RESEARCH PAPERS
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vesicular-Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Citrus Plantations
J I. Yago, et.al (Nueva Vizcaya State University)
A Geographic Information Systems-Based Decision Support
System for Solid Waste Recovery and Utilization in Tuguegarao City
J.l B.Guzman (Cagayan State University)
Fertility Mapping, Profiling and Database Building of Corn Clusters
in Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino
G M. Oli, et.al ( Department of Agriculture – RFU-02)
DEVELOPMENT PAPERS
STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno-Transfer Vehicle for Enhanced Peanut
Productivity in Jones, Isabela
R. M. G. Aquino, et.al ( Department of Agriculture – RFU-02)
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative Goat Production
Systems (Region II)
J. N. Nayga, et.al (Isabela State University)
Achieving Institutional Development Through Seed Production and Processing
E. A. Sana, et.al (Nueva Vizcaya State University)
CAGAYAN VALLEY AGRICULTURE AND RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Vol. 4. No. 1 2009
ISSN 1656-9547
The CVARRD RDE Journal is published annually by the Cagayan Valley Agriculture
and Resources Research and Development Consortium (CVARRD), composed
of the following member agencies:
Academe:
Cagayan State University
Isabela State University
Nueva Vizcaya State University
Quirino State College
University of La Salette
National Agencies:
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development Council
Bureau of Agricultural Research
Department of Agriculture – Regional Field Unit 2
Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Region 02
Department of Science and Technology- Region 02
Agricultural Training Institute
Mines and Geosciences Bureau – Region 02
National Economic and Development Authority – Region 02
National Tobacco Administration – Region 02
This publication series contains articles on research and development studies on agriculture and natural resources in region
02 conducted by CVARRD member agencies. These articles
were presented and evaluated at the annual Regional Symposium on Research and Development and Extension Highlights
(RSRDEH)
Copyright: Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and Development
Isabela StateUniversity, Echague, Isabela 3309
CVARRD RDE Journal, Echague, Isabela, 2009. 68 p.
ISSN 1656-9547
Printed by: Cauayan Printing Press, Cauayan City, Isabela 3305
CV
VA
AR
RR
RD
D RDE
RDE
C
Journal
Journal
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
AND EXTENSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editor’s Note
V.V. Carriedo.......................................................................................................i
RESEARCH PAPERS
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous VesicularArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Citrus Plantations
J I. Yago, et.al.................................................................................................................1
A Geographic Information Systems-Based Decision Support
System for Solid Waste Recovery and Utilization in Tuguegarao City
J.l B.Guzman.................................................................................................................13
Fertility Mapping, Profiling and Database Building of Corn Clusters
in Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino
G M. Oli, et.al ................................................................................................................32
DEVELOPMENT PAPERS
STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno-Transfer Vehicle for Enhanced Peanut
Productivity in Jones, Isabela
R. M. G. Aquino, et.al....................................................................................................36
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative Goat Production
Systems (Region II)
J. N. Nayga, et.al.........................................................................................................43
Achieving Institutional Development Through Seed Production
and Processing
E. A. Sana, et.al ...........................................................................................................60
CVARRD RDE Journal Style Guide.............................................................................ii
EDITOR’S NOTE
For the 31 years, the Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Consortium (CVARRD) has by tradition been making annual inventories and
more or less comprehensive documentations of research and development efforts of
national agencies and academic institutions in the region. The goal- to expand the regional knowledge base of technologies and other development strategies that would be
facilitative of development in the countryside.
As a standard monitoring and evaluation strategy, researchers from the various agriculture and natural resources departments of government in the region and research-oriented academic institutions present research results from their respective agencies into
a larger series of regional sectoral reviews. Winning papers from the sectoral reviews
then compete for the annual title of best research and best development papers in the
region at the Regional Symposium on Research and Development and Extension Highlights (RSRDEH). The two first placers for the two categories would then compete with
other emerging best regional papers to qualify to the national RDE Symposium.
This CVARRD RDE Journal not only preserves the best researchers during the 21st
RSRDEH Symposium but complements efforts to disseminate the output of the region’s
premier researcher, to render these bodies of knowledge utilitarian to more development
workers, and possibly, to the main targets of development.
With this, the CVARRD RDE Journal embodies more than a tradition of documentation, or the end-goal of technology dissemination. It bespeaks of kindred spirits among
member-agencies that constitute CVARRD, on their task of capitalizing on Science and
Technology (S&T) as well as on technology dissemination to ultimately increase real
income of stakeholders in agriculture and natural resources, notably farm families in the
countryside.
The flooding of various media that could transform information into countless forms invariably indicates the significance of this commodity as information becomes the basis
of current development conditions, provides lessons from the past, and the possibilities
and directions of the future through current trends. This humble journal aspires to serve
all these purposes.
A note to researchers interested to get published: granting your papers were evaluated
as best in the yearly competitions, please review the CVARRD RDE Journal Style Guide
provided at the end of this publication issue. Thank you.
V.V. Carriedo
DIVERSITY STUDIES AND UTILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS
VESICULAR- ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
ISOLATED FROM CITRUS PLANTATIONS1
J I. Yago, JM Sison, SG Mateo, KB Rivera,
2
MP Gonzales, EI Bustamante
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to collect and taxonomically identify existing mycorrhizae in citrus
plantations in Kongkong, Muta and Malabing Valley in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya. It aims to analyze the
diversity of indigenous Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, to investigate the in-vivo compatibility
and colonization of each VAM species in citrus root system; to study the nutrient uptake of citrus seedlings
inoculated with indigenous VAM; and to determine the growth characteristics of citrus seedlings inoculated
with indigenous VAM.
The sieving pan method was used for the isolation process. Taxonomic identification revealed that
four (4) genus of indigenous VAM fungi were isolated namely Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Acaulospora and
Glomus. VAM fungi isolated from Kongkong Valley showed the most diverse population of mycorrhizal fungi
revealing 11 known species and three (3) unknown species presumed to be of the genus Glomus, Gigaspora
and Scutellospora. Five (5) known species and one (1) unknown species of the genus Gigaspora, were
observed in Muta Valley. Four (4) known species were observed to be present in Malabing Valley and the
most dominant was Gigaspora gigante.
Diversity analysis found that diversity index value in Kongkong Valley was the highest (0.92) compared
to Muta (0.53) and Malabing Valley (0.26). Species richness value was higher in Kongkong (7.85) which
is located in lower elevation/areas. S value in Muta Valley recorded with a value of 5.54 while in Malabing
Valley was 2.53. Repetition index in Kongkong Valley recorded with a value of 0.56 followed by Muta Valley
with a value of 0.69 and 0.63 for Malabing Valley.
Macronutrients were significantly enhanced when citrus seedlings were inoculated with VAM fungi
compared to non-inoculated citrus plants. Results show that mycorrhizal fungi’s penetration to the root
system is evident for symbiotic association. Thus, citrus growth characteristics were significantly affected.
Keywords: Fungi, Citrus, Diversity
The potential of vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi to enhance plant
growth is well documented. VAM fungi can also
facilitate plant uptake of phosphorus (Graham,
1982). There is increasing evidence that VAM
fungi affect citrus root growth independent of
phosphorus nutrition (Peng et al., 1993). VAM
fungal stimulation of citrus root growth may be
beneficial for nursery or stock for out planting
since their limited root system makes seedlings
vulnerable to desiccation (Davies and Albrigo,
1994.) Alternately, increased below ground
carbon allocation of VAM inoculated plants can
1
2
also result in plant growth depression if not
compensated by increased carbon acquisition.
Much of the research documenting
the effects of VAM fungi on citrus growth and
physiology is based on differences between
plants inoculated with a single isolate of VAM
fungi (usually Glomus intraradices Schenck
& Smith) and non-VAM inoculants. However,
citrus orchard soils contain communities of
VAM fungi rather than a single species (Nemec
et al., 1982) and several or all of these species
might colonize citrus roots at the same time.
1st Place, Best Paper-Research Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium
Faculty-researchers, Nueva Vizcaya State University
1
The relevance of VAM fungal diversity to the
functioning of mycorrhizae in the field is not yet
known.
Data from normal conditions of
field grown citrus inoculated with different
communities of VAM fungi on plant growth
and physiology is lacking (Graham, 1982).
VAM fungal species, and geographic isolates
of the same species, can vary with respect to
their ability to colonize roots and improve plant
growth (Camprubi and Calvet, 1996).
Thus, the objective of this study is to test
the hypothesis that VAM fungal communities
differentially affect citrus growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Area of Collection
A total of 201 soil samples were
collected in March, 2008 from 120 Satsuma
citrus plantations located in the valleys of
Kongkong, Muta and Malabing, Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya. Exact location of the sampling sites
was taken with the use of GPS (Technica™).
Predominant soil types were clay loam soil.
Average air temperatures ranged from 21ºC to
26ºC in Kongkong and Muta Valley and 19ºC to
22ºC in Malabing Valley.
5. to determine the growth characteristics of
citrus seedlings inoculated with indigenous
VAM.
Satsuma citrus ages ranged from
3.8 to 4 years. Soil fertilization and chemical
control of pests and diseases were common
in all sampling site. Samples were taken from
homogeneous areas in terms of landscape,
crop age at each site, by collecting seven (7)
to 10 single samples consisting of 0.5 dm3 of
soil and roots of each plant as follows: each
single sample was composed by two subsamples, collected in opposite positions under
the plant canopy, 30-50 cm from the stem and
0 to 20 cm deep. Single samples were pooled
to form one compound sample of 0.5 dm3 of
soil per location. Soil samples were analyzed
for available Phosphorous, pH, organic matter
and texture and total counts of VAM fungal
spores. Roots were gently separated from the
soil, washed and stained with 0.05% trypan
blue (Philips and Hayman, 1970). Roots were
scored for VAM root colonization (Amber and
Young, 1977) if there is existing colonization of
indigenous VAM in citrus roots.
The study will limit its scope using
mycorrhiza which is VAM fungi which was
inoculated in pre-germinated citrus seedlings
and three (3) month old citrus seedlings. The
study was conducted from February 2008
to June 2009. Collection of VAM fungi were
conducted at Kongkong Valley, Muta and
Malabing Valley, Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya and
in-vivo and in-vitro preparation of seedlings
were conducted at NVSU Research Laboratory,
NVSU, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.
In order to multiply native VAM fungal
spores for accurate identification, and to
establish single isolate cultures, soil samples
were used to set up trap cultures by growing
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench as host plants.
Trap cultures were established by disposing 0.2
L of sterile sand on the bottom of 1 L plastic pots
and covering with 0.6 L of a mixture of native
soil + sterile sand + garden soil (2:1:1, v:v:v).
Trap plant seeds were sown over this mixture
and covered with a third layer of 0.2 L of sterile
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are the
following:
1. to collect and taxonomically identify existing
mycorrhizae in citrus plantations
2. to analyze the diversity of indigenous VAM
fungi in citrus plantations
3. to investigate the in-vivo compatibility and
colonization of each VAM species in citrus
root system
4. to study the nutrient uptake of citrus seedlings
inoculated with indigenous VAM
2
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
sand. After three months, plant shoots were
removed, and soil and roots were collected, airdried and stored in a refrigerator (4-10ºC) until
use for spore extractions and identification.
Isolation of VAM Spores
The researchers use sieving pan
method for the isolation process (Remy et
al. 1994). The pans were arranged with the
least degree of filtration on top and the pan of
highest degree of filtration at the bottom. Then,
a 600-gram soil sample was mixed with a 5-liter
pail of water and was left for 10 minutes until
the soil settled at the bottom of the pail. After
the soil settled at the bottom of the pail, fungal
spores are already floating on the water.
reference culture information available in the
web page (http://invam.caf.wvu.edu/fungi/
taxonomy/speciesID.htm) of the International
Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular
Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM).
VAM Diversity
Analysis of the following diversity
parameters were computed based from the
methods used by Miller et al. (1987).
Species Richness. After identification,
the total number of species recovered (T) and
AM fungal species richness (R= average of
species number per sample) were determined.
