Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th Edition
WATER TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN
Copyright 2012 American Water Works Association and American Society of Civil Engineers
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Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th Edition
ABOUT THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
The American Water Works Association is the authoritative resource for knowledge,
information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America
and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world.
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www.awwa.org
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Director of Publishing: Liz Haigh
Publications Manager: Gay Porter De Nileon
ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL & WATER RESOURCES
INSTITUTE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS
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Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th Edition
WATER TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN
American Water Works Association
American Society of Civil Engineers
Stephen J. Randtke, Ph.D., P.E. Editor
Michael B. Horsley, P.E. Editor
Fifth Edition
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Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th Edition
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Water Treatment Plant Design, Fifth Edition
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Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th Edition
CONTENTS
Contributers xv
Chapter 1. The Challenge of Water Treatment Plant Design Ian P. D. Wright, P.Eng. and Thomas J. Lane, P.E.
1.1
The Purpose of This Handbook / 1.1
Background / 1.1
Today’s Challenges / 1.3
Development of Water Treatment Design Projects / 1.7
References / 1.8
Chapter 2. Sustainability Juliana Tang, P.Eng., LEED A.P.,
Holly L. Shorney-Darby, Ph.D., P.E., Bruce E. Burris, P.E., BCEE, and
Sean Bolongaro, P.Eng.
2.1
Introduction / 2.1
Sustainable Engineering / 2.2
Major Environmental Issues / 2.2
Analytical Tools / 2.3
Sustainable Design Standards / 2.7
Concepts of Sustainable Water Treatment / 2.9
Treatment and Sustainability Goals / 2.10
Water Supply / 2.10
Water Treatment Plant Design / 2.11
Integrated Design Process / 2.14
Project Specifications / 2.16
Infrastructure Construction / 2.17
Water Treatment Plant Operation / 2.18
Transmission and Distribution of Water / 2.19
Energy Efficiency in Water Treatment Plant Design / 2.19
Renewable Energy / 2.27
Examples of Current Initiatives / 2.39
References and Bibliography / 2.42
Chapter 3. Master Planning and Treatment Process Selection Matthew T. Valade, P.E. and George P. Fulton
3.1
The Master Plan / 3.1
Drinking Water Quality Goals / 3.4
Treatment Options / 3.8
References / 3.16
v
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vi
CONTENTS
Chapter 4. Design and Construction R. Gary Fuller, P.E.,
Holly L. Shorney-Darby, P.E., and Richard G. Stratton, P.E.
4.1
Preliminary Design / 4.2
Final Design / 4.6
Bid and Construction Assistance / 4.11
Alternate Delivery Approaches / 4.14
References and Bibliography / 4.16
Chapter 5. Intake Facilities Gerard R. Miller, Ph.D., Jeffrey W. Henson, P.E.,
and Steven N. Foellmi, P.E.
5.1
Introduction / 5.1
Types of Intake Systems / 5.3
Intake Design / 5.15
Other Intake Design Considerations / 5.26
Bibliography and References / 5.36
Chapter 6. Aeration and Air Stripping John E. Dyksen, P.E.,
Robert R. Raczko, P.E., and Christopher J. Savino
6.1
Introduction / 6.1
Principles of Aeration/Air Stripping / 6.2
General Design Considerations / 6.6
Waterfall Aeration/Air Stripping Design / 6.6
Diffusion-Type Aeration / 6.25
Mechanical Aeration / 6.29
Pressure Aeration / 6.29
Membrane Air Stripping / 6.30
Pilot Testing / 6.33
Bibliography and References / 6.35
Chapter 7. Mixing, Coagulation, and Flocculation Paul J. Delphos, P.E.
and Raymond D. Letterman, Ph.D., P.E.
7.1
Introduction / 7.1
The Coagulation Process / 7.3
Coagulation and Membrane Technology / 7.7
Design of Chemical Mixing Facilities / 7.7
Flocculation Process Design / 7.16
Process Monitoring and Control / 7.26
Bibliography and References / 7.26
Chapter 8. Clarification William B. Dowbiggin, P.E., BCEE and
Simon Breese, M.A.Sc., P.Eng.
