Tourism
EJTHR Research
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Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp 83-102, 2014
© 2014 Polytechnic Institute of Leiria. All rights reserved
Printed in Portugal
EVENT TOURISM ANALYSIS AND
STATE OF THE ART
José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón and José Antonio
Folgado-Fernández
University of Extremadura, Spain
Paulo Alexandre Oliveira Duarte
University of Beira Interior, Portugal
ABSTRACT: ,QWKHODVWGHFDGHVWKHHIIHFWRI JOREDOL]DWLRQRQZRUOGWRXULVPKDVOHGWRLQFUHDVHGFRPSHWLWLRQEHWZHHQGHVWLQDWLRQVLQVHDUFKIRUWKHRSWLPDOSRVLWLRQLQJ,QWKLVVFHQDULR
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YLVLWRUVHQFRXUDJHLQYHVWPHQWLPSURYHLPDJHDQGERRVWWKHORFDOHFRQRP\7KLVDUWLFOH·VPDLQ
REMHFWLYHLVWRH[SDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHRI WKLVSKHQRPHQRQIURPDWKHRUHWLFDODQGFRQFHSWXDO
YLHZSRLQWEDVHGRQDQH[WHQVLYHUHYLHZRI WKHOLWHUDWXUH7KHÀQGLQJVKHOSWRVWUHQJWKHQDQG
V\QWKHWL]HWKHEDVLFNQRZOHGJHRQHYHQWVWKHLQÁXHQFHRQGHVWLQDWLRQLPDJHDQGSRVLWLRQLQJVWUDWHJLHVEHLQJYDOLGIRUERWKUHVHDUFKHUVDQGGHVWLQDWLRQPDQDJHUVKeywords: Tourism
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RESUMEN(QODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVHOHIHFWRGHODJOREDOL]DFLyQVREUHHOWXULVPRPXQGLDO
KDFRQGXFLGRDODXPHQWRGHODFRPSHWHQFLDHQWUHORVGHVWLQRVHQE~VTXHGDGHOSRVLFLRQDPLento ideal. En este escenario los eventos se vuelven en un elemento esencial para el desarUROORGHOWXULVPRGHGHVWLQRVXQDYH]TXHDWUDHQYLVLWDQWHVLQFHQWLYDQDOLQYHVWLPHQWRPHMRUDQODLPDJHQHLPSXOVDQODHFRQRPtDORFDO(OSULQFLSDOREMHWLYRGHHVWHDUWtFXORHVHOGH
DPSOLDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHHVHIHQyPHQRDSDUWLUGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDWHyULFR\FRQFHSWXDO
EDVDGRHQXQDH[WHQVDUHYLVLyQGHODOLWHUDWXUD/RVUHVXOWDGRVD\XGDQDUHIRU]DU\VLQWHWL]DU
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en las estrategias de posicionamiento, siendo válido para investigadores y gestores de destinos.
Palabras clave(YHQWRV7XUtVWLFRV&RPSHWLWLYLGDG0DUNHWLQJ7XUtVWLFRLPDJHQGHGHVWLQR
RESUMO1DV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVRHIHLWRGDJOREDOL]DomRVREUHRWXULVPRPXQGLDOWHPOHYDGRDRDXPHQWRGDFRQFRUUrQFLDHQWUHRVGHVWLQRVHPEXVFDGRSRVLFLRQDPHQWRLGHDO1HVWH
cenário os eventos tornaram-se um elemento essencial para o desenvolvimento do turismo de
destinos, pois atraem visitantes, incentivam o investimento, melhoram a imagem e impulsionDPDHFRQRPLDORFDO2SULQFLSDOREMHWLYRGHVWHDUWLJRpRGHDPSOLDURFRQKHFLPHQWRGHVVH
IHQyPHQRDSDUWLUGHXPSRQWRGHYLVWDWHyULFRHFRQFHSWXDOEDVHDGRQXPDH[WHQVDUHYLVmR
José Manuel Hernández Mogollón3K'LQ(FRQRPLFVDQG%XVLQHVV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
LVSURIHVVRURI 7RXULVP0DUNHWLQJDQG'LUHFWRURI 5HVHDUFK8QLW0$5.(7850DUNHWLQJ
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LQ7RXULVP$XWKRU·VHPDLOMPKHUGH]#XQH[HVJosé Antonio Folgado-Fernandez PhD in
(FRQRPLFVDQG%XVLQHVV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQLVSURIHVVRURI %XVLQHVV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQIURPWKH
8QLYHUVLW\RI ([WUHPDGXUD$XWKRU·VHPDLOMDIROJDGR#XQH[HVPaulo Alexandre Oliveira
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'HSDUWPHQWDQGUHVHDUFKHUDW1(&(5HVHDUFK8QLWLQ%XVLQHVV6FLHQFHVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\
RI %HLUD,QWHULRU3RUWXJDO+HLVWKHKHDGRI WKH0DVWHULQ0DUNHWLQJ$XWKRU·VHPDLOSGXDUWH#XELSW
83
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VHQGRYiOLGRSDUDSHVTXLVDGRUHVHJHVWRUHVGHGHVWLQRVPalavras-chave: Eventos Turísticos,
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and regions’ strategy in order to attract visitors and investments, provide
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resources of the place where it is held to attract potential visitors and
where a range of tourism programs is planned related to natural and
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The organization of tourist events has a positive impact on a place
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the sale of products and services of different activities connected to
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7KLVDUWLFOHDQDO\VHVWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNVRI HYHQWVPDQDJHment through a thoughtful review of the literature on the nature, clasVLÀFDWLRQPDLQYDULDEOHVDQGLPSOLFDWLRQVRI HYHQWVRQWKHLPDJHRI WKHKRVWLQJSODFH$VHYHQWWRXULVPHPHUJHVDVDNH\DUHDWRGHVWLQDWLRQV·LPDJHDQGHFRQRP\ZHXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHYDOXHRI WKLVZRUN
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in an area with great potential for research development.
