Control preventivo de avalanchas
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Preventive Avalanche control is attractive when …
• the financial resources are too limited for permanent structural measures
• the cost/effectiveness ratio is inadequate for permanent structural measures ($/risk reduction)
• the cost/benefit ratio is inadequate for permanent structural measures ($/economic benefit)
• big impact in nature needs to be prevented
• quick protection is needed long before planning, approval and financing of
structural measures may be realized (temporary solution)
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Preventive Avalanche control has been proven for
…
•
•
•
•
Roads
Railways
Construction sites
Ski resorts
whenever the endangered areas can be
evacuated and blocked for a short time
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
Review
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
Review
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HISTORIA
• Compañía establecida en 1926 por Jakob Wyssen sen.
• Primer sistema de control de avalanchas construido en 1974.
• Aspectos como seguridad, confiabilidad, eficiencia, costobeneficio dieron como resultado un nuevo concepto -> Mástil
de Desencadenamiento de Avalanchas 2001.
• Primer sistema de desencadenamiento de avalanchas
controlado remotamente para la protección de caminos
estatales en Suiza y Austria.
• Líder en el mercado suizo y austriaco desde 2006.
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HISTORIA
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Wyssen Avalanche Control is Market Leader in
70% Switzerland
40% Austria
50% Norway
Now starting in Chile & Canada.
Market Strategy: Focus on a few markets!
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
Review
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Most important for avalanche control
•
•
•
•
•
Safety for the staff and other people
Reliable system
Safe and easy to handle
Time & weather independent release
Big effective range - alcance efectivo
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Alcance efectivo
➢ Es más fácil desencadenar avalanchas cuando la capa de nieve
es fina
¿Por qué es tan importante el alcance
efectivo?
• Amplio alcance efectivo
= mayor probabilidad de desencadenar
avalanchas.
• Amplio
alcance efectivo
= se necesitan menos instalaciones.
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Alcance efectivo
➢ Es más fácil desencadenar avalanchas cuando la capa de nieve
es fina
•
Amplio alcance efectivo
= menos riesgos y menos
costos.
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Velocidad de detonación
•
Las explosiones con gas tienen
una velocidad de detonación
hasta de 900 m/s.
•
Las detonaciones con explosivos
tienen una velocidad de
detonación de 4.000-7.000 m/s.
•
Las velocidades de detonación
sobre 4.000 m/s crean ondas de
presión con forma de N que se
propagan a gran distancia y
penetran la capa de nieve.
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Velocidad de detonación
•
Alta velocidad de detonación = alta probabilidad de desencadenamiento de avalancha.
•
Alta velocidad de detonación
= amplio alcance efectivo.
•
Amplio alcance efectivo
= menor riesgo residual y menores
costos.
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Teoría de los puntos calientes
Posicionamiento de la carga
?
?
¿Donde están los hot
spots?
?
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?
?
Teoría de los puntos calientes
Posicionamiento de la carga
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Teoría de los puntos calientes
Posicionamiento de la carga
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Teoría de los puntos calientes
Posicionamiento de la carga
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Teoría de los puntos calientes
Posicionamiento de la carga
?
?
?
?
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?
Teoría de los puntos calientes
El alcance efectivo del sistema debe abarcar
la zona completa de desencadenamiento
potencial de avalanchas.
Gran alcance efectivo = menos sistemas
= menor costos
= menor riesgo residual
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Explosive effect
130m / 5kg
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Explosive effect
1. velocidad de
detonación
2. Volumen de
gas
130m / 5kg
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Field Tests – March/April 2010 & 2011
with Dr. H.U. Gubler, ALPUG Davos
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Gubler et al (2012): Guidelines for artificial avalanche
avalanche release, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
Field Tests – March/April 2010 & 2011
with Dr. H.U. Gubler, ALPUG Davos
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Gubler et al (2012): Guidelines for artificial avalanche
avalanche release, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
Detonación por encima del nivel de nieve
•
La nieve tiene una gran capacidad de absorción
de energía (por ejemplo explosivos).
->Detonaciones en la nieve y en el nivel de la capa
de nieve = bajo alcance efectivo.
