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COM!180!
Public!Speaking!&!Rhetorical!Analysis!
Gregory!Daum!
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Study!Guide!
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Chapter!Summaries!
Practice!Test! !
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Disclaimer:+credit+goes+to+Gregory+Daum+and+“Public+Speaking+9th+Edition”+(Osborn,+2012)+for+all+material,+including+but+not+limited+to+information,+
quotations,+notes,+and+sample+test+questions.+Study+guide+may+include+errors+including+but+not+limited+to+typos,+incorrect+question+answers,+and+
confusing+use+of+shorthand+in+note+taking.+This+particular+study+guide+is+based+on+the+Spring+2013+COM+180+course.+I+cannot+take+any+responsibility+for+
the+sharing+of+these+notes,+your+performance+on+tests+(whether+good+or+bad),+and+how+you+choose+to+study.+In+order+to+succeed+in+the+class,+you+must+
take+your+own+notes,+make+your+own+practice+exams+for+the+final,+and+compile+your+own+study+guides.+
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1!
Chapter 1: Finding Your Voice
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Benefits of Public Speaking
• “Finding your voice” = technical competence, self-discovery, and finding your place in society
• Practical Benefits: job candidacy, learning about yourself, expanding culture (fights ethnocentrism and stereotypes)
• 5 categories of Why Pub: Personal, Professional, Social, Cultural, and Societal
Communication
• “participative communication”: developed in Pericles & Greeks, who used public policy deliberations where people
had to speak for themselves
• Public speaking is an interactive process (speaker, message, occasion, setting, audience, interference, and feedback)
• Public speaking is a dynamic process; Burke, modern comm. theorist, says speakers & listeners identify with
community together when public speaking
• Differences from casual conversation: formal language, structure/planning, delivery, time constraints
Chapter 2: Managing Your Fear of Speaking
•
Speech Anxiety: symptom that everyone has (including celebrities), a little is good but it must be managed
• Causes: negative cognition (pessimist), conditioned anxiety (past), skills deficit (unprepared), fallacy of perfection
(perfectionist), lack of preparation (procrastinator), misunderstanding of pub (performer)
• Myths: everyone sees nervousness, you are the only one with stage fright, fears cannot be reduced, worries can be
100% eliminated, speech anxiety has no benefits
• Reality testing: rationally think about negative aspects of public speaking (ex embarrassment, mind drawing blank,
not being able to finish, shaking, listeners want me to do bad, need to be perfect) and show they’re not true
• Selective relaxation, attitude adjustment, cognitive restructuring, visualization, focus on message/intro
Chapter 3: Your First Speech
•
•
Managing First Impressions: competence, integrity, goodwill, dynamism (aspects of ethos)
Prepping First Speech
• Find right topic, focus your topic, find material (narratives, examples, testimony, information), design speech
(narrative prologue/plot/epilogue, categorical, cause-effect), outline (intro/body/conclusion, transitions), practice
(focus on ideas, speak naturally, use keyword outline)
Chapter 4: Becoming a Better Listener
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•
•
•
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Benefits of Listening: develop sense of audience, know what works, evaluate others, learn from others
Process of Listening: threshold listening (interpreting), critical listening (judging), empathic listening (understanding),
constructive listening (finding value)
Effective Listening Behaviors: overcoming external barriers (noise, flawed messages, presentation issues) and
overcoming internal barriers (inattention, bad habits, emotional trigger words, personal bias)
Becoming a Critical Listener: supported claims, credible sources, clear and concise words, ethical strategies
Evaluating Speeches: consider commitment, adaptation, purpose, freshness, and ethics
• Substance: does the message have facts, good words, etc?
• Structure: does the progression of ideas make sense?