Species richness was computed by the
following formula:
To isolate these spores, the mixture of
soil and water were poured on the arranged
sieving pans while letting the remaining
soil particles remain in the pail. The spores
remained on the sieving pans afterwhich where:
S = species richness
they were transferred by gradually washing
n = total number of species present in
the sieving pans with tap water using a wash
sample population
bottle while simultaneously letting the water
k
=
number
of “unique” species (of
flow into the 100ml glass bottle with a funnel.
which
only one organism was
The researchers repeated the same procedure
found
in
sample population)
with the other sieving pans using different
glass bottles. The water drains slowly through
Diversity Index. Diversity index was
the lower sieve; hence, the 38 um sieve was
computed
by the following formula:
continuously checked by separating the two
sieves and visually looking at the height of the
water. If the water does overflow the lower sieve,
spores are lost. The glass bottles were labeled
according to the pans used and the plantations
where the soil sample came from. The previous where:
D = diversity index
procedures were repeated for the other soil
N = Total number of organisms of all
samples. The top sieve will concentrate most of
species found
the soil particles: so only the fine soil particles
n = number of individuals of a
along with the AMF spores will collect on the
particular species
bottom sieve.
A high D value suggests a stable and
ancient site, while a low D value could suggest a
Spores were extracted and mounted polluted site, recent colonization or agricultural
on PVLG and Melzer’s reagent. Species management.
identification was done according to Schenck
Repetition Index. Repetition index
and Pérez (2001) and by comparison with
VAM Spores Identification
J.I Yago, et.al
3
(RI = R/T) was also calculated. This index
represents the estimate of the minimum number
of sub-samples necessary to cover all diversity
present in the group of samples. Frequency (%)
was calculated based on the occurrence of a
species on trap cultures. Pearson’s coefficient
was used to correlate soil chemical and physical
characteristics with data on spore abundance
and root colonization (Edwards, 1996).
In-vivo Compatibility and Colonization of
VAM Species in Citrus Root System
An experiment was conducted to
support the diversity studies and to analyze
if the mycorrhizal fungi present in the three
different plantations are effective as growth
enhancer.
Glomus mosseae was used as test
organisms because this species can easily
be mass produced and several authors have
been tested and studied to several fruit bearing
trees. In addition, Schubler (2001) investigated
an initial physiological interaction with citrus
root system.
Satsuma seedlings were used for
the experiment. There were three treatments
employed, one applied with mycorrhizal fungi
specifically Glomus mosseae at a rate of sixty
spores per pot, one applied with recommended
rate of synthetic fertilizer. N was applied at
1-2 lb N/tree/yr to young bearing citrus and
P rates 0.2 lb P/tree/yr (DA, 2005; Doerge et
al., 1991) arranged in a randomized complete
block design. The third treatment was the
control (without mycorrhiza) citrus plants. Six
replicates were used for each treatment. The
seedlings were carefully observed every after
four days starting from the initial measurement.
Colonization of VAM in the root system of pregerminated Satsuma seedlings and three-month
old ponkan seedlings was also investigated.
Quantification and Detection of VAM
Colonization in Citrus Roots by Staining
Technique
4
Two grams (0.07 oz) of citrus roots
were removed from each pot containing soil
sample prior to sieving and stored at 5°C (41°F)
in 50% ethanol. Roots of citrus fine roots were
also stored in ethanol. Fine root samples were
prepared for VAM fungi assessment by rinsing
with distilled water, clearing with 10% KOH for
6 to 12 h at 75°C (167°F), staining with trypan
blue for 30 min at 75°C (167°F), and de-staining
in 50% glycerol (Koske and Gemma 1989).
VAM fungi colonization was assessed using the
magnified intersections method (McGonigle et
al. 1990). For each sample, fifty 1 cm (0.4 in.)
root segments were mounted on a glass slide
and observed under 11Ox magnification using a
compound microscope equipped with a crosshair eyepiece. At a single intersection between
each root segment and the eyepiece crosshair, the presence/absence of VAM hyphae,
vesicles and arbuscles were noted.
Percent mycorrhizal colonization,
number of vesicles and arbuscles formed per
1 cm root segments mounted on glass slides
and observed under 110x magnification using
compound microscope
Effects
of
vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhiza inoculation on growth performance
of Citrus reticulata
The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block (RCB) design,
with six replicates and three treatments. Each
treatment consisted of six 20cm clay pots. A
total of eighteen clay pots were used with single
plant. Top soil (0- 15cm) was collected from
the experimental station planted with different
vegetables. The soil was air dried, pulverized
and passed through a 2mm sieve. The soil was
then sterilized with the use of autoclave at 15
psi for 2 hours. The soil had an initial pH of
5.50 (Potentiometric Method), organic matter
content of 1.23% (Walkley-Black Method), total
nitrogen 0.11% (Modified Kjedahl Method),
potassium 3.80 me/100g (Flame Photometer
Method) and available phosphorus 82.23
ppm (Bray No.2 Method). The soil was then
put into the 20cm top diameter clay pots. The
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
VAmycorrhizal fungi inoculants consisting
of spores, mycorrhizal root fragments and
infected soil was collected from pot cultures
of trap plants (Sorghum bicolor L.) which
had been grown for two months after being
inoculated with mycorrhiza fungus species of
Glomus mossae. The inoculants were added to
some pots, at the rate of one table spoon per
pot which consisted of 60 spores per gram of
soil added. The rate of spores per gram of soil
was determined by wet sieving and decanting,
surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite
and then washed.
The non vesicular arbuscular control
pots were left uninoculated. Seeds of Citrus
reticulata were pre-treated with hot water for
three minutes. The seeds were then germinated
in sterilized river sand. After the seedlings had
developed two leaves each, three seedlings
were transplanted to each clay pot containing
the sterilized soil, plus or minus the VAM fungi
inoculum. Seedlings were then watered twice
a day for the first week and then once a day in
the following weeks. To determine the effect of
VAM fungi inoculation on growth performance of
Citrus reticulata, inoculated and non-inoculated
plants were raised in a screen house for three
months. Height growth was measured after
every 15 days, except during the first months.
Root collar diameter was measured at the end
of three months.
After four months, 50% of the plants
per block were harvested using destructive
sampling and VAM fungi colonization above
and below ground biomass production, root
number and root length were determined.
At the end of fifth month, some plants were
harvested randomly per treatment and VAM
fungi infection level was assessed by clearing
the roots for 2 hours at 90°C in 10% KOH,
neutralizing them in lactoglycerol for 20
minutes. Infection was determined by the gridline intersect method (Giovanetti and Mosse,
1980). Biomass increment due to mycorrhiza
inoculation was computed as dry weight of
inoculated plants minus dry weight of noninoculated plants divided by dry weight of nonJ.I. Yago, et.al
inoculated plants multiplied by 100%. For the
plant tissue nutrient content, above ground
biomass was harvested and was oven dried
at 70 oC. The plant tissue was then analyzed
for total nitrogen (Micro-kjedahl method), total
phosphorus (Vanadomolybdate method) and
potassium (Flame photometer method). The
numbers and length of primary roots per plants
were assessed and determined.
Statistical Tools
The measured plants parameters
were analyzed using IRRISTAT version 92-1
computer software. Analysis of variance was
used to describe the data. The statistical tool
that was employed is Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) in order to compare the results in
the experimental setup with that in the control
setup when the mycorrhizal fungi are tested
for its efficacy in citrus plants. It was also
used to verify if there is significant difference
in the measurement of the parameters in the
treatments.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Taxonomic Identification of Indigenous
VAM Fungi in Three Valleys of Kasibu, Nueva
Vizcaya
Glomus fasiculatum has a color which
varies from pale yellow to pale yellow-brown.
Its shape is globose or subglobose and has
a distribution size of 60-110 µm. Glomus
etunicatum has a color from orange to red
brown and also has a shape of globose or
subglobose. It has a size distribution of 60160. Glomus mosseae has a color of straw to
dark orange-brown but a majority is yellowbrown. Its shape is also globose to subglobose
however some are also irregular. It has a size
distribution of 100-260 µm. Glomus intraradices
has a color of white, pale cream to yellow
brown. Sometimes, it has a green tint. Its color
is highly variable. It shape is also globose,
subglobose and sometimes irregular with many
elliptical spores especially those extracted from
within mycorrhizal roots. Its size distribution is
5
40-140 µm. The image of mycorrhizal fungi
in Fig 4E is still an unknown species but is
probably under the genus Glomus because
of its globose shape. Photomicrograph of
Gigaspora albida Cream with pale green tint,
globose to subglobose with an average of 250
µm in size. Intraradical arbuscules and hyphae
consistently stain darkly in roots treated with
trypan blue. Arbuscules produce fine-branches
from a swollen basal hypha (e) that are easiest
to see as tips degrade. Intraradical hyphae
3-8 µm in diameter, with inflated areas up to
10 µm and knob-like projections distributed
along length, usually densely coiled near entry
points.
Gigaspora gigantea has a color of
cream with pale green tint. Its shape is globose
or subglobose. Its size distribution is 200-280
µm. Gigaspora margarita has a color of bright
greenish yellow to bright yellow-green. Its
shape is globose to subglobose and it’s rarely
irregular. Its size distribution is 240-400 µm.
Gigaspora gigantea has a color of white to
cream in many spores and dark yellow in some
generations or some isolates. Its shape is also
globose or subglobose. Its size distribution is
260-400 µm. Gigaspora pellucida has a color
of hyaline/white in most recently formed spores
to yellow-brown in older spores. Its shape
is globose, subglobose or often elliptical or
strongly oblong. It can be observed that it also
exemplify the shape of a “pacman”. Its size
distribution is 120-240 µm.
Diversity Analysis of Vesicular-Arbuscular
Mychorrizal (VAM) Fungi
Diversity study in this research refers to
the systematic observation and analysis of how
many VAM fungi diversely exist in one citrusbased plantation. The population of collected
mycorrhizal fungi from the soil acquired from
the three different plantations, Kongkong
Valley, Muta Valley and Malabing Valley were
computed by getting the total number of spores
present in every 600 grams of soil.
The soil acquired from Kongkong
6
Valley showed the most diverse population of
mycorrhizal fungi revealing 11 known species
and 3 unknown species presumed to be of the
genus Glomus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora.
The most abundant species was the Glomus
mosseae having a population of 45/600 grams
of soil.
Only 4 known species were observed
to be present in Malabing Valley and the most
dominant was also the Gigaspora gigantea
which has a population of 15/600 grams of
soil. Some species of mycorrhizal fungi were
observed to be present in two plantations
like Glomus fasiculatum, Glomus etunicatum
and Glomus intradices which were present
in both Muta and Kongkong Plantations.
Meanwhile, four other species were present in
all the three plantations: Acaulospora collosica,
Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora pelucida
and Gigaspora gigantea.
Diversity index value in Kongkong
Valley was the highest (0.92) compared to Muta
(0.53) and Malabing Valley (0.26). This would
suggest that higher species of indigenous VAM
fungi exist than in Muta and Malabing Valley.
A high D value suggests a stable and ancient
site, while a low D value could suggest a
polluted site, recent colonization or affected by
agricultural management.
Species richness (S) is simply the
number of species present in a sample,
community, or taxonomic group. Species
richness is one component of the concept of
species diversity, which also incorporates
evenness, that is, the relative abundance of
species. Species richness value was higher
in Kongkong (7.85) which is located in lower
elevation/areas. S value in Muta Valley recorded
with a value of 5.54 while in Malabing Valley
was 2.53. The data shows that existence of
VAM fungi in higher elevation/areas exhibited
with lower count of species. The occurrence of
VAM fungi in citrus plantation as cited by Peng
et al, 1993 was affected by different cultural
management practices in citrus production.
Various management practices were observed
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
in Malabing Valley like rampant usage of
fertilizer and pesticide.
Moreover, this was supported by the
data in Repetition index in which the lower the
value observed the higher the count of each
species found in the area. Kongkong Valley
recorded with a value of 0.56 followed by
Muta Valley with a value of 0.69 and 0.63 for
Malabing Valley. Species richness is greatest
at intermediate frequency and/or intensity of
disturbance. This is because very frequent
disturbance eliminates sensitive species,
whereas very infrequent disturbance allows
time for superior competitors to eliminate
species that cannot compete.
under observation, the roots of a seedling
were taken to see and examine the penetration
and colonization of the fungi. The results of
the microscopic observation are shown in the
figures.
The roots of a plant sample treated
with Gigaspora gigantea was observed under
photomicroscope. In the figure, mycelial
penetration of the mycorrhizal fungi on the
epidermal cells of the citrus root is clearly seen.
The portion labeled G shows the germinated
mycelia of mycorrhizae.
The portion pointed with the larger
arrow shows the citrus root penetrated and
invaded by arbuscluar mycorrhizal fungi,
Glomus mosseae in satsuma seedlings. The
part pointed with the smaller arrow, labeled MY,
is the mycelia of mycorrhiza. The part labeled
EP is the epidermal cells of the root and the
part labeled C is the cortical cells of the root.
