
Color and line were used to
express the artists’ inner
feelings.
They employed vibrant
palettes.
Followed van Gogh and
Gauguin
Edvard Munch,
The Scream,
1893
American Expatriates
n
n
n
In the United States, art was still very
provincial in the 19th century.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, striving
artists went abroad on extended pilgrimages
for training, to see the masters, and to mingle
with the avant- garde.
Some of these artists left the United States
permanently, they were call the American
Expatriates.
American Expatriates
n
n
What unifies these artists is not their
style of art nor their choice of subject
matter but simply that they immigrated
to Europe permanently
The artists:
n
n
Mary Cassatt
James Abbott McNeill Whistler
Mary Cassatt, The Boating Party, 1893-94
McNeill Whistler,
Arrangement in
Black and Gray:
The Artist’s Mother
1871. Oil on Canvas.
Americans in America
n
n
n
While many artists went abroad on
pilgrimages or permanently, there were a few
who stayed and painted in the Realist
tradition.
This realism exhibits itself best in figure and
landscape painting.
Their art had a Romantic touch and includes
artists of the Hudson River School, artists of
the American West, and Winslow Homer.
American Artists in America
n
n
These artists painted the people and landscapes
of their own country.
The artists:
n
n
Thomas Eakins
n The most important American portrait painter of
the 19th century.
Thomas Cole
n Leader of the Hudson River School of American
art.
n What does the Hudson River school entail?
Hudson
River
School
focused on
3 themes
of America
in the 19th
century:
discovery,
exploration
and
settlement
Thomas Cole, The Oxbow (Connecticut River near Northampton)
1836
Birth of Modern Sculpture
n
n
During most of the 19th century, sculptors continued
with projects as they had in the past.
Rodin incorporated Realism, Symbolism and
Impressionism in his work.
n
n
n
His work is solely of the human figure.
He preferred soft materials.
As his career progressed his work became more abstract.
The Thinker,
1902, Paris
The Kiss, 1882, Paris
The Burghers of Calais, 1889,London
Art Nouveau
n
n
n
The influence of Art Nouveau extended from
Eastern and Western Europe to America.
Started in England
Characteristics of Art Nouveau:
n
n
n
n
Symbolism
Rich orientations
Overriding sense of the organic
The artist:
n
Antonio Gaudí
Gaudi
Dragon,Park Guell, Barcelona, Spain
Gaudi’s Architecture
Gaudi used local traditions as
an expression of national
identity, as well as by the
introduction of modern
techniques and materials
Park Guell, Barcelona, Spain, 1900-1914
Sagrada Familia
1882 – 2026
Gaudi took
over in 1883
and worked
on it until
his death in
1926
12 Bell Towers:
dedicated to the apostles.
Portal of Charity:
devoted to the
theological virtue of
Christian charity or
love and to Jesus.
Symbolism
Upper
section of
the Portal of
Charity
Portal of Faith:
dedicated to the Virgin
Mary
Portal of Hope:
devoted to the theological virtue
of hope and to Joseph
Cubism
n
n
n
Cubism can trace its heritage to Neoclassicism and the art of
Cézanne.
Cubism was a new treatment of pictorial space that hinged on
rendering objects from multiple and radically different views.
n Instead of presenting us with a single view, the Cubists
showed us many different sides of an object.
Pablo Picasso & Georges Braque were the creators of Cubism.
The Rose Phase
1905 - 1908
Subjects mainly
from the circus
life. Used pink
tones
PABLO PICASSO.
Les Demoiselles
d’Avignon (1907).
George Braque
- Met Picasso in 1907; they
worked together on the same
artistic goals until 1914.
- First to begin inserting words
and numbers in his work.
-Also used trompe l’oeil
The Portuguese, 1911
1937
How are these two works of art
similar?
1814
Picasso, Guernica, 1937
Guernica is blue, black and white, 11 ft tall and 25.6 ft wide
Discuss this painting in its historical and artistic context
1937
Compare +
Contrast these
political
commentaries by
modern artists
1818