1 Which of the following bacteria is NOT a pathogen?
A Streptococcus pneumoniae
B Lactobacillus
C VTEC Escherichia coli
D Staphylococcus aureus
E Neisseria meningitidis
Max point 1
Achieved point
2 Which of the following concepts is NOT related to virulence?
A Adherence
B Toxins
C Invasiveness
D Resistance
E Cytotoxicity
Max point 1
Achieved point
Which of the following statements concerning nosocomial infection is
true?
A An infection of the nose
B An infection acquired at a hospital
C Infections of health personnel
D Infections of immunucomprimised people
E Infections of neonates
Max point 1
Achieved point
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
3
What family of antibacterial agents does the drug group Cephalosporins
belong to?
A Glycopeptides
B Aminoglycosides
C Beta-lactams
D Macrolides
E Quinolones
Max point 1
Achieved point

4
5

Give two mechanisms how bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic
drug.
altering the target site
altering access to the target site
producing enzymes that can modify the antibiotic
Max point: 2
Achieved point
1
6
Billy Rattle suffers from bacterial meningitis. The general practitioner
investigates both Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s Signs.
Please, describe both clinical maneuvers.
Kernig’s sign: flexing the patient’s hip 90 degrees then extending the
patient’s knee causes pain
Brudzinski’s sign: flexing the patient’s neck causes flexion of the patient’s
hip and knees
Max point: 2
Achieved point
Heat production and heat loss are controlled by autonomic output and
motor output from the central nervous system to the effector organs.
Which one of the following statements concerning thermoregulation is
correct?
Parasympathetic output controls pilomotion by α-adrenergic receptors.
A.
Parasympathetic output controls sweating by β-adrenergic receptors.
B.
Sympathetic output controls brown fat by muscarinic receptors.
C.
Sympathetic output controls vasomotion by α-adrenergic receptors.
D.
Shivering is an intrinsic phenomenon of skeletal muscles that is
E.
independent of the central nervous system.
Max point :1
Achieved point
7
8

Give two examples of endogenous pyrogens!
interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ
Max point : 2
9
Achieved point
Virus size. Choose the correct statement!
A Viruses are typically in the range of fm – size.
B Viruses are typically in the range of pm – size.
C Viruses are typically in the range of nm – size.
D Viruses are typically in the range of µm – size.
E Viruses are typically in the range of mm – size.
Max point 1
Achieved point

2
10
Name four different groups of viruses according to the Baltimore
classification.
dsDNA, ss+DNA, dsRNA, ss+RNA, ss-RNA, ss+RNA-RT, dsDNA-RT
Max point: 2
Achieved point
Antiviral drugs – mechanisms of inhibition
Molecules:
A. Cyclic adenosinemonophosphate
B.
Adenylatcyclase
C.
Acycloguanosin
D. RNA polymerase
E.
Ribavirin
F.
Interferon alpha
G. Integrase
H. Reverse transcriptase
I.
Amantadine
J.
Thymidine kinase
Opgave:
Choose one answer from the list that best fits the statement below!
11
… is typically used in cases of Herpes simplex and zoster infections.
… catalyzes initial reaction leading to the termination of DNA
polymerization feasible in Herpes simplex and zoster infections.
13 … processes the first converting reaction of RNA leading to integration
of the HIV into the host genome.
Max point: 3
Achieved point
12
Which of the following is the typical infection pathway of the Influenza
virus?
A Respiratory
B Mucosal
C Cutaneous
D Bloodborne
E Zoonotic
Max point 1
Achieved point
C
J
H
14

3
Routes and infection sites
Viruses:
A. Herpes labialis virus (HHV 1)
B.
Herpes genitalis virus (HHV 2)
C.
Varicella zoster virus (HHV 3)
D. Epstein-Barr virus (HHV 4)
E.
HIV
F.
Influenza virus
G. Rotavirus
H. Ebola virus
I.
Adenovirus
J.
Hepatitis B virus
Opgave:
Choose one answer from the list that best fits the statement below!
15
This enteric virus accesses its host via ingestion
This virus spreads in the cardiovascular system and persists latently in
sensory ganglia with the potency of causing neuralgia.
17 This virus is bloodborne and spreads through the host by infecting
migrating T4 lymphocytes and macrophages.
Max point: 3
Achieved point
16
18
G
C
E
Name three different latencies of infection corresponding to Influenza
virus, Herpes simplex virus and HIV, respectively!
Acute, latent, chronic
Max point: 3
Achieved point
19 Which cell type is capable of “eating“ not-self particles as viruses?
A Natural killer cells
B T-cells
C Basophile granulocytes
D Macrophages
E Mast cells
Max point 1
Achieved point