The root system of a ponkan seedling
treated with an unknown fungi species
presumed to be of genus Glomus. Knowing
that the roots of the satsuma seedlings were
observed two weeks after inoculation of the
fungi, while the ponkan roots were observed
five days after inoculation, the results of the
percent colonization of the mycorrhizal fungi
shows that there is better penetration of the
fungi in the younger seedlings than that of the
older ones. Thus, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,
as bioenhancers to citrus species, act better
in the earlier stages of the development of the
plant than in later periods.
Another penetration of mycorrhizal
fungi, Glomus mosseae, to the cortical cells of
the citrus root was observed.
Plant Tissue Nutrients Concentration of
Citrus Seedlings Inoculated with Indigenous
VAM
The citrus root of the control treated
plants. There are no single fungi that penetrated
the root system since the soil wherein the
seedlings were planted was sterilized before
the experimentation.
Citrus seedlings inoculated with
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, increased
plant tissue nutrients concentration. Table 4
shows plant tissue phosphorus, nitrogen and
potassium concentration was much higher
in the inoculated plants than non inoculated
ones. At yield-maximizing N rates, leaf N
concentrations were 3.35 to 4.50 %; 0.50 to
0.70 % of P and 2.0 to 3.0 % for K which is
generally accepted as critical leaf tissue NPK
concentration range according to (Kallsen,
2003). T he results indicate that tree N status
was adequate at yield-maximizing N rates.
In-Vivo Compatibility and Colonization of
VAM Species in Citrus Root System
Results also show that ample
penetration of the mycorrhizal fungi to the
root system of citrus seedlings inoculated with
fungi. This implies that the significant increase
in stem diameter is attributed to the presence
and penetration of the arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi, particularly Glomus mosseae, to the root
system of the plant.
While the ponkan seedlings are still
J.I. Yago, et.al
The higher phosphorus concentration
in the inoculated plants could be attributed to a
7
higher nutrients absorption rate by mycorrhiza
plants. Several authors have reported that
mycorrhizal roots are able to absorb several
times more phosphate than non inoculated
roots from soils and from solutions (Pearson
and Gianinazzi, 1983; Michelsen and
Rosendahl, 1990; Fitter, 1988; Dela Cruz et
al., 1988; Nielsen, 1983). Increased efficiency
of phosphorus uptake by mycorrhizal plants
could have led to higher concentrations of P
in the plant tissues. The greater phosphate
absorption by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
has been suggested to have arisen due to
superior efficiency of uptake from labile forms
of soil phosphate, which is not attributable
to a capacity to mobilize phosphate sources
unavailable to non mycorrhizal roots (Pearson
and Gianinaazzi, 1983).
Under certain conditions, mycorrhiza
is known to absorb fixed phosphate and even
to stimulate root phytase activities (Pearson
and Gianinazzi, 1983). Mycorrhizal roots are
known to have not only a considerably greater
phosphate inflow rates, but also to possess a
pathway of phosphate uptake with a much higher
affinity for phosphate than non mycorrhizal
roots. The higher plant tissue nitrogen content
in inoculated plants could be attributed to
hyphae uptake. It has been reported that
the existence of extra-radical hyphal bridges
between individual plants permits transfer of
nutrients such as nitrogen (Marschner and
Dell, 1994). The two have reported that about
24% of the total nitrogen uptake in mycorrhizal
plants could be attributed to uptake and
delivery by the external hyphae. There is also
evidence that nitrogen is taken up by vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza hyphae from inorganic
sources of ammonium (Ames et al., 1983) and
therefore, the higher nitrogen concentration in
mycorrhizal plants could be attributed to the
hyphae uptake. The same could be said of the
higher potassium concentration in inoculated
plants. In a compartment pots experiment, Li et
al. (1991), demonstrated that about 10% of the
total potassium uptake in mycorrhizal coach
grass was due to hyphal uptake and transport.
8
Growth Characteristics of Citrus Seedlings
Inoculated with Indigenous VAM
Plant Height
The effect of VAM fungi inoculation on
the height increment was obvious on visual
comparison at the end of 90 days. Table
5 shows a significant height increment in
inoculated Citrus reticulata was recorded after
only 60 days. The enhanced height increment
in Citrus reticulata could be attributed to the
VAM fungi colonization. Mycorrhiza infection is
known to enhance plant growth by increasing
nutrients uptake (Marschner et al., 1994).
Nye et al. (1977) reported that the uptake of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is limited
by the rate of diffusion of each nutrient through
the soil. It seems likely that VAM fungi in this
study increased nutrient uptake by shortening
the distance nutrients diffused through the soil
to the roots.
At the end of ninety days, plant height
of inoculated Citrus reticulata was highly
significant as compared to the non inoculated
plants. The higher height increment registered
with inoculated plants could be as a result of
enhanced inorganic nutrient absorption (Cooper,
1984) and greater rates of photosynthesis
(Allen et al., 1981). VAM fungi are known to
affect both the uptake and accumulation of
nutrients and therefore, act as an important
biological factor that contributes to efficiency
of both nutrient uptake and use. Researchers
have demonstrated that VAM fungi, not only
increases phosphorus uptake, but also plays
an important role in the uptake of other plant
nutrients and water (Huang et al., 1985; Ellis
et al., 1985). Sander et al. (1983) reported that
the inflows of phosphorus to mycorrhiza roots
can be greater than inflows to comparable nonmycorrhiza roots by up to 2-5 times.
Shoot Biomass
Inoculating Citrus reticulata with
VAM fungi increased significantly the shoot
biomass yield. The shoot biomass is higher
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
than uninoculated treated plants. Significant
increased in shoot biomass could be attributed
to enhanced inorganic nutrition absorption and
greater rates of photosynthesis in inoculated
plants (Allen et al., 1981; Cooper, 1984).
VAM fungi have been said to affect both the
uptake and accumulation of nutrients. Chulan
and Martin (1992) reported a significant shoot
dry weight increment when Theobroma cacao
was inoculated with VAM fungi. Aggangan and
Dela Cruz (1991) reported a dry matter yield
increment of up to 631% when L. leucocephala
was inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhiza. Zajicek et al. (1987) reported a
significant increment in dry matter yield when
two forbs were inoculated with vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are reported to
enhance plant growth rate through an increase
in nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus which
is relatively immobile in soils (Kormanik et al.,
1981, 1982; Dela Cruz, 1987; Janos, 1980a).
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation
could have enhanced Citrus reticulata to absorb
more nutrients via an increase in the absorbing
surface area. Similar observation has been
reported by Marschner and Dell (1994). The
movement of nutrients to plant roots and
the rate of absorption of nutrients by roots,
especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium,
is known to be limited by the rate of diffusion of
each nutrient through the soil and not by the
ability of the root to absorb the nutrient from low
concentration in the soil solutions (Abbott and
Robson, 1982). In the present study, since the
soil used was not very fertile, inoculation with
VAM fungi could have resulted in an increase
in nutrient uptake by merely shortening the
distance that the nutrients had to diffuse from
the soil to the roots. This in turn, could have
enhanced a higher shoot biomass production
in the inoculated Citrus reticulata.
Root Biomass
Citrus seedlings inoculated with
VAM fungi significantly increased the root
biomass production. VAM fungi infection has
been reported to increase both the uptake of
J.I. Yago, et.al
nutrients by the roots and the concentration
of nutrients in the plant tissues (Smith et al.,
1979). An increase in nutrient uptake, especially
phosphorus in the infertile soil used, could
have resulted in relief of nutrients stress and an
increase in photosynthetic rate, which obviously
could have given rise to an increase in plant
growth. Research has shown that when root
exploration is restricted, up to 80% of the plant
phosphorus can be delivered by the external
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae to the
host plant over a distance of more than 10 cm
from the root surface (Li et al., 1991). Hattingh
et al. (1973) found that VAM fungi hyphae, could
intercept labelled phosphorus, placed 27mm
from a mycorrhizal root, whereas it remained
unavailable to non-mycorrhizal roots. This
confirms that vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal
hyphae could have increased the volume of
soil available to the Citrus reticulata for nutrient
uptake. Mycorrhizal roots have been known
to absorb phosphorus faster per gram of root
than non-mycorrhizal plants (Jakobsen et al.,
1992). This may relate to the greater surface
area per gram of mycorrhiza roots. It therefore
follows that mycorrhiza were able to enhance
the absorption of nutrients from the soil, which
could have moved to the roots principally by
mass flow, in addition to those which could
have diffused through the soil slowly. This
could have resulted in a higher root biomass in
inoculated plants.
Root collar diameter
VAM fungi inoculation increased the
root collar diameter of Citrus reticulate. The
increment of the root collar diameter of the VAM
fungi inoculated plants were highly significant.
The higher diameter increment of the inoculated
plants could be attributed to enhanced
inorganic nutrition absorption and greater rates
of photosynthesis of inoculated plants (Allen et
al., 1981; Cooper, 1984). VAM fungi have been
said to affect both the uptake and accumulation
of nutrients. Researchers have demonstrated
that VAM fungi not only increases phosphorus
uptake, but also plays an important role in the
uptake of other plant nutrients (Huang et al.,
9
1985; Sieverding, 1991). Many authors have
reported a significant increment in root collar
diameter, after inoculating the plants with VAM
fungi. Reid et al. (1988) reported an increment in
root collar diameter when sugar maple seedlings
were inoculated with VAM fungi. Osonubi et al.
(1989), while working with inoculated Gmelina
seedlings, reported a significant biomass
increment. Huang et al. (1985) while working
with inoculated Leucaena leucocephala,
reported a significant increment in plant growth
parameters. Aggangan and Dela Cruz (1991),
while working with Acacia auriculiformis and
Leucaena leucocephala, reported a diameter
increment of between 18% to 123% when the
two plants were inoculated with different types of
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Castillo
(1993), while working with Pterocarpus indicus,
reported a significant diameter increment when
the plants were inoculated with vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Kormanik et al.
(1981) reported a significant increment in root
collar diameter when sweetgum seedlings
were inoculated with VAM fungi. He reported
that inoculation with VAM fungi increased the
root collar diameter by 268%.
Root to Shoot Ratio
The difference between the root to shoot
ratio of inoculated and non-inoculated Citrus
reticulata, was statistically significant at 5%
level. The inoculated Citrus reticulata had a
higher root to shoot ratio as compared to non
inoculated plants. The higher root to shoot ratio
of the inoculated plants could be attributed to
the effect of mycorrhiza infection, which could
have increased nutrients absorption, giving rise
to a higher root and shoot biomass increment
with a uniform growth. Clapperton and Reid
(1992) while researching on the relationship
between plant growth and increasing VAM
fungi inoculum density reported that as
the colonization by vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi increased, so did root to
shoot ratios. They concluded that this was due
to the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants
being able to translocate more carbon to the
roots than non-mycorrhiza plants. The same
10
has been reported by Kucey and Paul (1982);
Douds et al. (1988) and Wang et al. (1989).
Tree seedlings with higher root to shoot ratios
are able to have a higher survival percentage
when planted in the field.
Root number and length
Inoculated Citrus reticulata with VAM
fungi significantly increased the root length.
The inoculation with VAM increased the root
length by 25%. Huang et al. (1985) reported
a root length increment of up to 80% when
Leucaena leucocephala was inoculated with
VAM fungi. Levy and Syvertsen (1983) while
working on the effect of drought stress on citrus
reported that, although plant to plant variations
obscured significant differences, vesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza plants did tend to have
greater total feeder root length per plant than
control plants. In addition to the mycorrhiza
inoculation enhancing the plants absorption
of more nutrients, especially phosphorus,
via an increase in the absorbing surface
area (Marschner and Dell, 1994), mycorrhiza
colonization could have protected roots from
soil pathogen (Perrin, 1990), and therefore
increased root growth and nutrients acquisition
of Citrus reticulata. Inoculated plants had
higher number of roots than non inoculated
ones, though the increment was not significant
at 5% level. Mycorrhiza inoculation is known
to enhance the plants absorption of more
nutrients especially phosphorus via an increase
in the absorbing surface area (Marschner and
Dell, 1994). This in turn could have enhanced
a higher plant growth rate resulting to more
roots per plant. Mycorrhiza colonization also
protect the roots from the soil pathogens
(Perrin, 1990) and, therefore could have lead
to an increase in not only the root growth and
nutrient acquisition of the host roots, but also
the number of surviving roots.
Root Colonization Percentage
Inoculated Citrus reticulata with VAM
fungi resulted into a 95.86% colonization.
