Origin of Island Archipelago
Empe
Biogeography of Hawaii
Aleutian Islands
ror Se
amou
Volcano tops from Ocean Floor
Remote
Colonization Rare
Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species
North America
Meiji
Seamoun
t
Pacific Ocean
nts
Hawaiian Emperor Bend
Kure
Midway
Layann
Necker
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
Loihi
Haw
aiian
Ridg
e
•  Hot spot moves and plate moves over hot spot
•  Volcanoes build to surface then erode or subside
•  Current islands arose after previous islands were
already submerged
•  Exceedingly limited island hopping
Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted from:
Wagner, W. L. and V. A. Funk. 1995. Hawaiian biogeography: evolution
on a hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,
D.C.
1
Detroit 80 Ma
Suiko 61 Ma
Nintoku 56 Ma
Koko 49 Ma
Diakakuji 47 Ma
Midway 27 Ma
Necker 10 Ma
Time/motion data adapted from:
Tarduno, et al. 2009. The bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot
track: inheriting the mantle wind. Science 324: 50-53
Motion
of
hotspot
magma
plume
under
plate?
2
Necker
Plate motion over
fixed hotspot?
3
4
1
Kauai
Oahu
Nihau
Molokai
Necker
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
5
6
7.5 Million Years Ago
22°
5 Million Years Ago
22°
Gardner Pinnacles
Necker
20°
Nihoa
La Perouse Pinnacles
20°
Necker
Kauai
Nihoa
18°
Kaula
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
160°
7
158°
Nihau
156°
154°
8
2
2.5 Million Years Ago
1 Million Years Ago
22°
22°
Nihoa
Kauai
Nihoa
Kauai
20°
20°
Oahu
Nihau
Kaula
18°
Oahu
Nihau
Kaula
Maui
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
160°
158°
156°
154°
9
10
0.5 Million Years Ago
22°
22°
Kauai
Nihau
Kaula
Nihau
Kaula
Oahu
Maui
20°
Present
Kauai
Nihoa
Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
20°
Mahukona
Loihi Seamount
18°
18°
160°
158°
156°
154°
160°
11
158°
156°
154°
12
3
Island Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
Island appears
Marine/shore colonized
Island colonized by plants
Terrestrial biota establishes
Biota stabilizes
Island moves away from
hot spot
•  Waif founders lack
competition
•  Speciation: adaptive
radiation to fill empty
niches
Endemic Terrestrial Species
•  Endemic species evolve
•  Sequence of islands
should reflect patterns of
speciation
•  Endemics found on just
one island, one volcano
•  Humans arrive (about 10
BC)
•  Introduced exotic species
are released
•  Endemics that may be
poor competitors…extinct
Taxon/Character Kauai to Hawaii
Nihoa to Kure
Insects
2,300
50
Land Snails
1,000
8
Land Birds
70
4
Ferns and Allies
120
0
Flowering Plants
850
12
16,576
8
38
1
Area
(km2)
Endemics/10
km2
13
Cladistic Analysis
14
How do you DO cladistics?
1.  Look at a group of organisms that you think are related
•  1960s Development of Cladistic Analysis
–  Determines Possible Pathways of Evolution
2.  Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group
•  Characters and Polarized Character States
3.  Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms
–  Anatomy, Morphology, Behavior, Chemical, Gene
Sequence
–  Plesiomorphies-Ancestral character states
–  Apomorphies-Derived character states
4.  Polarize the character states by:
•  Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
•  Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)
•  Outgroup comparison
•  Construction of Cladogram-computers!
5.  Build a data matrix
–  Reveal homoplasies (parallel, convergent),
reversals
–  Most-parsimonious (fewest steps) cladogram
–  Not necessarily unique!
6.  Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)
7.  Sketch possible cladograms
8.  Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram
15
16
4
Asia
ATG
Area cladogram showing progression process
Asia
OG
OG
Oahu
ATC
Kauai
ATC
Hawaii
ATC
Maui
ATC
B
A
Character: Apomorphic State
1 Eye size:
Large
Black
Wide
4 Body width:
Wide
5 Body color:
Dark
6 Wing width:
Wide
7 Wing length:
Long
8 Leg length:
Long
9 Leg thickness:
Thick
10 DNA transversion: G>C
2 Eye color:
3 Neck width:
C
Taxon:
A
B
C
D
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
E
2
1
1
3
2
5
1
2
3
5
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Hawaii
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
A
D
C
autapomorphies
-- 2 black eye
-- 7 long wing -- 3 wide neck
-- 8 long leg
-- 5 dark body
-- 1 large eye
-- 9 thick leg
-- 4 wide body apomorphies
E
B
A D C
-- 2
-- 7 -- 3 -- 8
-- 5
-- 1
OG
-- 9
-- 4
-- 10
-- 6
-- 6 wide wing plesiomorphies
-- 10 DNA transversion G>C
18
17
Island Hopping Crickets
Island-Hopping Cricket
Species!