• Presentation: simple and direct sentences, strong presentation skills
Chapter 5: Adapting to Your Audience and Situation
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Audience Analysis: know more about your listeners so as to best reach them
• Audience Demographics: age, gender, education level, group (occupation, politics, religion, social, sociocultural)
• Audience Dynamics: attitudes, beliefs, values
• Motivations: people want comfort, safety, belonging, independence, nurturance, fairness, tradition, variety,
understanding, achievement, recognition, enjoyment, well-being
Ways to Overcome: apply universal values, use good resources, avoid language pitfalls (don’t use unfamiliar words),
avoid stereotypes and 3 isms (ethnocentrism, sexism, racism)
Situation Analysis: time, place, occasion, size of audience, context (previous speeches/events)
2!
Chapter 6: Developing Your Topic
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What is a Good Topic: involves you, involves listeners, manageable
Discovering Your Topic: brainstorming, interest charts, topic area inventory chart (list your interests and audience
interests, find shared topics), media prompts
Exploring Your Topic: mind mapping (circles with arrows), topic analysis (Kipling’s who what when where why how)
Refining Your Topic: general purpose of speech, specific purpose statement (new info, manageable, one issue at a time,
important), thesis statement
Chapter 7: Building Responsible Knowledge
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•
•
Developing Research Strategy: prepare overview of subject, build bibliography, acquire in depth knowledge, make sure
info is up to date, include local applications
Acquiring Knowledge: personal knowledge, library research (references, online catalogues, databases), internet research
(search engines, subject directories ex databases)
• Websites: advocacy (biased), informational (general facts), personals (opinions)
Evaluating Sources: relevance, representativeness, recency, and reliability
• Websites: also check for authority, accuracy, and objectivity
Interviews: establish contact, prep for q’s, do interview, record notes
Chapter 8: Supporting Your Ideas
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•
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Facts and Statistics: framing facts, developing stats, interpretation, testing (see Chap 7)
Testimonies: framing expert testimony, reluctant testimony (testifying against self-interest), lay testimony (non-experts),
prestige testimony (celebrities), direct quotes or paraphrasing (don’t quote out of context)
Examples: brief example, extended example, factual example, hypothetical example
Narratives: embedded, vicarious experience (picture this…), master narrative (entire speech)
• Testing Narratives: probability, fidelity (does it relate to listeners?)
Chapter 9: Structuring and Outlining
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Principles of Structure
• Well structure speeches are simple, orderly, and balanced
• Intro: acknowledge audience/location/occasion, invoke shared interests/values, audience participation, rhetorical
questions, appropriate humor, narrative, quotation, startling audience, establish credibility, preview message
• Body: main points arranged categorically, comparatively, spatially, sequentially, chronologically, causality,
problem-solution design (aka motivated sequence, see Chap 14), refutatively, narratively
• Conclusion: summarize message, echo intro, restate relevance of message, call to action, rhetorical qs, story,
quotation, metaphor, strategic repetition
• Transitions: verbal and nonverbal cues, can be “internal summary”
Outlining: can discipline a speech but can distract when used during a speech
• Heading: title, topic, specific purpose statement
• Introduction: attention material, thesis, preview
• Body: coordination (all categories of similar importance) and subordination (subcategories descend in importance)
• Conclusion: summary statement, concluding remarks
• Works Cited: cited for works used in speech, consulted for works looked at in prep
Chapter 10: Presentation Aids
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Presentations aids: supplementary materials used to enhance effectiveness and clarity of a presentation
• Advantages: increase understanding, increase memorability, add interest/variety, establish authenticity of words,
enhance credibility, improve delivery
• Disadvantages: distractions, confusing, damage credibility if badly done, reduces eye contact, mercy of equipment
• Principles of design: simplicity, visibility, emphasis
3!
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Consider color: colors have different meanings; analogous scheme (adjacent in spectrum, ex green/blue),
complementary scheme (opposites, ex red/green), monochromatic scheme (variations of single color)
Types of aids
• People: yourself (your own appearance), audience volunteers, etc.