There was no VAM fungi contamination as
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
evident in the non inoculated plants (control)
and recommended rate which showed 0%
colonization. Mycorrhiza colonization is normally
attributed to the tree species and environmental
factors. Smith et al. (1979) reported that the
extent to which typical VAM fungi colonize root
systems varies with species of plant. It has
also been noted that there are differences in
the extent of infection between genotypes of
the same species. The extent of mycorrhiza
infection in root systems is also known to be
influenced by environmental conditions; the
most important being the age of the plants, the
level of phosphate (P) in the soil relative to the
requirements of the plant and the capacity of
the population of mycorrhiza propagules in the
soil to form mycorrhiza. Citrus reticulata is a
non nodulating legume (Ladha et al., 1993) and
rhizobium bacteria could not have posed any
threat in competing with mycorrhiza fungi for
carbohydrates. The time period of the seedlings
(five months) could have been too short to
record a higher colonization percentage since
the root system infected normally increases
with time sigmoidally. Seasonal patterns in the
formation of mycorrhiza have also been said to
vary considerably from year to year (Allen et
al., 1989).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Vesicular
arbuscular
mychorrizal
(VAM) fungi are microorganisms which are
known to form a symbiotic relationship with
plants through enhancing the plants’ growth
by increasing the root systems absorption of
nutrients from the soil while simultaneously
making the plants’ roots as their habitat. This
study was conducted to ascertain the diversity
of indigenous VAM fungi present in the soils of
citrus plantations of Nueva Vizacaya, and to
prove the capability of the fungi to function as a
biofertilizer.
The isolation, identification, and
counting of fungi paved way to the diversity
analysis of the presence of indigenous VAM
fungi in citrus plantations. The results indicated
that there is a vast diversity of VAM species in
J.I. Yago, et.al
the plantations and more importantly four new
unknown species were discovered.
To further supplement the findings on
the diversity study, the isolated and identified
fungi from the soil samples where then
inoculated to Citrus reticulata seedlings to
test the fungi’s efficacy as biofertilizer, and
to observe the mycorrhizal penetration to the
roots. The in-vivo experimentation of the pregerminated citrus seedlings was conducted
to to observe the mycorrhizal penetration of
Gigaspora gigantea and the unknown Glomus
species to the cortical cells of the plant. On
the other hand, the experiment is composed
of three treatments, with VAM, with synthetic
fertilizer and the control group, wherein the
growth parameters were observed. The specific
species of VAM inoculated on the seedlings
was Glomus mosseae.
This study revealed that there is a
diverse population of VAM fungi in the soil
acquired from the three major citrus-based
plantations in Nueva Vizcaya, as supported by
the immense population of fungi found in the
three plantations.
The soil acquired from Kongkong Valley
showed the most multifarious population of
mychorrizal fungi having 11 known species and
three unknown species presumed to be of the
genus Glomus, Gigaspora and Scutellospora.
The most copious species was the Glomus
mosseae having a population of 45/600 grams
of soil.
In Muta Valley, seven known species
and one unknown, also of the genus gigaspora,
were observed. The most dominant species
present was Gigaspora gigantea having a
population of 52/600 grams of soil.
On the other hand, only four known
species were observed to be present in
Malabings Valley and the most dominant was
also the Gigaspora gigantea which has a
population of 15/600 grams of soil.
11
The results of the diversity analysis
of VAM population showed that Gigaspora
gigantea is the most abundant in the three
plantations. Similarly, Acaulospora collosica,
Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora pelucida
were also found in all the three plantations, also
signifying profusion to the overall population of
VAM. More importantly, three unknown species
of mycorrhizal fungi were found, which are
deemed to be of genus Glomus, Scutellospora,
and Gigaspora, indicating remarkable variety
of VAM in the soil.
Diversity analysis found that diversity
index value in Kongkong Valley was the highest
(0.92) compared to Muta (0.53) and Malabing
Valley (0.26). Species richness value was
higher in Kongkong (7.85) which is located in
lower elevation/areas. S value in Muta Valley
recorded with a value of 5.54 while in Malabing
Valley was 2.53. Repetition index in which the
lower the values computed, the higher the count
of each species found in the area. Repetition
index in Kongkong Valley recorded with a value
of 0.56 followed by Muta Valley with a value of
0.69 and 0.63 for Malabing Valley.
Macronutrients
were
significantly
enhanced when citrus seedlings were
inoculated with VAM fungi compared to non
inoculated citrus plants. The results of the
microscopic observation of root samples of
citrus seedlings inoculated with VAM fungi
indicate that mycorrhizal fungi’s penetration
to the root system is evident for symbiotic
association. Thus, citrus growth characteristics
were significantly affected.
The current study had shown that
inoculating Citrus reticulata B. VAM fungi
enhances growth performance. The inoculation
resulted in an increment in height growth by
95.86%. Shoot and root biomass increased
significantly. Inoculated plants subsequently
produced more leaves per plant, which could
have increased the rate of photosynthesis.
Inoculated plants produced also more roots
per plant which were longer than in the non
inoculated plants. This improvement in plant
12
growth could be attributed to the enhancement
of the plant to absorb more nutrients, via an
increase in the absorbing surface area.
Conclusions
1.
The soil of citrus plantation
of Nueva Vizcaya has a greatpotential to
produce indigenous VAM fungi and utilize
as biofertilizersfor citrus species specifically
Gigaspora gigantea, Acaulospora collosica,
Scutellospora reticulata, and Scutellospora
pelucida.
2. VAM fungi isolated from Kongkong
Valley showed the most diverse population of
mycorrhizal fungi revealing 11 known species
and 3 unknown species. Five (5) known
species and 1 unknown specie of the genus
Gigaspora, were observed in Muta Valley. Four
(4) known species were observed to be present
in Malabing Valley and the most dominant was
Gigaspora gigante.
3. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,
particularly Glomus mosseae, can utilize as
VAM fungi for Citrus reticulata. Compatibility and
colonization with mycorrhizae can penetrate
the epidermal cells and cortical cells without
disturbing the growth of citrus seedlings.
4. Significant increase of macronutrient
uptake was investigated when citrus was
inoculated with VAM fungi.
5. VAM fungi proved that it can enhance
growth characteristics of citrus.
Recommendations
The researchers would like to recommend
mass production of indigenous VAM fungi
and can be utilize by citrus growers in Nueva
Vizcaya. Application in field in the form of field
demonstration is also recommended. For future
research studies, the researchers recommend
shelf-life studies of VAM fungi and the possibility
of patenting the process of mass production
and application in citrus plantations.
Diversity Studies and Utilization of Indigenous Vescular.......
A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS-BASED DECISION SUPPORT
SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION
IN TUGUEGARAO CITY1
Junel B.Guzman2
ABSTRACT
A Decision Support System (DSS) was developed to analyze and simulate the solid waste flow of
Tuguegarao City using Geographic Information Systems and Stella modeling software. It was parameterized
using data and information on population, per capita waste generation, average annual growth rates of
population and solid waste composition in order to predict the volume of waste generated, compostable,
recyclable, collected, uncollected waste and compost under three waste management system scenarios.
Tuguegarao City generated a total of 1,012 m3 of household solid waste weekly in 2007, equivalent
to a rate of 0.5 kg/cap/day and 0.42 kg/cap/day for urban and rural barangay, respectively. The commercial
establishments, institutions and market generated at a rate of 384 m3, 209 m3 and 122 m3 of solid waste
weekly or an equivalent total waste generation at a rate of 1,745 m3/wk.
The weekly solid waste composition was: 279 m3 (16%) paper, 105 m3 (6%) plastic container, 70
m3 (4%) metal, 70 m3 (4%) and glass 279 m3 (16%) as recyclable waste; yard waste, 506 m3 (29%) food
waste, 122 m3 (7%) other organics as compostable waste; 209 m3 (12%) other plastics, 70 m3 (4%) inert,
17 m3 (1%) hazardous waste and 17 m3 (1%) special waste as residual waste.
Simulation results revealed that a decision to compost market waste (Scenario A) could result to
waste conversion from 92 m3/wk to 237 m3/wk by year 2015 and by recycling institutional waste (Scenario
B) could result to waste recovery from 171 m3/wk to 225 m3/wk by year 2015. Processing all generated
compostable and recyclable waste (Scenario C) could recover 92 m3/wk to 1002 m3/wk of compostables
and 171 m3/wk to 617 m3/wk of recyclables by year 2015.
To maximize the recovery and utilization of solid waste generated and to address the environmentally
unacceptable burning and disposal of voluminous waste, solid waste management option for the city, Scenario
C is recommended, provided that generators in all sectors will cooperate and adequate composting facilities
will be made available.
Keywords: Waste Management, Disposal, GIS
Solid wastes disposal has long been
a pressing problem of urbanizing cities in the
world. In cities where the urbanization and
population growth rates far exceeds their
carrying capacities and resource capabilities,
most of the wastes are disposed of improperly
resulting to continuing environmental nuisance
and threat to the health and environmental
security. Of the many factors influencing this
societal problem, socio-cultural behavior of the
populace, inadequate resource capabilities,
1
2
poor governance, and lack of an effective
solid waste management system exerts the
greatest.
A solid waste disposal system is
composed of several interdependent activities
such as waste segregation, collection, recovery,
transfer and transport and final disposal of
waste. The interaction of these activities is
dynamic and complex. Changes on the rates
of recovering waste through recycling and
2nd Place, Best Paper-Research Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium
Faculty-Researcher, Cagayan State University
13
composting activities and the rates of waste
collection for disposal to dumpsite can affect the
entire flow of waste. The growing population and
rapid urbanization can also cause a significant
change in the volume of waste generated. This
complexity is best simulated by modeling the
system which is the basis for the DSS.
Because of the complexity of the solid
waste disposal system and because there are
several management options concerning solid
waste, it is difficult to arrived at rational decisions
unless there is a basis for its justification hence
the development of the DSS which serves as a
tool for rational decision making.
Physical characteristic of waste from
households,
commercial
establishments,
institutions, and markets can help the City
Government Unit (CGU) in their planning
activities. It can be use by the CGU or
private individuals decide on the potentials of
composting and recycling projects in the city.
Simulated estimates on the volume of
compostable and recyclable wastes can help
to quantify the sustainability on the supply of
raw materials for composting and recycling
projects and can assist in the decision on what
barangays or clusters of barangays to undergo
solid waste recovery projects.
The DSS can be used by any Local
Government Unit to simulate their solid waste
management plans over time in order to decide
from among management alternatives the best
solid waste management option.
OBJECTIVES
Generally, the study was aimed
to develop a decision support system for
municipal solid waste management in urban
cities with particular reference to Tuguegarao
City.
Specifically it aimed to:
1. determine the physical composition of
14
the solid waste from household,
commercial establishments,
institutions and market,
2.
estimate the quantities of
compostable, recyclable and
residual waste from household,
commercial establishments,
institutions and market,
3.
develop a model to simulate the flow
of solid waste, and
4.
map the volume of waste generated,
the compostable and recyclable waste
in every barangay.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Study Area
Tuguegarao City was selected as the
study area. It is composed of 49 barangays
of which, 25 barangays were categorized as
urban and 24 barangays were categorized as
rural. The 49 barangays were designated as
the collection zones. The city government was
servicing all the 49 barangays. Figure 1 shows
the barangay map of Tuguegarao City. The
study area was divided into collection zones
which was the same as that of the barangay.
Each barangay was assigned zone number.
The collection zone map is shown in Figure 2.
As of 2007, Tuguegarao City has a
population of 67,207 for the urban barangays
and 58,326 for the rural barangays. There were
3,413 registered business establishments,
11 tertiary schools, 8 secondary schools, 33
elementary schools, 70 preparatory schools
and two public markets.
Data Gathering
Data on population for each barangay
was obtained from the Municipal Planning
and Development Office of Tuguegarao City,
while the growth rate of population was from
the National Statistics Office. The volume
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
of solid waste generated and collected from
the households, commercial establishments,
institutions and the markets were computed
based on the data obtained from the General
Services Office. The rates of solid waste
generation for both urban and rural barangays
were gathered. The composition of solid waste
was also determined. Secondary data were
obtained by reviewing reports from the General
Services Office and other studies related to
solid waste management. Wastes on collection
routes and points were examined to validate
secondary data. Wastes in garbage trucks and
in dumpsite were also examined for further
Figure 1. Barangay map of Tuguegarao City
Interviews of personnel involved in
the city solid waste management including
collection crews were conducted. Rapid rural
appraisal was employed to further elicit data.