130m
5kg
65m
Capa de nieve
35m
5kg
5kg
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Gubler et al (2012): Guidelines for artificial avalanche
avalanche release, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
Torre de desencadenamiento
de avalanchas Wyssen
Selection of type of explosive/gas
Explosive above snow
Gas mixture above snow
equals 3m3 at 80 m
● Max.
of air pressure reached
after 3ms
● Max.
of air pressure reached
after 11ms
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Gubler et al (2012): Guidelines for artificial avalanche
avalanche release, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
Effective Range of different types of
explosives
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Gubler et al (2012): Guidelines for artificial avalanche
avalanche release, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
Timing of preventive release
Avalanche protection work should be carried out:
• Following heavy snowfalls, snow drifting events
• If avalanche size is critical, protection work should be done at
regular intervals during the snow fall to limit avalanche size.
• Blasting too early can give negative results
• Blasting too late may result in too much snow being released
-> remote controlled, reliable system is needed
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Gubler et al (2012): Guidelines for artificial avalanche
avalanche release, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
Wet snow avalanches
Important:
• Release during snow fall (in cold winter situation) to
prevent big amounts of snow which will be a problem in
spring
• Studies have shown that also for wet snow avalanches
explosives have best effect
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Oberhammer Martin (2014): Studies on artificial
release of wet snow avalanches
CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
Review
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
4.1 Overview
4.2 Torre control avalanchas Wyssen
4.3 Avalanche detection
4.4 Meteorologial stations
4.5 Wyssen Risk Solutions
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MEDIDAS DE MITIGACIÓN
Tipo de intervención
Permanente
Temporal
Período efectivo
Activa
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Estructural
Pasiva
Planificación
- Puentes de nieve
- Represas
- Galerías
- Túneles
- Mapeo de la zona de peligro
So called temporary
- Planificación del measures because the
uso del terreno
effect is temporary
even though the
Control de avalanchasOrganizacional
installations are
permanent
- Desencadenamiento
- Predicción de
preventivo de
avalanchas
- Detección de
avalanchas
avalanchas
- Cierres de caminos
estacionales
- Evacuaciones
MEDIDAS DE MITIGACIÓN
WAC
WAC
• recursos financieros restringidos para el
empleo de medidas estructurales
• un gran impacto en ambientes naturales es
menos aceptado
• presión política y económica para mantener
abiertas las rutas de transporte
• el control preventivo de avalanchas puede
ser una alternativa económica y ecológica
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Desencadenamiento preventivo de avalanchas
WAC
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"Controlado remotamente
mediante instalación fija"
“Operaciones manuales"
Métodos para el control de avalanchas
Método
Efecto
Seguridad
del
personal
Independenci
a del clima y
tiempo
Demora
Confiabilida
d
Cargas
manuales
--
--
-
--
✓
✓✓
✓✓
Cable aéreo
detonante
✓✓
✓✓
✓
-
-
✓
-
Detonaciones
mediante
helicópteros
-
✓✓
--
-
-
✓✓
✓✓
Cañones
-
✓✓
--
--
✓
--
✓
Detonantes a gas
-
✓✓
✓✓
✓✓
-
-
--
✓✓
✓✓
✓✓
✓✓
✓✓
✓
-
✓✓✓
✓✓✓
✓✓✓
✓✓✓
---
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Torre de
desencadena
miento de
Avalanchas
Medidas
estructurales
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✓✓✓
Costos de
funcionamient Inversión
o
Criterios en el control de avalanchas
•
Seguridad del personal
•
Eficiencia
•
Independencia del clima
•
Independencia del tiempo
•
Demora
•
Bajos costos de funcionamiento
•
Baja inversión
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
4.1 Overview
4.2 Torre control avalanchas Wyssen
4.3 Avalanche detection
4.4 Meteorologial stations
4.5 Wyssen Risk Solutions
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TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
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TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
•
Controlada por control
remoto
(Remote controlled)
•
Explosión suspendida
sobre el manto nivoso
(Detonation above the snow cover)
•
Alimentada por paneles
solares
(Powered by solar pannels)
•
Magazin extraible
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Name
(Removable
box)
TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
•
Construcción peqeña y
sencilla
(Little construction work)
•
Sin lineas de alimentación (No supply lines)
•
Magazine retirado en verano
(Deployment box off during summer)
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TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
Fácil instalación y extracción con helicóptero
(Easy installation and removal by helicopter)
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TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
• Fácil montaje de cargas explosivas. (It is easy for technicians to assemble the charges themselves. If needed Wyssen is very happy to offer additional service for
preparing and loading of charges during the season.)