Island
Kauai
B
Kauai
ATC
D
OG
E
Hawaii
Caconemobius
Leptogryllus
Thaumato
-gryllus
Prognathogryllus
Trigonidium
Prolaupala
Laupala
1
2
1
2
2
1
6
0
3
7
5
7
1
5
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
16
13
0
4
0
3
0
27
34
13
30
4
27
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
7
11
1
8
1
7
Island Formation
Migration
Time
Oahu
Kauai
19
Maui
Prognathogryllus
Equivocal
mauka
puna
spadix
kohala
weli
waikemoi
kipahulu
kukui
hana
stridulans
makai
alternatus
alapa
opua
kahea
awili
oahuensis
elongatus
epimeces
hypomacron
kahili
parakahili
alatus
flavidus
hea
robustus
pihea
victoriae
20
5
http://www.wam.umd.edu/~fergusd/Laup3.jpg
More Island Hopping Crickets
pruna
cerasina
kona
hualalai
fugax
paranigra
kohalaensis
kolea
nigra
prosea
eukolea
vespertina
pacifica
tantalus
hapapa
kokeensis
keahua
Hawaii
Island Formation
Migration
Time
Amazing Fruit Flies!
Laupala
Equivocal
Maui
Oahu
Kauai
•
•
•
•
•
511 of 2,300 endemic insects are drosophiloids
DNA sequences show 10 MYBP arrived Necker
Necker has subsided and lost habitat…now n=0
All 511 endemic species are a single clade!
Analyzed by morphology, karyotype, molecular
analysis
Drosophila sproati
http://www.msu.edu/~taylo110/DSproati.JPG
21
Primitive Phylogram of Drosophiloids
Drosophilid Comparisons
15
16
Continental
8
9
Numbers of
mtDNA base
transitions
Purine ADG
Pyrimidine CDT
Outgroups
7
8
6
16
7
6
9
10
10
7
7
7
10
Hawaiian
11
11
38
16
8
22
14
11
13
10
bostrycha
D. melanogaster
D. robusta
D. melanica
D. funebris
D. pinicola
D. imigrans
D. repleta
E. crassifemur
S. exigua
D. mimica
D. sproati
Zaprionus
Chymomyza
Hirtodrosophila
Scaptodrosophila
Proper cladograms have branch length correlated to
the number of steps
disjuncta
chromosomal
changes
gradata
affinidisjuncta
planitibia
differens
hemipeza
cyrtoloma picticornis
neoperkinsi
neopicta
nigribasis
obscuripes
melanocephala
23
musaphilia
hawaiiensis
grimshawl
silvestris
heteroneura
hanaulae
oahuensis
recticilia
spectabilis
adiastola
setosimentum
peniculipedis
clavisetae
cilifera
arcuatus
longiseta
mimica
adunca
yooni cognata
tanythrix
24
6
Drosophilid Area Cladogram
1
4
Continental
Oahu
Molokai
West Maui
East Maui 1
East Maui 2
Hawaii Kona
Hawaii Hilo
Just as observed
among crickets,
these fruit flies
radiate in ways
that correlate
with the
biogeography of
the Hawaiian
Islands
3
5
T. pilosa
T. kauaiensis
ck
3
1
6
T. perreirai
Ba
T. tantalus
dis
per
4
T. kamakou
2
saT.l kamakou
T. quasimodo
T. waikamoi
4
3
4
2
2
T. quasimodo
6
3
T. quasimodo
3
4
T. polychromata
6
T. macracantha
T. quasimodo
3
1
1
T. restricta
2
3
4
T. restricta
4
N
T. brevignatha
1
1
http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/Faculty_Staff/Blackledge/tetragnatha.JPG
Spiders Spinning Southeast!
Tetragnatha
T. brevignatha
3
4
25
T. stelarobusta
T. pallescens
26
http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/mfbp/images/akohekohe.jpg
Honeycreepers
of
Hawaii
Vestiaria coccinea
http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/ani5.jpg
Hemignathus virens
Telespiza cantans
http://www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/NaManu/iiwi/iiwi.jpeg
Vestiaria coccinea
Extreme isolation
limits vertebrate
fauna
No native
amphibians
6
7
7
7
6
27
19
11
11
1 mammal (bat)
Oreomystis bairdi
15
mtDNA RFLP
8
1 bird established
and radiated into 33
extant and 14 extinct
species!
9
10
No native reptiles
Hemignathus parvus
http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/hcreepr1.jpg
http://www.oahunaturetours.com/
images/laysanfinch.jpg
Palmeria dolei
Honeycreeper Cladogram
11
11
17
8
23
11
19
29
33
26
37
Loxops caeruleirostris
Loxops coccineus
Hemignathus virens virens
Hemignathus virens wilsoni
Hemignathus virens steinegeri
Palmeria dolei
Himatione sanguinea
Vestiaria coccinea
Hemignathus parvus
Oreomystis bairdi
Telespiza cantans
Paroreomyza montana
Carpodacus mexicanus OG
Is this a phylogram, a cladogram, or an area cladogram?