Population Data
Population data for every barangay
for the year 2007 was obtained from the City
Planning and Development Office (CPDO) of
Tuguegarao City. The spatial distribution of the
population is shown in Figure 3. The population
data was projected at an average annual
growth rate of 1.02% as determined by the
National Statistics Office. The population data
was used to estimate the volume of solid waste
generated by the households in every barangay
and the projected population data was used to
forecast the trend of solid waste generated by
the households in every barangay.
Rate, Weight and Volume of Solid Wastes
Per capita waste generation rate
was obtained by getting samples of 1 to 11
households depending on the number of
J.B. Guzman
households for both urban and rural barangays.
The sample size was obtained by using the
Slovin’s formula. Household members for each
sample were recorded. Waste generated by
these households in kilograms for a period
of 7 days was measured. The average waste
generation per household member per day or
the per capita waste generation in kg/cap/day
is equal to the total waste generated by the
household divided by the number of household
member divided by 7 days.
Weight of solid waste generated by
households in each barangay for urban and
rural barangays was computed by multiplying
the number of population by the corresponding
per capita rate of waste generation for urban
and rural barangays respectively. Weight
of solid wastes generated from commercial
establishments, institutions and the market
were estimated from the corresponding
percentages of waste collected by garbage
trucks as determined by the General Services
Office of Tuguegarao City.
15
Figure 2. Map of solid waste collection zones in Tuguegarao City.
Figure 3. Population map of Tuguegarao City, 2007
16
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
The volume of wastes generated was
computed using waste density of loose uncompacted waste of 400 kilograms per cubic meter. This density was also used by the GSO of
Tuguegarao City and some literature for Asian
countries. Volume of waste generated in m3/wk
is equal to the population per barangay multiplied by the per capita rate of waste generation
(kg/cap/day) divided by the waste density (kg/
m3) multiplied by seven days.
Composition of Solid Waste
Composition of solid waste generated
by households was determined by getting the
percentage by weight of identifiable items such
as food waste, yard waste, glass, papers, plastics, metals/cans, inert and other organics from
the samples previously described.
Composition of waste generated by
commercial establishments, institutions and
the market were done using quartering and
coning method. Waste collected from each of
the different sources were mixed, quartered
and coned until 25 kilogram weight of waste
from each source was obtained. Waste were
then identified from the 25 kilogram weight as
to food waste, yard waste, glass, papers, plastics, metals/cans, inert and other organics.
Solid Waste Flow Modeling
The Stella software was used to model
the behavior of solid waste flow in Tuguegarao
city. The developed model is the decision support system that serves as a tool in making
solid waste management decisions. The model was based on the observed waste flow as
shown in Figure 4. The generated wastes were
temporarily stored on-site for collection. Bulk of
the collected waste was disposed off directly to
dumpsite. Small portion of which was brought
to processing and recovery facilities or transferred to designated collection sites for transport to dumpsite. A portion of the generated
waste most from the households was burned
and still others if not collected were littered on
vacant lots.
Figure 4. Waste flow in Tuguegarao City.
J.B. Guzman
17
Causal Loop Analysis
From the observed waste flow the
cause and effect relationships of the variables
were analyzed. This relationship is shown in
Figure 6. Household population, number of
commercial establishments, institutions and
market were factors affecting the rate of solid
waste generation. As these sources of waste
increased, so do the volume of generated
waste as affected by waste generation rate.
The total amount of waste is reduced through
composting, recycling, and collection activities.
Waste collection activities increase the
stock of waste in the dumpsite. Uncollected
wastes in residential areas were treated
traditionally through backyard burning by the
residents. These burning activities reduced the
quantity of unmanaged waste.
Of all the elements in Figure 5, per
capita waste generation and population are
the strongest factors influencing total waste
generation.
Identifying Stocks, Rates, and Auxiliary
Variables
The stocks are the elements of the
solid waste flow that accumulate or decrease
over time, the rates are the factors that control
the increase or decrease of the stocks over
time and the auxiliary variables are the factors
that quantify the rate variables.
Based on the causal loop, the identified
stocks were the generated wastes from the
households,
commercial
establishments,
institutions and the market, total solid waste
generated, compostable solid waste, recyclable
solid waste, collected solid waste, and littered
solid waste.
The rate variables quantify the increased
or decreased of the stocks. The increase in
household waste is a function of the average
annual growth rate of the populations, the
increase in commercial establishments,
18
institutions, and the markets wastes is a
function of the average annual growth rate of
their generated waste. The increase in total
waste generated is a function of the rate of
waste generation by the four sources.
Linking Stocks, Rates and Auxiliary Variables
The stocks, the rates and the auxiliary variables
of the model were linked as shown in Figure 6.
This was developed using Stella software. The
rectangles are the stock variables, the valves
are the rate variables, while the circles are the
auxiliary variables. The red arrows show the
flow of information as one variable affect other
variables. The bigger blue arrows show the
flow of wastes as they moved from one stock
to the other.
Information on the sources of wastes
such as the population data, average annual
population growth rate, per capita generation
rate, and growth rate of waste generated from
commercial establishments, institutions and
market were used to parameterized the model.
Information on the rate of generation linked the
sources to the stock of waste they generate.
The stock of total waste generated
was then broken down into several stocks
such as compostable, recyclable, collected,
and unmanaged waste. The stock of total
waste generated was linked to the stock of
compostable waste using data on the percent of
compostable waste, percent rate of segregating
waste and total waste generated in the area.
The stock of total waste generated was linked to
the stock of recyclable waste using information
on the percent of recyclable waste, percent
rate of recycling and the total recyclable waste
in the area. The stock of total waste generated
was linked to the stock of collected waste using
information on the capacity of garbage trucks.
The stock of total waste generated was linked
to the unmanaged waste using information on
the volume of uncollected waste.
The stock of compostable was linked to
the stock of compost using information on the
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
amount of waste for compost and the rate of
how this waste were converted. The stock of
solid waste collected was linked to the disposed
rate using information on the rate of collection
and disposal. The stock of unmanaged waste
was linked to the stock of littered waste using
information on the volume of uncollected solid
waste and burning rate.
the rate variables into mathematical equations,
by assigning initial values to the stocks, and
by quantifying the auxiliary variables. Table 4
summarized the mathematical equations of the
rate variables.
The valve controls the flow of waste
getting in and out of the stocks as affected by
the auxiliary variables. The accumulation or
reduction of the stock of waste is dependent on
the auxiliary variables.
After the model was formalized and
the equations and coefficients were entered,
the model was then run. The behavior of
the simulated data was observed then was
compared to the real situations to examine for
deviations. Deviations were adjusted and the
model was calibrated for data precision. After
which the model was then ready to simulate
solid waste management scenarios.
Formalizing the Model
The model was formalized by translating
Running the
Deviations
Model
and
Adjusting
Figure 5. Causal Loop Diagram of Solid Waste Flow in Tuguegarao City
Model Validation
The model was validated by observing the actual number of dumping by the garbage trucks
for a period of two months. The average weekly
actual disposed waste was obtained by getting
J.B. Guzman
the mean of the seven days dumping. The average weekly actual volume of waste disposed
was then compared with the simulated volume
of waste disposed. Test of significant difference
was done using t-Test.
19
Figure 6. Model of the solid waste flow in Tuguegarao City using Stella software
20
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
Table 1. Summary of equations of the rate variables used in the model
Table 2. Summary of the coefficient of the auxiliary variables
J.B. Guzman
21
Scenario Building
The scenarios described were;
Scenario A which is the composting of market
compostable waste, Scenario B which is the
recycling of institutional waste, and Scenario C
which is the composting and recycling of waste
in all sectors.
In the 3 scenarios, household waste
was assumed to increase at an average
annual rate of 1.02% (same as population
growth rate), while the waste from commercial
establishments, institutions and the market
were assumed to increase at an average
annual rate of 1%. The rate of composting and
recycling will increase over time. Table 3 shows
the assumed percentage increment of these
rates over the simulation period.
Data Processing and Analysis
Data were generated using the
developed decision support system through
Stella modeling software. Generated data were
in tables and graphs for each zone. The data
per zone were then processed into graphs
using Microsoft Excel software and into maps
using the Geographic Information Systems
software. The descriptive statistics were used
to analyze the processed data.
Table 3. Percentage increase in diversion for the years 2007-2015
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Solid Waste Generation
There were four sources of solid
wastes as identified in the city government
solid waste management code of Tuguegarao
city. These were the households (HH),
commercial establishments (CE), institutions
22
and the markets. Of the 90,749 m3 of solid
waste generated in Tuguegarao City for year
2007, bulk of it originates from the households.
This reflects the high population of the city. The
solid waste generation of the different sources
is shown in Figure 7.
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
Figure 7. Comparison of the different sources of solid waste to the total solid waste generated
The solid wastes generated in each
barangay or zones were also categorized in like
manner using these four sources of solid waste.
The weekly generation per source was used as
initial values on the stocks of household (HH),
commercial establishments (CE), institutions
and markets in each zone in the model.
Solid Waste Composition
Figure 8 shows the composition
of solid waste in Tuguegarao City. Of the
eleven identifiable types of waste, food waste
comprised the greatest at a rate of 506 m3/wk
(29%), followed by yard waste and paper at a
rate of 279 m3/wk (16%). This was so because
of the considerable number of fast foods and
restaurants in the city. The food waste and yard
waste are potential wastes for composting which
implies the viability of composting project in the
city. A low percentage of hazardous and special
wastes were observed from households.
Figure 8. Composition of solid wastes in Tuguegarao City
J.B. Guzman
23
Figure 8 showed the waste composition
in households, commercial establishments,
institutions and the markets. Among household
waste yard waste was the highest at 214.2 cu
m/wk or 21% followed by other organics and
food wastes at 153 cu m/wk or 15% and 133 cu
m/wk 13%, respectively. The high percentage
of yard wastes reflected the lifestyle of the
city residents who were fond of ornamental
gardening and having wide residential land
areas. Among the identified waste from
commercial establishments, food waste and
yard waste at 93 cu m/wk or 24% were the
highest. The high percentage of food waste was
an indicative of the numerous numbers of fast
foods and restaurants in the city. Papers and
yard waste were the highest from institutions
at 42 cu m/wk or 33% and 26 cu m/wk or 21%,
respectively. This was so because Tuguegarao
City is the center of Region 02 and that most
of the regional offices were operated within the
City. Most of the waste from the market was
identified as food waste at 127 cu m/wk or 62%.
These wastes were fruits and vegetables scrap
removed prior to sale.
Decision Support System Validation
The DSS was validated by getting the
actual number of daily dumping by the garbage
trucks from September 2008 to February 2009.
The actual volume of waste disposed per week
was then compared with the simulated volume
of waste disposed. Test of significant difference
was done using t-Test. Result of t-Test revealed
that there is no significant difference between
the simulated and actual quantities of waste
disposed as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. t-Test result on the simulated and actual volume of waste disposed
Scenario Simulation
Scenario A – Composting Market Waste
There were three scenarios of
practical importance on solid waste recovery
in Tuguegarao City that were chosen for
simulation. The high volume of compostable
waste in the market leads the formulation of
Scenario A, which is composting the market
waste and the considerable volume of
recyclable waste in the institutions leads to the
formulation of Scenario B, which is the recycling
of institutional waste. The idea of looking
the impact of composting and recycling in all
sectors was the basis of formulating Scenario
E, which is the composting and recycling waste
from households, commercial establishments,
institutions and the markets.
Scenario A characterized what would
happen if the city government would want to
push a project on composting market waste. If
Scenario A will be imposed, of the 843,600 m3
of accumulated waste generated by year 2015
or for a period of eight years, 676,700 m3 will be
all disposed off in the dumpsite. Nevertheless,
because of the composting project there will be
65,900 m3 recovered compostable waste for a
period of 8 years or an equivalent volume of
recovered compostable waste from 100 m3/wk
to 237 m3/wk on year 2015. Figure 9 shows the
trend in the cumulative volume of solid waste
as simulated under Scenario C.
24
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
Figure 9. Simulated cumulative volume of solid waste under Scenario A
Scenario B – Recycling Institutional Waste
Scenario B characterized what would
happen if individuals in the different institutions
will have their waste recycled. If Scenario B will
be imposed, of the 843,600 m3 of accumulated
waste generated until year 2015 or for a period
of eight years, 671,114 m3 will be all disposed
off in the dumpsite. Nevertheless, because of
the recycling project there will be 88,021 m3
recovered recyclable waste for a period of 8
years or an equivalent volume of recovered
recyclable waste from 185 m3/wk to 225 m3/wk
on year 2015. Figure 10 shows the trend in the
cumulative volume of solid waste as simulated
under Scenario B.