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destination image.
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7KHWKLUGVHFWLRQGHVFULEHVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI HYHQWVDQGWKHLPSOLcations on the image of the destination. In the fourth section, the major types of events are reviewed, with emphasis on those with a strong
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Hosting events has, among others, the purpose of fully using the
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sector in recent decades has led to the emergence of a strong industry
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(Allen et al., 2002).
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Through previous literature reviews, the main areas of research and
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of the different types of events, sponsorship, events management and
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from two different approaches: from the characteristics of the event
itself, and from the perspective of tourists as an opportunity to enjoy
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awareness of the citizens and the image of the destination, offer a social
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study of varied interrelated factors such as natural and cultural resources,
infrastructure, services, institutional image, promotional materials, travel
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geographical (location and morphology), cultural (sport events, festiYDOVH[KLELWLRQVWKHDWUHGDQFHDQGFRQFHUWVDQGODVWO\KHULWDJHDVVHWV
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and differentiate the structural or enduring elements of the destination
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have opted to address these issues from the perspective of the attracWLYHQHVVRI WKHVLWHSURSRVLQJDW\SRORJ\RI GHVWLQDWLRQFODLPVEDVHG
on three parameters: (1) environmental resources, (2) enduring resourcHVEXLOWE\PDQEXWQRWVSHFLÀFDOO\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRI DWWUDFWLQJYLVLWRUVDQGHYHQWV6ZDUEURRNHVXJJHVWHGWKDWDWWUDFWLRQVDUH
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attract visitors, (3) the permanent structures specially designed to act
as tourist attractions and (4) events. In the same line of thought, AlhePRXGDQG$UPVWURQJFODVVLÀHGWKHDWWUDFWLRQVRI DGHVWLQDWLRQ
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and friends), (4) leisure activities, (5) tourism superstructure (lodgings,
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superstructure
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Figure 1: Tourist Attractions
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In summary, the review suggests that the main distinguishing feature of events in relation to other types of attractions is the fact that
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retention through a well-designed program of activities. Lastly, events
can also serve to attract investment and improve infrastructure, such
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image formation and site development, deserves special consideration
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of information search, the tourist adapts its perception until reaching
an induced image that will weigh (using an internal valuation) against
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complete picture of the place. The representations used in destination
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H[DFWO\WKHVDPHZD\$IWHUSHUIRUPLQJDFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHYLHZRI WKHOLWHUDWXUHRQWKLVFRQFHSW*DOODU]Det al., (2002) concluded that the
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several components aimed at its creation or development as a way that
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suggests that in the process of creating a destination image in the mind
of consumers , several different personal motivations interact, namely:
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other cultures, trends and artistic and historical content, (3) Interpersonal, where tourism is interpreted as a means to generate emotional
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achieve social goals, such as recognition or convey a good social image.
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distinctive strategies for tourism development in many areas, regions or
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on events and on the evaluation of their impact on the tourism destination development are essential in many cases to survive in an increasLQJO\FRPSHWLWLYHPDUNHWZKHUHWKHFRVWVRI SODQQLQJDQGRUJDQL]LQJ
VXFKHYHQWVDUHFRQVLGHUDEOH+RVWLQJHYHQWVWKDWPHHWWKHQHHGVRI tourists and promoting them through the most effective media should
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hosts an event, which included: improved infrastructure, increased
sense of pride for residents, increased trade relations, higher levels of
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destination mainly for three interrelated reasons: (1) their capacity to
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of infrastructure and services, and (3) the creation or strengthening
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Figure 2: Advantages of events
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7KHVXFFHVVRI DWRXULVPHYHQWGHSHQGVODUJHO\RQWKHTXDOLW\RI the integration of different agents in order to achieve good results. To
6KHUZRRGet al. (2005), an event has different effects on the economic, social and environmental areas of the place where it is carried out.
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as a stimulus with strong economic impact not only due to direct in-
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fresh cultural activities at the destination site resulting from hosting
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long term (Lee et al., 2005).
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tourism development strategies in many regions and countries in the
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The results of this study analysed the types of events and how they
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