• El magazine se monta en helicóptero sin personal apoyando
en terreno
(The loaded deployment boxes are transported by helicopter to the tower in the terrain (no staff is needed at the mast).)
• Al final del invierno se retiran los magazin en helicóptero
(At the end of the season all you need is take down the deployment boxes from the tower by helicopter.)
• Durante el verano los magazin se almacenan en un sitio
cubierto y seco
(During the summer the deployment boxes should be stored in a dry and covered place.)
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Review on Avalanche Tower
• The most used system in Switzerland and
Austria
• 290 towers protect ski areas, roads, railways,
powerplants and other infrastructure
• The most cost-effective system for preventive
avalanche release
• 100% manufactured and assembled in our own
factory in Switzerland
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
4.1 Overview
4.2 Torre control avalanchas Wyssen
4.3 Avalanche detection
4.4 Meteorologial stations
4.5 Wyssen Risk Solutions
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Avalanche Detection
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Avalanche Detection
• Verification of preventive avalanche control
• Detection of natural avalanches
• Information source for forecasting
• Historical data for models
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LARA 2.0 (Long Range Avalanche Radar)
➢ Automatic road closure
➢ Verification of preventive avalanche
control
➢ 1,5-2 km range
➢ 90˚ opening angle
➢ Possible to monitor mulitple
avalanche paths with one radar
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LARA 2.0 Zermatt
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SARA (Short Range Avalanche Radar)
➢ For automatic
verification of
avalanche control
➢ Weather independent
➢ Range: 300 – 500 m
➢ Makes it possible to
perform avalanche
control work even
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during night and very
poor visibility
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People Detection Radar
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IDA® INFRASOUND
• frequency is below human hearing
• propagates very big distances
• produced by many sources
• used to detect earthqueakes and vulcanos
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IDA® INFRASOUND
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IDA® INFRASOUND
• IDA® Infrasound Detection of Avalanches
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Plattform for detection systems
• PIA Platform for integrated avalanche
detection systems
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
4.1 Overview
4.2 Torre control avalanchas Wyssen
4.3 Avalanche detection
4.4 Meteorologial stations
4.5 Wyssen Risk Solutions
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METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
4.1 Overview
4.2 Torre control avalanchas Wyssen
4.3 Avalanche detection
4.4 Meteorologial stations
4.5 Wyssen Risk Solutions
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Wyssen Risk Solutions: Service Proposition
g
in g)
c
n tin
a
n rac
i
F nt
o
c
(
Dismanteling and
renaturation
Operation of avalanche
control
Operation of equipment
Maintenance and service
Construction, delivery, installation and start-up
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Analysis and planning of temporary measures
Preventive Avalanche Control consists of:
1. Samle data
1. Collect data
2. Decide
3. Blast
3. Sprenge
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4. Verification
Preventive Avalanche Control consists of:
1. Samle data
1. Collect
data
3.
3.Blast
Blast
2. Decide
3. Sprenge
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4. Verifacation
Verification
1. Collect
data
Relevant data
Automatic modelling
SNOWPACK
New snow
Wind slab
Surface Hoar
Wind Slab
Depth Hoar
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2. Decide
Automatic alarm:
Wind + snow +
temperature
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Automatic alarm:
Liquid Water Index
Preventive Avalanche Control consists of:
1. Samle data
1. Collect
Collect
1.
data
data
2.
2. Decide
Decice
3. Sprenge
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3.
3.Blast
Sprenge
4. Verification
Verifisere
W
of ysse
us n e e n a
e
of ds t re a
pr o e ble
ev n
en su to o
tiv re ff
e the er
av
t
ala mo he
nc st hie
he eff rar
co ect chy
nt i v
ro e
l.
Hierarchy of needs for preventive avalanche control
Avalanche
Towers, radars,
Infrasound, etc.
Infrastructure to collect and
interprent weather data,
cooperation with workers on
the road etc.