8.1
Presedimentation / 8.1
Sedimentation with Coagulation / 8.5
Conventional Clarification Design / 8.7
High-Rate Clarification / 8.30
Summary of Loading Rates for Clarification with Coagulation / 8.56
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CONTENTS
vii
Acknowledgments / 8.57
Bibliography and References / 8.57
Chapter 9. High-Rate Granular Media Filtration Kevin Castro, P.E., BCEE,
Chandra Mysore, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, and Michael Chapman
9.1
Mechanisms of Filtration / 9.2
Design Considerations / 9.2
Filter Operation and Maintenance / 9.40
Biological Filtration / 9.46
Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) / 9.48
Acknowledgements / 9.56
References / 9.56
Chapter 10. Slow Sand and Diatomaceous Earth Filtration M. Robin Collins, Ph.D., P.E., Mark P. Youngstrom, P.E., and
Michael V. Broder, P.E.
10.1
Introduction / 10.1
Slow Sand Filtration / 10.2
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration / 10.33
Acknowledgments / 10.47
Bibliography and References / 10.47
Chapter 11. Oxidation and Disinfection James C. Hesby, P.E.,
Nick L. Burns, P.E., and Michael A. Oneby, P.E.
11.1
Introduction / 11.1
Regulatory Framework / 11.3
Treatment by Chemical Oxidation / 11.12
Chlorination / 11.16
Chloramination / 11.20
Chlorine Dioxide / 11.26
Permanganate / 11.27
Ozone / 11.29
Advanced Oxidation Processes / 11.51
Acknowledgments / 11.54
Bibliography and References / 11.54
Chapter 12. Ultraviolet Disinfection Paul D. Swaim, P.E.,
Christine A. Cotton, P.E., and Karl G. Linden, Ph.D.
12.1
Principles of UV Disinfection / 12.2
Applications for UV Technologies / 12.6
Regulatory Requirements for UV Disinfection in North America / 12.8
Water Quality and Treatment Effects on UV Disinfection / 12.12
UV Disinfection Equipment / 12.15
UV Disinfection Facility Planning, Design, and Project Implementation / 12.21
Validation Testing / 12.36
Construction, Testing, Start-Up, and O&M / 12.38
Bibliography and References / 12.41
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CONTENTS
Chapter 13. Precipitative Softening Doug Elder, P.E.,
Stephen J. Randtke, Ph.D., P.E., and Michael B. Horsley, P.E.
13.1
Water Hardness and Softening Treatment / 13.2
Pretreatment / 13.6
Softening Processes / 13.7
Residuals Production / 13.14
Softening Process Basins / 13.15
Regulatory Considerations / 13.21
Precipitative Softening Facility Design Considerations / 13.21
Recent Trends in Softening / 13.24
Sustainability Considerations / 13.25
References / 13.26
Chapter 14. Ion-Exchange Applications in Water Treatment Michael C. Gottlieb and G. Scott Watkins
14.1
Introduction / 14.1
Ion-Exchange Media / 14.3
The Ion-Exchange Process / 14.8
Cation-Exchange Processes / 14.10
Anion-Exchange Processes / 14.15
Terrorist-Related Substances / 14.31
Ion-Exchange Demineralization / 14.33
Regeneration Methods / 14.35
Basics of Ion-Exchange System Design / 14.38
Operation and Maintenance / 14.52
Plant Design and Costs / 14.56
Boundaries Between Suppliers, Consultants, and End Users / 14.64
Recent Trends in Ion Exchange / 14.64
Bibliography and References / 14.65
Chapter 15. Membrane Processes Robert A. Bergman, P.E.,
Jesus Garcia-Aleman, P.Eng., Ph.D., and Rory Morgan, B.Eng, MEngSc, CEng
15.1
Types of Membrane Processes / 15.2
Membrane System Components and Design Considerations / 15.7
Membrane Unit Design / 15.29
Posttreatment, Residuals, and Other Membrane Process Design Considerations / 15.52
Bibliography and References / 15.60
Chapter 16. Activated Carbon Adsorption Richard Brady, P.E., BCEE and
Melissa Moran, P.E., BCEE
16.1
Characteristics of Activated Carbon / 16.1
Design of Powdered Activated Carbon Facilities / 16.6
Design of Granular Activated Carbon Facilities / 16.16
Options for Spent Granular Activated Carbon / 16.40
Acknowledgments / 16.44
References / 16.45
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