 Taenia saginata called Beef T.W.
 Taenia solium called Pork T.W.
Hymenoleps nana called Dwarf T.W.
Echinococus granulosus called Dog
T.W.
3-Hymenolepis nana→ Dwarf Tapeworm.
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Common name→→ called the Dwarf tapeworm.
Adult worm is only 10-45 mm long and 0.5-1 mm wide,
Disease→ Dwarf tapeworm infection or Hymenolepiasis .
Widely distribution in children and most common.
Infective stage to human is called →ova by food and water.
Mode of infection →1-contaminated food and water with ova
or
2- Auto infection, ova remains and
hatches in the intestine.
Rout of infection →Mouth.
Habitat→ Adult worm in the small intestine of human.
Life cycle is direct no intermediate host.
Symptoms
Rare symptoms include anorexia, vomiting, nausea and
behavioral disturbances.
Control → Avoid taken contaminated food and water.
Diagnosis find →ova and gravid segment in stool.
Treatment → Praziquantel is the drug of choice.
4-Echinococcus granulosus→Dog Tapeworm.
Common name→ is called the dog tapeworm.
Disease →→Dog tapeworm infection in dogs or Hydatidosis in (I.host).
It is world wide specially in dogs regions.
Infective stage to human and cattle is called →ova by food and water.
Mode of infection →contaminated food and water with ova.
Rout of infection →mouth.
Intermediate host→ human, sheep cattle, camels all carry hydatid cyst.
Larval stage is hydatid cyst in intermediate host.
Habitat→ adult worm in the small intestine of dogs.
Final host →is only the dogs .
Symptoms
Rare symptoms because the cyst grow slowly unless it rupture causing
Anaphylactic shock due to release of protoscolices and toxins of hydatid
cyst.
 Control → Avoid taken contaminated food and water.
keep the dogs away with human contact.
 Diagnosis → Mostly X RAY OR CT SCAN OR ULTRASOUND to find
the cyst.
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 Treatment → surgical intervention most common(90%)
ALBENDAZOLE DRUG OF CHOICE.
Echinococcus granulosus L.C
Class Trematoda:
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Trematodes are commonly referred to or commonly called as flukes.
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All are hermaphrodite (except→ Schistosoma in which sexes are
separated).
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All of them are parasitic and pathogenic flatworms.
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Body has 2 oral & ventral suckers (except some species have 3rd
genital sucker).
•
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Oral suckers Situated anteriorly sometimes supported by hooks.
Ventral sucker on ventral side for attachment and fixation.
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Life cycle→ all have indirect needs snails as (I.H)and vertebrates as
final host, Show sexual stages or adult stages in the
(definitive host) and asexual or larval stages in the (I.H.).
•
The habitat either in blood called blood flukes or in intestine called
intestinal flukes or in the liver called hepatic or liver flukes.
Genus Schistosoma
• G:Schistosoma, commonly known as blood-flukes and
bilharzia causing schistosomiasis.
• Adult parasitize and lives in blood vessels.
• They are dioecious(sexes are separated)
• All Schistosoma has indirect life cycle.
• It needs I.H(Snail)→larval immature stages.
• It needs human as final host→ adult stage.
• Male has ventral groove called a gynecophoric canal that
extented posterior to the ventral sucker that holds female
during copulation.
Genus: Schistosoma species
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Common name. Blood flukes, Bilharzias worm
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Schistosoma, (phylum Platyhelminthes), three members of which are well
known for causing the disease schistosomiasis in humans.
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Three pathogenic Spps to human:
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1-S. haematobium→→ causes schistosomal hematuria, vesical
schistosomiasis, and urinary bilharziasis.
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2-S. mansoni→→ causes intestinal bilharziasis, schistosomiasis mansoni.
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3-S. japonicum→→ causes Oriental schistosomiasis or Katayama disease.
ADULTS of schistosoma.
↓Oral sucker
↑
Ventral sucker
Schistosoma haematobium
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Schistosoma haematobium
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Common name→→ Urinary blood flukes.
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Disease →→Schistosomal hematuria, vesicle schistosomiasis, and urinary B.
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Infective stage →→Bi-forked tail cercaria.
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Mode of infection →→skin penetration.
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Intermediate host→→ Snail called Bulinus spp
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Final or definitive host →→Human.
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Habitat →→Venous or vesicle plexus of urinary bladder.
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Egg →→Oval in shape with terminal spine.
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Diagnostic stage→→ ova with terminal spine in urine.
↑↑contact
water↓↓
Biforked tailed cercaria
Symptoms and Diagnosis
• Symptoms:
• Penetration of cercariae causes dermatitis.
• (Painless haematuria) from ulcer of the U.Bladder.
• Difficulty in urinatination.
• In females, vulva, vagina, cervix, ovaries, may be infected.
• The loss of blood can lead to iron deficiency anemia.
• Secondary infections, kidney damage, and even cancer
Diagnosis:
• GUE for Detection of ova specially in last few drops of
urine.
Prophylaxis and treatment
• Prophylaxis:
• Prevention of pollution of H2o in rivers with human
urine.
• Eradication of I.H. (Mollusks).
• Avoiding swimming or washing, or bathing in or
contact with infected or polluted water.
• Decrease the infected person by medical drugs.
Treatment.
• The usage of medications against schistosomiasis,
• praziquantel is the drug of choice for treatment