28
7
How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
Hibiscadelphus distans
Hibiscadelphus distans fruit
pr
og
re
ss
distans Kauai
io
wilderianus Maui
n
crucibracteatus Lanai
giffardianus Hawaii
hualalaiensis Hawaii
bombycinus Hawaii
adaptive radiation
http://www.flickr.com/photos/
53189052@N08/8236595322/
Could Velcro-like seeds be
a protoadaptation for hitchhiking via bird feathers?
Seeds are favored as food
by introduced rats!
The phylogram is also an area cladogram
showing the positive correlation between
evolution and oceanic island
biogeography. This plant is critically
endangered (pollinator: honeycreepers
susceptible to malaria from exotic birds).
29
Silverswords
http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/lrgimage/t172w01.jpg
http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/images/iliau.jpg
Photo Source: Unknown…If yours, please send email to koningre@gmail.com
Kauai-11 endemic
Oahu-2 endemic
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium
Dubautia paleata
Maui Nui-7 endemic
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense
Hawaii-3 endemic
N
http://eol.org/data_objects/17602931
30
Silversword Origins
•
•
•
•
•
•
Closest relatives are California tarweeds
3,900 km open ocean crossing
Fruits too thin-walled to survive bird gut
Fruits do not float in sea water
Fruits too heavy to float on wind
Hairy and sticky sepals suggest bird
attachment
•  Preened off on Kauai, then radiated and
migrated
Plus 5 indigenous species
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/dpal_chl.jpg
31
32
8
Tarweed (California USA) OG
Dubautia paleata Kauai
Dubautia waialealae Kauai
Dubautia laxa indigenous
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai
Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai
Argyroxiphium caliginis Maui
Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui
Argyroxiphium virescens Maui
Argyroxiphium sanwicense M&H
Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
Sanicula gregaria
of California/
Oregon
Tarweed (California USA) OG
Dubautia paleata Kauai
Dubautia waialealae Kauai
Dubautia laxa indigenous
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai
Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai
Argyroxiphium caliginis Maui
Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui
Argyroxiphium virescens Maui
Argyroxiphium sanwicense M&H
Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
The long distance path probably
argues for the sticky surfaces of
“tar” weeds as the protoadaptation
for hitch-hiking…on what?
http://www.insectimages.org/images/
384x256/5459645.jpg
http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/images/
redrocktarweed4.jpg
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
http://www.stanford.edu/
~rawlings/kengif/jpeg/
tarweed.jpeg
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
33
For further reading:
34
http://www.sherwincarlquist.com/tarweed-silversword.html
Guess how this plant got to Hawaii from Alaska/Oregon?
Sanicula mariversa
of Hawaii (endemic)
Viola kauaensis
endemic to Kauai
Viola of Hawaii
(open fruit with seeds)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/49147273@N04/5106688086/
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/
images/san_mar_cu_555.jpg
35
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/vio_kau_fl.jpg
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/
vio_cha_tra_regan_ritchie.jpg
36
9
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/
faculty/carr/images/ger_arb.jpg
Not all
cladograms tell
the same story!
Unlike anywhere else on earth…Hawaiian violets are woody!
An adaptation to year-round warm temperature?
Another example of adaptive radiation across the archipelago!
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/
faculty/carr/images/
ger_cun_cu.jpg
Geranium arboreum
Geranium (pandemic) OG
arboreum E. Maui subalpine
multiflorum E. Maui subalpine
cuneatum Hawaii sub-alpine
tridens E. Maui alpine
hanaense E. Maui bog
humile W. Maui bog http://
www.botany.hawaii.edu/
faculty/carr/images/
kauaiense Kauai bog ger_han_cu.jpg
Geranium colonized
“late” E. Maui and
radiated and migrated,
speciating most recently
on Kauai with ecological
correlations!
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/vio_lan_mid.jpg
37
humile E. Maui
capillare W. Maui
Tetramolopium
remyi W. Maui, Lanai colonized “late” E.
Maui and radiated and
rockii Molokai
sylvae Molokai, Maui migrated to the other
islands
tenerrimum Oahu
arenarium E. Maui
consanguineum Hawaii
conyzoides Maui Nui, Hawaii
lepidolum E. Maui, Lanai, Oahu
Geranium cuneatum
38
Geranium hanaense
For Further Reading on Hawaiian Plant
Origins
Baldwin B. G. and W. L. Wagner. 2010. Hawaiian
angiosperm radiations of North American origin. Ann
Bot. 105(6): 849-879.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876002/
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/tet_hum.jpg
Not all
cladograms tell
the same story!
Tetramolopium humile
39
40
10