• Objects/Models, Graphics (sketches, maps, graphs, charts, text), Pictures
Medias (methods of sharing presentation aids)
• Traditional media: flip charts, chalkboards, posters, handouts, slides, video/audio
• New media: Powerpoint (do not read, make text big enough @ 36pt-24pt-18pt, bad color/font choices, distractions),
Prezi (visual travel through slides, can be even more distracting)
Chapter 11: Putting Words to Work
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What Words Can Do: spoken word is more spontaneous, colorful, interactive, simpler, and influential than writing
• Shaping Perceptions, Arousing Feelings (overcoming time/distance/apathy), Bringing Listeners Together,
Prompting Action, Celebrating Shared Values
• Denotation of word is dictionary definition; connotation includes speaker’s personal associations/emotions
Six C’s of Language Use
• Clarity: don’t use jargon (technique language), can be euphemisms (softened hard words), can degenerate into
doublespeak (deliberating confusing words to disguise), amplification (elaboration to allow listeners time to digest)
• Color: neologism (invented word created from combo of existing words), slang
• Concreteness: precise, clear words to contrast with abstract words
• Correctness: no malapropisms (words that sound similar but are different)
• Conciseness: maxims (compact sayings to show a belief)
• Cultural Sensitivity: lack of can offend or irate audiences
Special Techniques
• Figurative Language: metaphors, enduring metaphors (timeless themes like light/dark, storm/sea, and family),
similes, synecdoche (representing something through use of a part of it, pen is mightier than sword), personification,
culturetype (expressing values of particular group/time through symbols), ideographs (words that express a country
or culture’s specific values)
• Order of Words: antithesis (opposing ideas in same sentence), inversion (reversing expected order), parallel
construction (repetition of similar phrase)
• Sound of Words: alliteration, onomatopoeia
Chapter 12: Presenting Your Speech
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Power of Presentation: effective presentations are natural and conversational (expanded conversational style), with sense
of immediacy (closeness between speaker/listeners)
Physical Voice: pitch (habitual = usual speaking pitch; optimum = level allows strongest voice with variation and
minimal effort), rate, rhythm (avoid vocal distractions of ers, ums, etc), loudness, variety
• Problems: articulation (individual words), enunciation (words in context), pronunciation, dialect
Body Language: facial expression, eye contact, movement/gestures, personal appearance
• Proxemics: study of how humans use space during communication ! distance and elevation affect closeness
Versatility: impromptu speaking, memorized text presentations (avoid), manuscript presentation (direct reading),
extemporaneous speaking (prepared and practiced)
• Make sure to respond to feedback from audience (misunderstanding/confusion, loss of interest, disagreement)
Flexibility: handling questions and answers (diffuse hostility, maintain eye contact, don’t be afraid to concede, keep
answers short), special video presentations need to be extremely conversational, relaxed, and prepared
Chapter 13: Informative Speaking
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Informative Speaking: enlighten by sharing ideas and information
• Forms: speeches of description, speeches of demonstration, and speeches of explanation
• Applied version: briefings (special info speeches in organizational setting); must be brief, organized, rely on
resources, adapted language, confident, tough questions
How to Teach: motivate audiences to learn, maintain attention, promote retention
• Methods: relevance, intensity, contrast, repetition, novelty
4!