4
Immune responses and evading mechanisms
Viruses and terms:
A. Herpes labialis virus (HHV 1)
B.
Herpes genitalis virus (HHV 2)
C.
Varicella zoster virus (HHV 3)
D. Epstein-Barr virus (HHV 4)
E.
HIV
F.
Inflammation
G. Phagocytosis
H. Complement system
I.
Programmed cell death
J.
Neoplasia
Opgave:
Choose one answer from the list that best fits the statement below!
20
Rubor, calor, dolor and tumor are characteristic for …
This virus harbors B lymphocytes and escapes immune response with
decreased synthesis of viral and cellular molecules.
22 Antigenic variation is this virus’ mechanism of persistence and evading
the immune response.
Max point: 3
Achieved point
21
23
F
D
E
Define the term prevalence!
the percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a
given time
Max point: 1
Achieved point
24
Which of the following statements about Infectious Mononucleosis is
correct?
You are most likely to get Infectious Mononucleosis with all signs and
A.
symptoms if you are older than 50 years.
It is a bacterial infection.
B.
The incubation period is between 2 and 8 days.
C.
Most adults have been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus and have built up
D.
antibodies.
Infectious Mononucleosis is typically caused by cytomegalovirus.
E.
Max point :1
Achieved point
25

What is the function of an endogenous cryogen in the pathophysiology of
fever?
intrinsic antipyretic, inhibition of COX, reduced production of PGE2
Max point : 1
Achieved point
5
26 Which list contains the three main groups of superficial mycosis?
A Geophilic, zoophilic and anthropophilic
B Geophilic, zoophilic and nosocomial
C Aquaphilic, zoophilic and anthropophilic
D Ontologic, epistimethic and illegible
E Commensal, aerophilic and aquafilic
Max point 1
Achieved point
27

Rubella: 1) Which kind of agent is responsible for this disease? 2) Why is
rubella vaccination a part of the Danish vaccination program for children?
3) Which type of vaccine is used for the rubella vaccine in Denmark?
1. A single-stranded RNA virus of the Toga virus family (a virus: 1 point,
RNA virus and/or Toga virus: 2 points)
2.
To avoid the serious effects of congenital rubella infection.
(Congenital infection must be mentioned to get 1 point ; “to avoid
infection” or the like does not valid a point)
3. A live attenuated virus
Max point : 4
Achieved point
6
28
The concept “herd immunity” (Danish: “Flokbeskyttelse”) is
supposed to provide an extra benefit to the Danish population in
connection with the introduction (in 2007) of a new vaccination in the
Danish vaccination program for children.
1) Which vaccination is this?
2) Who is thought to gain the most protection by herd immunity?
1) The vaccination against pneumococci (1 point)
2) The Danish Health Authority (Sundhedsstyrelsen) expects that the
prevention of spread of pneumococci among children will inhibit the
spread of pneumococcal infections in the population as a whole thereby
having the greatest effect (in number of cases of serious disease and
deaths) among the elderly (1 point)
Max point : 2
29
Achieved point
Which of the following is a biochemical messenger produced by
macrophages and lymphocytes in response to an antigen?
Interleukin
A.
Interferon
B.
Chemokine
C.
Tumor necrosis factor
D.
Growth factor
E.
Max point : 1

Achieved point
Which of the following statements regarding HIV is true?
30
It carries its genetic information in DNA
A.
It uses reverse transcriptase to convert DNA to RNA
B.
It uses reverse transcriptase to insert virus into infected cells
C.
It is a retrovirus
D.
All statements are incorrect.
E.
Max point : 1
Achieved point

7
Which of the following events occurs earliest in the case of local
inflammation?
Fever
A.
Edema
B.
Attack by Tcells
C.
Lysis of antigens mediated by complement
D.
Release of histamine
E.
Max point : 1
Achieved point
31
Which of the following statements regarding vaccine against Hepatitis B
virus is true?
It is a combined vaccine
A.
The vaccine is a recombinant viral protein
B.
The vaccine is an inactivated toxin
C.
The vaccine is a mixture of 10 extracted capsular polysaccharides
D.
It is an attenuated live virus
E.
Max point : 1
Achieved point

32
33

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1982 was awarded to
Sune Bergstroem, Bengt Samuelsson and John Vane for their
discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active
substances. Please add the missing items to the figure (boxes)
demonstrating the biochemical pathway from phospholipids to
prostaglandins!
Phospholipase A2, Arachidonic acid, Cyclooxygenase
Max point : 3
34
Achieved point
What is the main functional difference between cyclooxygenase
isoenzymes COX1 and COX2?
COX1: constitutive expressed enzyme, house keeping functions
COX2: inducible enzyme, inflammation
Max point : 2
Achieved point
8