Proffesional experts to do local
hazard assesments and decide
when to perform avalanche control
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CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
The Wyssen Story
Theorie of Avalanche Release
Mitigation Measures
Review
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REFERENCE PROJECTS
• Protection of Construction site for Hydropowerplant
Illwerke, Austria
• Railway and Road Protection Gonda
• Road & Skiresort Protection in Ischgl/Galtür
• Road, Railway & Skiresort Protection Zermatt
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REFERENCE PROJECTS
Protection of Construction Site
for Hydropower Plant
Illwerke, Austria
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19/05/2015
Symposium 2013
76
REFERENCE PROJECTS
Zermatt, Switzerland
Road, Railways & Ski Slopes Protection
• 13
towers for access route
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• 37 towers in ski resort
REFERENCE PROJECTS
Jungfraujoch, 3600 müM
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•
REFERENCE PROJECTS
Samnaun – Ischgl – Galtür
Ski Slopes, Roads & Railways Protection
more than 100 towers
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Picture: Silvretta Seilbahn AG
•
•
•
REFERENCE PROJECTS
Jungfrau-Region, Switzerland
11 towers for ski slopes
5 towers for railways
1 tower:
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Name Top of Europe public access
Picture: M. Wiedemaier
80
REFERENCE PROJECTS
Davos, Switzerland
Roads & Ski Slopes Protection
• 11 towers for access routes
in ski resort
• 1 towers
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REFERENCE PROJECTS
Kitzsteinhorn Kaprun, Austria
Ski Slopes Protection
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REFERENCE PROJECTS
St. Moritz, Switzerland
Road, Railways & Ski Slopes Protection
• 28 towers for access routes
• 4 towers in ski resort
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Review
• Muy alta fiabilidad comparada con competidores
(Our sytems are appreciated by our customers due to a very high reliability compared to our competitors.)
• Alta efectividad y fiablilidad son aseguradas con el
contrato de servicio y mantenimiento
(The residual risk depends on the effectiveness and reliability. That's why we offer a service &
maintenance contract for all our towers to make sure they are in perfect shape before the season and
Codelco does not have to take care about technical aspects of our systems.)
• Esto asegura disponibilidad y bajo riesgo residual para su
compañia
(This leads to higher availability and smaller residual risk for your company.)
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Preventive Avalanche control is attractive when …
• the financial resources are too limited for permanent structural measures
• the cost/effectiveness ratio is inadequate for permanent structural measures ($/risk reduction)
• the cost/benefit ratio is inadequate for permanent structural measures ($/economic benefit)
• big impact in nature needs to be prevented
• quick protection is needed long before planning, approval and financing of
structural measures may be realized (temporary solution)
Vorname Name
Preventive Avalanche control has been proven for
…
•
•
•
•
Roads
Railways
Construction sites
Ski resorts
whenever the endangered areas can be
evacuated and blocked for a short time
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END
Questions?
Vicita nuestras instalaciones en los Alpes para
comprobar in situ la efectividad de nuestro
sistema
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REFERENCE PROJECTS
Jungfraujoch, 3600 müM
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TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
• Movie Link #1
Avalanche release in Ryggfon (Norway)
• Movie Link #2
Jungfraujoch (Switzerland) showing the
helicopter transportation and
of the deployment
installation
box
• Movie Link #3
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Avalanche Control work done for the
safety of a state road and railway.
TORRE CONTROL AVALANCHAS WYSSEN
Link to mast mounting movie
The movie shows the mounting of a mast close
to Kandersteg (Switzerland).
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REFERENCE PROJECTS
Ischgl, Austria
Access Road Protection to Galtür
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Lugar de prueba de NGI: Ryggfonn
•
Uno de los dos sitios de pruebas de
avalanchas a gran escala que existen en el
mundo.
•
Uso de explosivos ubicados anteriormente.
•
•
•
•
•
Cargas muy grandes (500kg)
Impacto inaceptable en la naturaleza
Alto riesgo
No es posible ejecutar durante malas condiciones climáticas
Decisión de comprar un sistema para el desencadenamiento Cabaña de NGI en Ryggfonn
(imagen: Store Norske Leksikon)
remoto de avalanchas.
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Evaluación de NGI para Ryggfonn
10 años de costos de
funcionamiento
Mástil Wyssen:
4
Gazex:
3
Mantenimiento
Mástil Wyssen:
Gazex:
Efecto del sistema
Mástil Wyssen:
3,2
Gazex:
2,4
3,2
2,4
Capacidad de adaptación al
terreno
Mástil Wyssen:
4
Gazex:
2
Puntuación general
Mástil Wyssen:
34,2
Gazex:
31,1
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Krister Kristensen, ingeniero jefe, peligros naturales, avalanchas y deslizamiento de rocas, Instituto Geotécnico Noruego (NGI, por sus siglas en
inglés).
Lugar de prueba de NGI: Ryggfonn
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