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Speech Designs
• Categorical: arrangement by natural (3 methods) or customary (past/present/future) divisions
• Comparative: similarities and differences; literal (same field of experience) or figurative (diff fields)
• Spatial: arrangement in physical space, good for topics in physical setting (ex map description)
• Sequential: step by step, good for how tos
• Chronological: order in which things occurred
• Causation: origins or consequences of events, can be oversimplified
Chapter 14: Persuasive Speaking
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•
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Persuasive Speaking: art of gaining fair consideration for our point of view; speeches urge a choice, teach, offer
supporting material, turn listeners into agents of change, ask for audience commitment, more leadership, less appeal to
emotions and more to facts, and high ethical obligation
• Types: speeches focus on facts (past and predictions), speeches focus on attitudes/values (can create cognitive
dissonance when internals disagree), speeches focus on action/policy
• Process: audiences should go through awareness, understanding, agreement, enactment, and integration of values
• Designs: problem-solution design, motivated sequence design (see below), refutative design, other normal designs
(categorical, comparative, and sequential)
Challenges of Persuasive Speaking, and what to do
• Challenge: reluctant audiences and stock issues (generic q’s a thoughtful person will ask q’ing your info)
• Co-active approach: bridge differences b/t you and listeners via ID’ing goodwill, start with areas of agreement,
explain don’t argue, cite authorities, set modest goals, use multiple viewpoints (multisided)
• Boomerang effect: audience reacts by opposing your position even more strong
• Great expectation fallacy: hope for major change is false
• Inoculation effect: injecting listeners with milder arguments before using stronger ones
• Sleeper effect: change shows up only after audiences have time to think about your info
• Challenge: barriers to commitment
• Provide needed info, apply audience values, strengthen your credibility
• Challenge: from attitude to action
• Spark enthusiasm, revitalize shared beliefs/values, demonstrate need, present clear plan of action, be specific
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Design
• Arouse Attention (intensity/repetition/novelty/activity/contrast/relevance), Demonstrate Need (and urgency), Satisfy
Need, Visualize Results (positive and negative), Call for Action
Chapter 15: Building Sound Arguments
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Reasoned Persuasion: building arguments out of evidence and proof (rather than manipulation)
• Reluctant witnesses: testimonies against apparent self-interest; most powerful evidence
• Aristotle’s opinion on proofs: logos (appeal logic), pathos (appeal to feelings), and ethos (appeal to authenticity and
charisma of the speaker)
• McArthur added the mythos: appeal to social feelings and group identity
• Ethos: from initial credibility to emerging credibility to terminal credibility
Master Form of Proof: using logos to defend a speech
• Define central concepts, reason from principles/deductive reasoning (major premise of big value ! minor premise
! conclusion; aka syllogism), reasoning from reality/inductive reasoning (one event ! general principle),
reasoning from parallel cases (analogical proofs)
Avoiding Defective Persuasion
• Defective Evidence: misuse of evidence
• Misuse of facts: slippery slope fallacy (assuming one thing leads to another), confusion of fact and opinion, red
herring fallacy (drawing attention from real issues using something else)
• Statistical fallacies: myth of the mean (believing in the average), flawed stat. comparisons (unequal start points)
• Defective testimonies: misrepresentation of quotations
• Inappropriate evidence: using facts to cover up examples that don’t help us
• Defective proof: misuse of ways of proving
• Ad hominem fallacy (attacking person instead of problem)
5!
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• Begging the question: relying on colorful language to disguise inadequacy of proof
Defective patterns of reasoning: bad logic
• Errors of reasoning from principle: Shaky principle fallacy (premise is not sound), Omitted qualifier (persuader
claims too much)
• Errors of reasoning from reality: post hoc fallacy (confuses association with causation), hasty generalization
(reasoning based on insufficient observations), non sequitur fallacy (principle and reality discussed don’t relate,
or when conclusion doesn’t follow)
• Faulty analogy: dissimilar things are related
Defective designs: fallacies of persuasive designs
• Either-or thinking: listeners told they only have two choices
• Straw man fallacy: depicting opposing view in way that is trivial and easy to refute
Chapter 16: Ceremonial Speaking
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•
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Techniques for speeches to celebrate special event
• Identification (listeners feel like they relate): use of narrative, recognizing others, renewing group commitment
• Magnification (magnifying features): honoring a person
Types of speeches
• Tributes (endorses values): accomplishments (important in themselves and as symbols), awards presentations,