Figure 10. Simulated cumulative volume of solid waste under Scenario B
J.B. Guzman
25
Scenario C –Composting and Recycling of
All Waste Generated
Figure 11 shows the trend in solid
waste flow when composting and recycling
activities will be practiced by all sectors of waste
generators. However, by year 2015, there will be
a recovery of 51,557 m3/yr compostable waste
and 31,760 m3/yr of recyclable waste. This
however requires change in the lifestyle of the
city residents by becoming aware of recycling,
reuse, and reducing the waste they produce
including a support from the city government by
providing adequate facilities for waste recovery
projects.
If Scenario C will be imposed, of the
843,600 m3 of accumulated waste generated
until year 2015 or for a period of eight years,
only the residual waste with a volume of 513,614
m3 will be disposed off in the dumpsite. At the
eighth year period, there will be 184,350 m3
recovered compostable waste and 145,636 m3
recovered recyclable waste or an equivalent
volume of 31,760 cu m/yr or 446 cu m/wk and
51,557 cu m/yr or 909 cu m/wk At this year,
both rates of composting and recycling was
assumed to reach 100%. Figure 11 shows the
trend in the cumulative volume of solid waste
as simulated under Scenario C, while Figure 18
shows the spatial distribution of the simulated
volume of recyclable on year 2015.
Figure 11. Simulated cumulative volume of solid waste under Scenario C
Implications of Solid Waste Recovery
through Recycling and Composting
Economic Implications of Composting
topsoil. Compost can be produced in barangay
or cluster of barangays, bagged and sold. In
composting, an income can be derived from
waste.
Biodegradable solid waste from
kitchens, yard waste and markets can be mixed
with soil and decomposed by aerobic bacteria
to produce compost, a sweet smelling, dark
brown humus material that is rich in organic
matter and soil nutrients. It can be used as
an organic soil fertilizer or conditioner, or as
Organic materials from solid waste
will reduce at a ratio of 1 ton to 250 kg or 25%
conversion rate to organic fertilizer. Using this
conversion rate, the volume of compost was
estimated. These volumes were, for Scenario
A, from 1201 m3 to 33,290 m3 by year 2015
and for Scenario C, from 1201 m3 to 67,295
26
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
for year 2015. Figure 12 shows the cumulative
volume of compost under Scenarios A and C.
Environmental Implications of Composting
and Recycling Solid Waste
Converting the volume of compost to
number of bags at 250 kg per bag, there will be
266,300 bags of compost generated for a period
of eight years by composing market waste
(Scenario A), while there will be 538,360 bags
of compost generated by composting waste in
all sectors (Scenario C ). Figure 13 shows the
cumulative volume of compost generated from
composting.
To attain high waste recovery as
mandated by Section 20 of R.A. 9003,
city residents are encourage to segregate
materials usually glass, paper, metals, plastic
containers and sell them to door to door buyers
or junkshop owners. If institutional waste alone
will be recovered for recycling, there will be
88,000 cu m of recyclable waste that will be
sold to junkshops for eight year period. Adding
waste recovery through waste recycling by all
sectors, there will be 145,640 cu m of recyclable
waste that will be sold to junkshops for eight
year period. This means that waste entering
the dumpsite will be reduced correspondingly
by the same amount. If this will be so, lifespan
of the dumpsite will be lengthened and the
operational cost of maintaining the dumpsite
will also be reduced. Since buying activities
are through door-to-door buyers, collection
and transportation expenditures will become a
forgone cost. This will be a sure savings by the
city government.
A bag of composts weighs 50 kg and
can be sold at P250/bag. If market waste will
be utilized for composting, there will be 57,590
bags of compost generated by year 2015.
This bags of composts will have an equivalent
amount of P14,397,480 per year or P1,199,790
per month. More so, if all compostable waste
from all sectors will be utilized, there will be
177,860 bags of compost generated by year
2015. This bags of compost will have an
equivalent amount of P44,464,980.00 per year
or P3,705,415.00 per month.
Figure 12. Cumulative volume of compost under Scenarios A and C
J.B. Guzman
27
Figure 13. Simulated cumulative bags of composts under Scenarios A and C
Figure 14. Simulated cumulative volume of recovered recyclable
waste under Scenarios B and C
28
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
The practice of treating uncollected
waste through backyard burning not only
contribute to the amount of greenhouse gasses
that causes global warming but also release
some toxic substances into the atmosphere
leaving a toxic residue in the air. Since there
will be a reduction in the amount of uncollected
waste or zero uncollected waste by year 2015
(Scenario C), burning will eventually ceased.
Tuguegarao City will then be free of residual ash
and unburnable residues that are usually taken
into the dumpsite for disposal. The residual
ash contains a variety of toxic components that
make it an environmental hazard if not disposed
of properly.
The Environmental Protection Agency
has found alarming high levels of dioxins, furans,
lead, and cadmium in burned ash. This must
also be true to the burned waste in Tuguegarao
City especially so because the burned waste
contains plastics and used batteries. These
toxic materials are even more concentrated in
fly ash (lighter, airborne particles capable of
penetrating deep into the lungs) than in heavy
bottom ash.
Recycling is usually a better alternative
to either dumping or burning waste. It saves
money, energy and land space while also
reducing pollution. It encourages individual
awareness and responsibility for the refuse
produced. However, recycling and composting
programs will only be successful through
behavioral change by the city residents.
Segregation of waste is the key factor followed
by a change in the lifestyle. Programs on
recycle, reuse and reduce are very important
and should be supported by the city government.
City government should implement no-use
of plastics or simply use of biodegradable as
bagging material in commercial establishments
and in market.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A Decision Support System (DSS) was
developed to analyze and simulate the future
scenarios of the solid waste management of
J.B. Guzman
Tuguegarao City using GIS and Stella modeling
software. The primary and secondary data and
information collected were population, per capita
waste generation, average annual growth rates
of population and solid waste composition in
order to analyze and predict the total volume
of waste generated and the corresponding
volume of compostable, recyclable, collected,
uncollected waste and compost.
The four sources of solid waste were
households,
commercial
establishments,
institutions, and markets each generating at
a rate of 1,012 m3, 384 m3, 209 m3 and 122
m3 of solid waste weekly that is equivalent to
total waste generation at a rate of 1,745 m3/
wk.The waste composition per identifiable
item was 279 m3 (16%) paper, 105 m3 (6%)
plastic containers, 70 m3 (4%) metals, 70 m3
(4%) glass, 279 m3 (16%) yard waste, 506 m3
(29%) food waste, 122 m3 (7%) other organics,
209 m3 (12%) other plastics, 70 m3 (4%) inert,
17 m3 (1%) hazardous waste and 17 m3 (1%)
special waste. The paper, plastic containers,
metals, and glass were classified as recyclable
waste (30%); the yard waste, food waste, and
other organics were classified as compostable
waste (52%); while the inert, hazardous waste,
and special waste were the residual waste
(18%).
The DSS was used to search for best
waste management options reflecting trend of
future scenarios. Three among these scenarios
were; Scenario A which is the composting
of market compostable waste, Scenario B
which is the recycling of institutional waste in
addition to Scenario A, and Scenario C which
is the composting and recycling of waste in all
sectors.
Considering the problem on the low
recovery of waste, the composting and recycling
activities was proposed. Composting of market
waste (Scenario A) could result to a conversion
of compostable market waste from 92 m3/
wk to 237 m3/wk while recycling institutional
waste (Scenario B) could result to a recovery of
institutional waste from 171 m3/wk to 225 m3/
29
wk. To further increase the volume of recovered
waste, the composting and recycling waste
from all sectors (Scenario C) was formulated.
This could result to a conversion from 92 m3/
wk to 1002 m3/wk of compostable waste and
recovery from 171 m3/wk to 617 m3/wk of
recyclables waste by year 2015.
The Decision Support System (DSS)
can generate future trends of a barangay based
data on the total volume of waste generated,
recovered compostable and recyclable wastes,
collected waste and uncollected waste including
compost. These can guide in the selection of
the best solid waste management option in the
city by knowing the quantity of waste, the kind
of waste, and the manner on how this waste
are disposed or recovered over time. The DSS
can help identify areas for sustainable supply
of raw materials needed for composting and
recycling projects and where to locate such
project.
Scenario C was able to address the
problem of voluminous dumping of waste in
the dumpsite by imposing waste recovery
through recycling and composting all the waste
generated in all sectors. This however requires
change in the lifestyle of the city residents
by becoming aware of recycling, reuse, and
reducing the waste they produce and a support
from the city government by providing facilities
for waste recovery projects.
IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Decision Support System is able
to generate trends of waste management
scenarios as basis for decision making.
Identifying the sources of supply and determining
the volume of raw materials for solid waste
recovery projects can create awareness and
encourage the city residents to undergo waste
recovery in their own household or even in their
barangay/clusters of barangay as a whole. The
spatial distribution of recyclable materials from
waste can further aid door-to-door buyers to
spot barangay as potential sources of valuable
materials.
30
The practice of recovering waste
through composting and recycling will eventually
make the city free of littered waste and of carbon
dioxide and toxic materials from burning waste.
The availability of compost will direct farmers
to the practice of organic farming/gardening.
Money obtained from waste will help augment
the meager income of the poor.
It is recommended that the DSS be
used by the city government to:
a.
determine the scale of solid waste
recovery projects in order to be assured of a
sustained supply of raw materials,
b.
decide what barangay or cluster of
barangays to undergo solid waste recovery
projects, and
c.
locate where to put up solid waste
recovery projects
It is further recommended that the DSS
be piloted in any local government unit who
decide to improve their waste management
system.
REFERENCES CITED
BARTON, Allan F.M. 1979. Resource,
Recovery and Recycling. A Willey
Interscience publication.
BETTS, Michael P. 1984. Trends in Solid
Waste Management in Developing
Countries.
COINTREAU, Sandra J. 1984. Solid
Waste Collection Practice and
Planning in Developing Countries.
Conference proceedings.
CUNNINGHAM and CUNNINGHAM, 2007.
Principles of Environmental Science
Inquiry and Publications, 4th ed.
Chapter 13.
A Geographic Information Systems Decision-Based ..............
GIBBONA, Scott. 2000. Mirzapur: A GIS that
works. GIS development.net
MASSIE, Keith. 2003. Using GIS to Improve
Solid Waste Management and
Recycling Programs.
http://proceedings.esrt.com
McHENRY, P. and P. Longhurst. 2002. The
Development of a GIS-based Decision
Support Tool for Waste Strategy
Planning. Waste 2002 – Integrated
Waste Management and Pollution
Control: Research, Policy and
Practice. Conference proceedings.
Navarro, Rhea Abigail, 2003. A Systems
Approach on Solid Waste
Management in Metro Manila,
Philippines. http://www.lumes.lu.se
OGRA, Aurobindo. 2003. Logistics
Management and Spatial Planning for
Solid Waste Management System
Using GIS. GIS Development.net
SHANMUNGAN, Senthil. 2000. GIS-MISGPS for Solid Waste Management.
GIS development.net
SURESH, E.S. GIS-Based Multi-Objective
Decision Support System for
Siting Sanitary Landfills – Chennai
Metropolitan Development Area:
A Case Study Using Arcview Spatial
Analysis.
RA 9003. The Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act.
The Ecological Solid Waste Management
Plan
of Tuguegarao City: CY
2003-2012.
The Solid Waste Management Code
of Tuguegarao City. City Planning and
Development Coordinating Office.
Tuguegarao City Annual Report, 2007
J.B. Guzman
31
FERTILITY MAPPING, PROFILING AND DATABASE
BUILDING OF CORN CLUSTERS IN CAGAYAN,
NUEVA VIZCAYA AND QUIRINO1
Generoso M. Oli, Felipe S. Aguinaldo, Vernon C. Dabalos, Angelita B. Calubaquib, RamonP.
Divina,Ma. Editha B. Guillermo, Eva V. Eslava, Jennelyn R. Binarao, Alejandria S. Dabalos,Isagani
S.Cabalsi, Eddie T. Rodriguez, Joaquin M. Banzali, Jr, Eleazar A.Castillo,Joey A. Calucag
and Antonio B. Riazonda2
ABSTRACT
The study aims to assess the fertility status of ten (10) corn cluster areas in the six (6) municipalities
of Cagayan, two (2) in Nueva Vizcaya and two in (2) Quirino . Readily available fertilizer recommendation
to individual corn farmers within the cluster was obtained, which serve as guide in fertilizer application. GIS
software was used to develop thematic recommendation maps of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium
(K) and soil pH for each cluster. Interpolation, geo-processing and other spatial analysis were used in
obtaining individual farmer’s reference table for specific fertilizer application rate.