eulogies, toasts
• Acceptances (responding to receiving award/honor)
• Introduction (most common; introducing feature speaker to audience): create respect for speaker, don’t flatter,
mention relevant achievements, be selective in intros
• Inspiration: enthusiastic, draws on past, revitalizes values/beliefs
• After-Dinner (ritual kick off or adjourning of major event): use humor, be brief
• Master of Ceremonies: know what is expected, plan good opener, introduce participants, know schedule, keep
necessary items (prizes) nearby, plan comments ahead of time, practice, logistics, be ready for messup, end strong
Narrative Design: special role in ceremonial speeches; embedded (stories within speeches) narratives can be vicarious
(invite listeners into the speech), or master (entire speech is a story) narratives
• Prologue: sets scene, counterpart of intro in other speech designs
• Plot: body of speech; action unfolds in suspenseful way with climax, characters gain complexity
• Epilogue: reflects on meaning of action or story
Appendix C: Classical Origins of Public Speaking
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•
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Development of Public Communication
• Natural response to need for communication (esp in Greece land of rugged mountains)
• Rhetorical theory: admiration for speech and quest to understand it
• Necessary in legal system for Greeks
The Sophists: viewed in response to idea that humans make their own truth
• Corax: Four part pattern for forensic speeches (introduction, narration, argument, conclusion/peroration)
• Tisias: Corax’s student; story of court case trying to not have to pay Corax for speech lessons
• Gorgias: skepticism on truth and knowledge (orators must create appearance of truth) and emphasis on verbal
artistry (words can build reality)
• Protagoras: humanist (value of humans as moral center), developed debate (testing all claims to truth against
competing claims in open encounters), but be careful about two-valued orientation (either-or thinking)
• Thrasymachus: pursuit of personal power (via rhythm and inflection to move listeners), and concept of style called
trope (metaphor, synecdoche)
• Isocrates: building the ideal civilization, aka civic vision; using rhetoric as leadership
Aristotle’s Ideas (from On Rhetoric): drew from sophistic rhetoric but expanded out of truth, into inquiry; rhetoric
becomes a critical study as a result
• Definition of Rhetoric: ability to see available means of persuasion; determine by understanding nature of
persuasion, cultures, needs, pressures, appearance to listeners, details of case, own strengths/weaknesses, &
strengths and limitations of comm media at time
• Forms of Rhetorical Expression: forensic speaking (jury), deliberative speaking (mold the future), and ceremonial
speaking (epideictic; encourages/inspires)
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• Enthymeme / rhetorical syllogism: using major premise (universal or special/specific) into minor premise
• Theory of Proofs: logos (reason), ethos (personal), and pathos (emotional)
Beyond Aristotle: Cicero (rhetoric as art of invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery), Quintilian (orator is a
good man and skilled in speaking), and Augustine (used rhetoric for Christian message)
Plato’s Ideas: people in general don’t want to be improved and are incapable of making good decisions ! rhetorics must
play role of controller and powerful leader
• Rhetoric is not as important as pursuing truth; rhetoric must promote philosophy instead
• It is dangerous; empowers wealthy solely and can promote evil
• Heart of public speaking is understanding people
7!
Chapter 1: Finding Your Voice
5 Benefits of Public Speaking:
3.
1.
2.
4.
7 Interactive Elements of Public Speaking:
1.
2.
5.
6.
5.
3.
7.
4.
Modern communication theorist __________________ argues that:
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Differences from casual conversation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 2: Managing Your Fear of Speaking
6 Causes of Speech Anxiety:
1.
4.
5 Myths of Speech Anxiety:
3.
2.
5.
3.
6.
1.
2.
4.
5.
6 Methods of Managing Speech Anxiety:
1.
(examples: __________________________________________________________)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chapter 3: Your First Speech
4 Aspects of Impression Management:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 4: Becoming a Better Listener
4 Listening Processes, with description:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Examples of effective listening behaviors:
2 examples of external barriers –
2 examples of internal barriers –
3 Areas of Speech Evaluation: ______________________, ______________________, and ______________________
Consider 5 aspects:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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8!
Chapter 5: Adapting to Your Audience and Situation
3 Categories of Audience Analysis:
1.
List 4 examples: 1.
Of #4, list 5 examples:
2.
1.
4.
3.
2.
3.
4.
2.
5.
3.
2.
List 3 examples: 1.
3.
List 13 examples:
5.
10.
1.
6.
11.
2.
7.
12.
5 Examples of Situation Analysis: 1.
3.
4 Ways to Overcome:
1.
4.
9.
2.
4.
2.
3 isms to avoid: 1.
3.
8.
13.
5.
3.
2.
4.
3.
Chapter 6: Developing Your Topic
4 Ways of Discovering Topics, with descriptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2 Ways of Exploring Topics, with descriptions:
1.
2.
Chapter 7: Building Responsible Knowledge
3 Types of Websites:
1.
2.
3.
3 Ways to Evaluate Websites:
1.
2.
3.
4 R’s to Source Evaluation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chapter 8: Supporting Your Ideas
4 Types of Testimonies:
1.
2.
3.
4.
4 Types of Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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9!
3 Types of Narratives:
1.
2 Ways to Test Narratives:
2.
3.
2.
1.
Chapter 9: Structuring and Outlining
3 Aspects of Good Structure:
1.
2.
3.
10 Methods of Intro:
4.
8.
1.
5.
9.
2.
6.
10.
3.
7.
9 Arrangements of Body:
1.
4.
5.
8.
9.
2 Things to Consider in Body, with description:
1.
2.
-
2.
6.
3.
7.
9 Methods of Concluding:
4.
8.
2.
6.
3.
7.
1.
5.
9.
Chapter 10: Presentation Aids
Definition:
6 Advantages:
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
5 Disadvantages: 1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
3 Principles of Design:
1.
2.
3.
3 Color Schemes, with descriptions:
1.
–
2.
–
3.
–
Chapter 11: Putting Words to Work
6 C’s of Language Use:
1.
2.
4.
5.
Vocabulary (define each and place in above categories 1-6):
A. jargon:
B. maxim:
C. malapropism:
D. euphemism:
E. neologism:
F. doublespeak:
G. amplification:
!
3.
6.
10!
7 Types of Figurative Language, with descriptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3 Types of Order of Words, with descriptions:
1.
2.
2 Types of Sound of Words, with descriptions:
1.
2.
Chapter 12: Presenting Your Speech
3 Aspects of Presentation Power:
1.
5 Aspects of Physical Voice:
4 Problems:
1.
1.
4 Aspects of Body Language:
Define proxemics:
1.
4 Types of Presentations:
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2.
4.
5.
4.
3.
4.
3.
4.
2.
3.
Chapter 13: Informative Speaking
3 Forms of Informative Speaking: 1.
5 Aspects of Informative Speeches:
3.
6 Speech Designs:
1.
4.
1.
4.
2.
5.
2.
5.
3.
6.
Chapter 14: Persuasive Speaking
7 Aspects of Persuasive Speeches: 1.
4.
5.
2.
6.
3.
7.
3 Types of Persuasive Speeches:
1.
2.
3.
5 Step Process for Audiences:
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
3 Specific Persuasive Designs:
1.
2.
3.
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11!
3 Challenges of Persuasive Speaking:
1.
Response methods, with descriptions:
1.
6 ways to do this:
1.
4.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Response methods:
1.
3.
Response methods:
1.
4.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Design:
3.
2.
5.
1.
4.
3.
6.
2.
3.
2.
5.
3.
2.
5.
Chapter 15: Building Sound Arguments
4 Methods of Proof:
1.
Define syllogism:
2.
3.
4.
7 Types of Defective Evidence, with descriptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2 Types of Defective Proof, with descriptions:
1.
2.
6 Types of Defective Reasoning, with descriptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2 Types of Defective Designs, with descriptions:
1.
2.
-
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12!
Chapter 16: Ceremonial Speaking
2 Techniques, with descriptions:
1.
2.
6 Types of Speeches:
-
1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
Appendix C: Classical Origins of Public Speaking
6 Sophists and their contributions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
– (4 pt pattern)
– (story)
– (2 contributions)
– (2 contributions)
– (2 contributions)
– (2 contributions)
Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric:
Determined by understanding 8 things:
1.
2.
5.
6.
3.
7.
4.
8.
3 Forms of Rhetorical Expression: 1.
2.
3.
4 Theory of Proofs, with descriptions:
1.
–
2.
–
3.
–
4.
–
Cicero’s 5 methods of rhetoric as art:
3.
1.
2.
4.
5.
Quintilian’s definition of orator:
Augustine’s contribution:
Plato’s view of rhetoric:
Heart of public speaking is:
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13!