Developed maps and set of standard rate range for fertilizer application and soil pH, shows that
Nitrogen
(N) requirement for the whole cluster area of Villaverde, Quezon and Aglipay is at
maximum rate (120 kg/ha), while majority (70-90%) of the areas of Lallo, Lasam, Pamplona, Penablanca,
Tuguegarao City, Sta Teresita and Maddela are also requiring maximum rate of application. Phosphorous
(P) requirement for these clusters are well distributed from minimum (20kg/ha) to maximum (60kg/ha) rate
of application , with 40-50% of the areas in Sta Teresita, Villaverde, Quezon, Maddela and 30-60% in Lallo,
Lasam, Penablanca, and Aglipay respectively. Lasam and Maddela are sufficient in Potassium (K), thus
requiring minimum application at 30kg/ha. pH maps showed that majority of the areas of Pamplona, Sta
Teresita, Aglipay and Maddela clusters range from strongly to extremely acidic thus requires application of
lime. Soil acidity for other clusters are tolerable (neutral to moderately acidic) except for small portions where
pH are under the range of strongly to extremely acidic.
The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in determining the proper fertilizer
requirements of the soil is a potential alternative strategy to address the issue of appropriate application of
inorganic fertilizer to corn in view of soil laboratory facilities insufficiency and high cost of chemicals for soil
analysis.
Keywords: Corn, Fertility Mapping, Database
Soil supplies the essential nutrient
needed by the crop. It has to be assessed
to determine its sufficiency or deficiency.
Application of major or minor elements needed
could address soil deficiency.
Inorganic
fertilizer is one of the major inputs to crop
production. The grade and amount has to be
properly applied to attain the potential yield of
the crop. Analysis of the soil has to be done
prior to the application of fertilizer to the crop.
1
However, farmers seldom have their soil
analyzed for proper fertilizer recommendation.
Tendency for this is either short or excess
application of the crops’ requirement. The end
result is low production or excess expense in
the production cost.
The insufficiency of soil laboratory
facilities within the region and cost of chemicals
needed in the analysis are some constraints in
3rd Place, Best Paper-Research Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium
Researchers, Department of Agriculture – Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research
Center (DA-CVIARC), Ilagan Experiment Station, Ilagan, Isabela
2
32
addressing individual clients’ requirement. The
application of Geographic Information System
(GIS) in determining the proper fertilizer
requirements of the soil is an alternative
strategy to address the problem. Hence, this
project.
OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the fertility status of the
corn clusters in Region 02.
2. To develop thematic fertilizer
recommendation maps of the corn
clusters in Cagayan, Nueva
Vizcaya and Quirino
3. To have a readily available fertilizer
recommendation as a guide to
individual corn farmers within the
cluster.
4. To develop a database information
on fertilizer status and farmers’ profile
within the corn clusters.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Coverage
Corn cluster areas within the region
will be covered by this activity. However, cluster
areas of six Municipalities of Cagayan and
two each of Quirino and Nueva Viscaya were
given priority due to their large broad plain
areas devoted for corn.Farmers’ profile were
also gathered and encoded in the database for
analysis
Data Collection
Coordination with the Local Government
Units (LGUs)
Coordination with the local government
units was undertaken. Letter request addressed
to the Municipal Mayors was routed out prior
to orientation/ briefing of farmers to familiarize
them of the activities to be undertaken.
G.M. Oli, et.al
Perimeter Delineation and Geo-referencing
Perimeter boundary of the corn
cluster areas were delineated using the Global
Positioning System (GPS). Likewise, georeference were taken and recorded for some
points within the perimeter as well as farmer’
farm locations as basis when this will be plotted
in the base map.
Soil Sample Collection
Soil samples within the corn cluster
areas were gathered following the recommended
procedures. In this activity, approximately one
sample for every 2.5 hectare were collected
and submitted to the soil laboratory for analysis.
Coordinates (x and y) of the sampling points
were gathered using GPS.
Encoding
Results of soil laboratory analysis,
farmers’ profile and geo-references were
encoded in a data entry format developed using
a Microsoft Access program.
Processing /Interpretation of Data
Data on fertilizer recommendations
were processed using the functionalities of
Microsoft Access and Excel programs. These
were further processed using the Arcview 3.2
GIS software. Thematic maps such as fertilizer
recommendation maps (Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and Potassium), pH map were developed/
interpolated using the GIS software.
Site specific fertilizer recommendations
can be determined when the farm location map
will be overlaid in the interpolated fertilizer
maps developed. Likewise, specific pH of the
farm can also be determined with the same
procedure.
Updating of Soil Fertility and Farmers’
Profile
33
Fertilizer recommendations will be
updated every after 3 years or as the need
arises.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
For the year 2008, ten (10) corn cluster
areas comprising of six (6) municipalities of
Cagayan and two (2) municipalities each for
Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya were covered in
this project. A total of 5,125 hectares corn
cluster areas were surveyed, 4, 791 individual
farm lots geo-referenced, 1,976 soil samples
collected and analyzed(interpolated) with
3,184 farmer beneficiaries. The corn cluster
areas were classified as follows:
Table 1. Summary of Data Gathered from the Covered Areas
Four (4) maps were developed for
each cluster area. Three recommendation
maps for the macro nutrients (N, P, K) and a pH
map. The generated maps of each corn cluster
areas were analyzed following standard rate as
shown in the table below.
For the pH map for each cluster, the
following pH range and description as described by the soils laboratory was adopted:
Standard Rate
Standard pH Description
34
Fertility Mapping, Profiling and Database Build Up ..............
Fertility Mapping
Soil samples collected from the field
were analyzed in the soil laboratory. The
results were inputed in a GIS software and
an interpolated maps were derived. Digitized
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)
recommendation maps and pH map were
developed (sample maps attached).
Nitrogen (N) Recommendation Map
Nitrogen recommendation map showed
that the areas of Lasam, Villaverde, Quezon
and Aglipay corn clusters in Quirino including
Lallo, Pamplona, Peñablanca, Tuguegarao
City, Sta. Teresita, Maddela are requiring a
maximum rate of nitrogen application at 120
kg/ha. (Table 1).
Phosphorous (P) Recommendation Map
Areas
ranging
from
40-50%
in
Maddela, Quezon, Sta. Teresita and Villaverde
clusters require a rate of minimum (20kg/ha)
rate of phosphorus application. While some
areas (30-60) of Penablanca, Lasam, Lallo and
Aglipay clusters are requiring a maximum rate
of phosphorous (60kg/ha) (Table 1).
Potassium (K) Recommendation Map
The whole cluster areas of Lasam
and Maddela are sufficient in Potassium.
Majority (70-90%) of the area in Penablanca,
Pamplona, Villaverde, Quezon and Aglipay
are also sufficient which requires a minimum
application rate of 30kg/ha (Table 1).
pH Map
Observations from the generated pH
map of the ten corn cluster areas are also
shown in the table below.
Table 2. Fertilizer and pH status of corn clusters. *Based on maps generated for the 10 clusters
Fertilizer Recommendation Reference
Fertilizer recommendation reference for
each farmer within the clusters was extracted
from the interpolated N, P, K and pH digitized
G.M. Oli, et.al
maps developed. These are the final outputs
which are given to the farmers as reference.
35
STBF: A FAST-MOVING TECHNO-TRANSFER VEHICLE FOR ENHANCED PEANUT
PRODUCTIVITY IN JONES, ISABELA1
Rose Mary G. Aquino, Florante Leano, Jr., Lanie Galla,
Roger Salvador, Vanessa Joy Fortin2
ABSTRACT
The Science and Technology- Based Farm (STBF) Project aims to address the need to increase
peanut production and improve productivity in Jones, Isabela. The project started through the conduct of
reconnaissance survey wherein farming situation and practices of the selected Magsasaka-Siyentista (MS)
were gathered as reference in identifying best technology options (increase seeding rate and wider spacing
of new varieties, seed inoculation, basal fertilization and gypsum side-dressing) for demonstration in the
STBF. Important technology-showcasing events like conduct of field days/harvest festival, provision of
trainings and IEC materials were also done to ensure technology transfer and adoption.
Results of the STBF in three (3) crop-cycles (2 wet season and 1 dry season trial) revealed significant
increase on peanut yield and income. Obtained data during the 1st cycle 2007 wet season resulted to
pod yield of 2,825 kgs/ha (using Asha variety) and 2,750 kgs/ha (Namnama-1 or NSIC Pn 11 variety) as
compared to MS traditionally-managed farm yield of only 1,680 kgs/ha. Significant results were noted during
the 2nd cycle (2008 dry season) and 3rd crop-cycle (2008 wet season) because obtained pod yield reached
almost 3,240 kgs/ha using Asha variety.
The eventual adoption of science-based technology interventions had tremendously improved
peanut income as shown in the partial budget analysis. Average added cost (across crop-cycles) of Php
7,084/ha due to adoption of S&T interventions gave an average added return of Php 20,903/ha. Convincing
results during the field day were presented with the 30 farmer-students of Barangay Arubub and are now
adopting the technology interventions. About 172 corn farmers in other Barangays are participating in peanut
production.
Keywords: Peanut, STBF
Peanut is primarily grown as cash crop
in corn-based areas with distinct wet and dry
seasons. It is usually planted mostly during dry
season as rotation crop after corn. With the
advent of high yielding hybrid varieties of corn
and the favorable market, farmers shifted into
corn–corn production cropping pattern. This
is the reason why drastic reduction on peanut
production in Cagayan Valley particularly in
Isabela province was experienced in the early
90s that resulted to massive and substantial
increase of importation since 1997 (BAS, 19781998).
Similarly, farmers seldom keep a
1
2
portion of their harvest for planting in the next
cropping due to rapid seed deterioration with
the absence of conducive storage facility
(peanut seeds viability is lost in less than 6
months under ordinary storage).
On the other hand, average net income
from peanut production is still low, at pod yield
level of 1.2 – 1.8 tons/ha (assuming sold at
P18.00 – P20.00/kg), the average net income
is only P7, 690.00. Low yield and high cost
of production attributed to use of low-yielding
varieties, poor soil and pests management,
drought, flash floods (that usually occur at
seedling – vegetative stage under river flood
1st Place, Best Paper-Development Category, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium
STBF Local Project Team, Techno Gabay Program
36
prone areas) and high cost of manual labor in
weeding, harvesting and post-harvest operation
resulted to the low pod yield.
Specific Objectives:
This project was undertaken to:
Looking
into
these
production
constraints, it is imperative to improve peanut
productivity in order to be competitive with
corn and other crops. This calls for productivity
enhancement through promotion and utilization
of science-based package of technologies.
While the existing production areas in Cagayan
Valley are limited to few municipalities, there
is therefore a need to encourage production
expansion in adjacent municipalities (cluster
production) to meet market volume requirement.
The Municipality of Jones, Isabela, for example,
have the potential to produce huge volume of
peanut, with about 2,000 hectares sandy-loam
soil suitable soil for peanut production . With
the advent of latest technologies and varieties,
the possibility of planting peanut in heavy (clay
loam) soils can likewise be explored to further
expand production areas.
1. extend appropriate technical
assistance on the package of
technology for peanut production
through farmers’ classes and trainings
However, prior to any production
expansion endeavor; problem on slow
technology transfer or adoption shall be given
attention. Indeed, available mature technologies
will remain futile without farmer-adopters
that must feel the significant contributions of
the technologies in their farming production
business. Hence, the establishment of
Science & Technology - based farms (STBF)
Project being managed by the MagsasakangSiyentista (MS) or Farmer-Scientist, who is in
the process responsible in technology adoption
and promotion, is one effective mechanism
and extension modality to improve peanut
productivity.
5. improve/fast-track technology
promotion and adoption of sciencebased technologies
OBJECTIVES
GOAL: To increase peanut production and
income in Region 02
General Objective:
To enhance peanut
productivity in Jones, Isabela
R.M.G. Aquino, et. al
2. improve the farming operations and
productivity of the Magsasaka
Siyentista (MS) applying the peanut
science-based technology.
3. demonstrate and showcase improved
production technology on peanut
to at least 30 farmers / entrepreneurs /
stakeholders.
4. assemble best production
technologies from land preparation to
post-harvest stage that improved
peanut seed quality and yield.
METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE/
STRATEGIES OF IMPLEMENTATION
Conduct of Reconnaisance Survey
This was done in the LGU-Jones FITS
center of CVARRD considering peanut as its
commodity thrust. In the conduct of the survey,
gap analysis on Magsasaka-Siyentista farming
practices was undertaken with emphasis on
input system, production system, post-harvest
system, marketing system, support services
and existing peanut production/farming
practices (Table 1).
Identification and Selection of MagsasakaSiyentista
The Magsasaka-Siyentista (MS) was
evaluated and chosen based from the following
criteria namely; must be traditional peanut
37
grower, willing to test S&T based technology
interventions, willing to be trained on the
identified technology interventions, willing and
generous to share his experience and knowhow with other farmers and willing to use his
farm as venue for seminars and farmers’ field
day activities. On the other hand, S&T- based
farm was selected due to its accessibility and
nearness to market outlet.
S&T- based Farm Management
The S&T based farm was established
as superimposed trial within the MS peanut
area of approximately 1.0 hectare in the lower
vega (river-flood prone areas) 0.5 ha upland
area (sloppy areas) during dry season and wet
season, respectively.
Cultivation and Weeding
-spraying of post-emergence herbicide
40-50 DAE (optional, depending on
weed population)
Harvesting
- attain full maturation, using Asha variety
(130-140 DAP during D.S. and 140150 DAP during W.S)
Data Gathering & Economic Analysis
From the set of identified best technology
options as reflected in the MS Gap analysis
(Table 1), the following S&T interventions were
adopted in the establishment and management
of demo-farm:
Yield component data were gathered
and recorded for economic analysis. These
include insect and disease incidence and
damages and other important observations.
Cost incurred from land preparation to postharvest operation was also recorded for
cost and return analysis and Partial Budget
Analysis.
Spacing and Seeding rate and Variety Used
Project Monitoring and Evaluation
*Dry Season
- 130 kgs/ha unshelled seeds
- 15 cm x 50 cm spacing
(133,333 t0 150,000 plants/ha)
- Namanama-1 and Namnama-2 varieties
In
order
to
ensure
smooth
implementation of S&T-based interventions
and other technology promotion activities,
close and regular monitoring and evaluation of
the project were done by the team composed
of the FITS Manager, Technical Expert, Focal
Person and RTG Coordinator. Frequency of visit
is dependent on the field activities, however,
the FITS manager, Technical Expert and Focal
Person used to visit the demonstration farm 2-4
times a week to prescribe immediate solutions
to any observations / problems encountered.
Soil fertility and Nutrient Management
Other Technology Promotion Strategies
- rhizobium seed inoculation at
1 pack/20 kgs shelled seeds
- Basal fertilization based from Soils
Laboratory Recommended Rate
- Gypsum (Calcium sulphate) side-dressing at
peak flowering (20-35 DAE)
To further facilitate promotion of
technologies, the following were likewise
undertaken and extended to MS and target
farmer-adaptors:
- 140-150 kgs/ha unshelled seeds
- 10 cm x 40 cm spacing (250,000 plants/ha)
- Asha and Namnama-1 Varieties
*Wet Season
38
a.
Production and distribution of
IEC materials (translated
STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno Transfer Modality ..............
in the predominant dialect
in the site) on the Magsasaka
Siyentista and his farmer-students
adopted technology interventions.
b. Conduct of trainings/briefings and
techno-forum on recent updates on
peanut production technologies
(particularly of the showcased
technology interventions).
c. Conduct of process demonstration on
some science-based technology
interventions that requires step-bystep process like in the case of
Rhizobium seed inoculation, fertilizer
and gypsum application, etc.
d. Conduct of field Days
This was done at full maturity of the
peanut plants in order to showcase to farmervisitors and other stakeholders the convincing
results of the STBF as an effect of demonstrated
Science-based technology interventions. In this
way, technology transfer and adoption can be
fast-tracked.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Significant results and impact of the
peanut Science and Technology-Based Farm
(STBF) were obviously felt and noted by the
Magsasaka-Siyentista,
stakeholders
and
community people through the following:
Peanut Yield and Technical
Significant effects of the sciencebased technology interventions were noted
consistently in the three (3)-crop cycles duration
of the STBF. Actually, during the 1st cropping
cycle (2007 wet season, July-December),
pod yield of 2,825 kgs/ha (using Asha variety)
and 2,750 kgs/ha (using Namnama-1 variety)
were obtained from the STBF which are sixty
percent (60%) higher than the yield obtained
by the MS from his traditionally managedR.M.G. Aquino, et. al
plot/farm with only 1,680 kgs/ha (Table 4).
Comparable results were also noted during the
2nd cropping-cycle (2008 dry season, JanuaryMay) wherein a yield increase of seventy eight
percent (78%) was obtained in favor of STBF
(Table 6). Such result was attributed to applied
technology interventions such as improved
seeding rate (additional 30 kgs/ha) and right
spacing, gypsum (calcium sulfate) sidedressing, and seed inoculation. Since Asha
variety produced the highest yield during dry
season and has prolonged maturity during wet
season, it is therefore an appropriate variety for
planting during dry season to attain high yield.
In the 3rd crop-cycle or last cropping
cycle of the project (2008 wet season, JulyNovember), highest yield was taken from
STBF using the introduced new wet season
variety (Namnama-2 or NSIC Pn 14) with pod
yield of 2,948 kgs/ha (Table 9). However, yield
under MS traditionally-managed farm (farmer’s
practice) is also high because the MS had
already adopted some of the science-based
technology interventions showcased in the
1st and 2nd crop-cycle like the application of
Gypsum and right spacing which manifest that
the MS is already convinced of the performance
of the promoted technologies in increasing
yield thereby confirming the technical feasibility
of the promoted technologies (Table 2).
Peanut Income and Economic Viability
Using Partial Budget Analysis, a net
financial impact of P20,551/ha was derived
during the 1st crop-cycle (2007 wet season)
from the STBF despite the added cost of P8,074/
ha due to adoption of technology interventions
(Tables 2 and 3). The same trend was noted
during the 2nd and 3rd crop-cycle (Tables 5,
7 and 8) which revealed that the added cost
in adopting introduced technologies are well
compensated by the added returns. Indeed,
the added returns are twice, if not almost thrice,
the added cost making the MS and his farmerstudents confidently adopt such promoted
technology interventions.
39
Community Participation in Technology
Promotion/Adoption (Social and Political
Acceptability)
Two (2) successful field days were
conducted within the three (3) crop-cycles
project duration of the STBF. Actually, the first
successful field day happened on May 29, 2008
(2nd cycle, dry season) was attended by 223
participants/stakeholders (Appendix 1) which
are mostly farmers within and outside the STBF
site in Bgy. Arubub, Jones, Isabela. Impressed
on the STBF impact on yield and income
presented by the MS himself during the field
day, therefore, the 30 farmer-students (Table
11) of the MS and about 300 corn farmers in
neighboring Barangays signified their interest
not only to adopt the demonstrated technology
interventions but to grow peanut in rotation with
corn thus a shifting or changes on their farming
system is insinuated and felt influencing
positively the farming values of low-income
corn farmers. Actually, a more successful
crowd-drawing event was experienced in the
field day conducted on November 10, 2008
with the participation of 198 stakeholders (see
attached attendance sheets). Due to insistence
of almost 300 farmers to grow peanuts already
in their corn fields, the Municipal Mayor (Engr.
Florante Raspado) of LGU-Jones, Isabela had
supported the seed production of introduced
varieties and procured more than 3,000 kgs
of peanut seeds (worth P150,000) which he
distributed during the event. This highlighted
the occasion wherein hundreds of corn farmers
had happily received their planting materials
aside from the peanut seed production training
immediately extended to the farmers by the
Technical Expert in the afternoon session of
the field day to enhance their knowledge on
peanut production. To further improve the skills
and knowledge of farmer-adopters on peanut
production, copies of IEC materials (produced
out of documented best production technologies
and practices by MS) were distributed during
the conduct of the activity.
Production
Expansion
Diversification
40
and
Crop
As an impact of the STBF, about 2,000
hectares corn-based areas in the Municipality
of Jones, Isabela are now gradually planted
with peanut (corn-peanut rotation) with support
of commitments from the Barangay and
LGU officials thus possibly retrieving back
the identity of Jones as “Peanut Basket” of
Isabela Province. Actually, a total of 172 corn
farmers (Table 12) from different barangays
of Jones, Isabela had already started growing
peanut supporting the need for production
expansion and crop diversification in the said
municipality.
Enterprise Building and Marketing
The implementation of peanut STBF
had opened doors for other agencies like the
DOST and DOLE to share their resources in
establishing a “Peanut Processing and Learning
Center”. This is part of the development of
community-based peanut industry involved
in the business of small-scale peanut food
processing in Jones, Isabela. With this, training
on peanut food processing was conducted on
March 16-17, 2009 with the participation of 25
housewives and some Barangay nutritionists
(Appendix 2). The training was initiated by
DOST in partnership with DOLE, LGU, CVARRD
and DA-CVIARC with the objective of providing
rural households additional source of income
and at the same time creating local market for
peanuts in Jones, Isabela. Today, the trained
group is now producing some acceptable
peanut processed products that are already
on-display for sale during festivals and exhibits.
Soon, these peanut processed products will
already be part of the “pasalubong” products
of the Municipality of Jones thus helping the
said LGU generate employment and income
thereby supporting the development of local
peanut industry.
Technology Transfer vis-à-vis Farmers’
Empowerment
Through the STBF project, the
Magsasaka Siyentista together with his 30
STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno Transfer Modality ..............
farmer-students were motivated to become
technology-transfer agents as manifested
by the multiplying number of peanut growers
in the Municipality of Jones today (Table 11).
In fact, the Magsasaka Siyentista (Mr. Roger
Salvador) is now serving as resource person
in technology-forum and trainings sharing his
expertise in peanut production. Furthermore,
the MS is now initiating conduct of peanut
harvest festivals in Bgy, Arubub (conducted in
May 30, 2009) as his way of further supporting
and promoting peanut production to enhance
farming productivity in Jones, Isabela. Actually,
the MS was awarded outstanding Magsasaka
Siyentista (Provincial and Regional Level) and
regional and national runner-up outstanding
Gawad-Saka Corn-based farmer (due to his
peanut//corn and peanut-corn cropping pattern
practices) which made him one of DA FarmerLed Extensionist (FLE).
Environmental Impact
The technology interventions promoted
in the peanut STBF supported and advocated
least application of chemical fertilizer due to the
crop ability to fix its nitrogen requirement from
the atmosphere. Actually, growing of peanut in
rotation with cereals (corn and rice) ensures
soil fertility improvement resulting to lesser
application of hazardous chemical fertilizer for
the preceding or rotating cereal crops. Fresh
fodder or dry matter yield of peanut is very
safe and ideal livestock (some ruminants)
forage foodstuff because insecticide spraying
is generally not or seldom practiced by the
farmers.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the significant impact of the
STBF on the general productivity of peanut
farming, as reflected by the obtained high
yield and income and as manifested by the
warm acceptance and receptivity of farmers
to promoted science-based technologies; the
conduct of STBF is therefore an important and
effective technology-promotion mechanism to
fast-track technology transfer and adoption for
R.M.G. Aquino, et. al
enhanced productivity. The fast multiplication
of technology-adopters (from 1 MS in the 1st
cycle to 30 farmer-students in the 2nd cycle
and 172 peanut producers in the 3rd cycle)
is a clear indication that STBF must already
form part of the technology transfer strategies
in the Research and Development/Extension
program of government research institutions.
While farmers’ interest on the planting and
utilization of promoted new peanut varieties and
gypsum (calcium sulfate) is now immensely felt
, seeds of new varieties should be ensured in
sufficient supply and accessibility of farmers
to gypsum fertilizer supplier (not sourced-out
from expensive export outlets) must be given
attention.
Furthermore, budget of the STBF
must include expenses for the conduct of field
days. In order to support enthusiasm of LGUJones in pushing local peanut food processing,
STBF on peanut processing must likewise be
implemented.
REFERENCES CITED
Aquino, R.G, Lorenzana, O.J. 2002.
Namnama 1: First Cagayan
Valley Peanut All Season Variety.
Department of Agriculture – Cagayan
Valley Integrated Agricultural
Research Center (DA-CVIARC), San
Felipe, Ilagan, Isabela.
Aquino, R.G., Lorenzana, O., Fortin,
V and V.A. Peralta. 2008. NAMNAMA
2: CVIARC Peanut Crop Improvement
Project High-Yielding Wet Season
Variety. Adaptive Research Paper
Presented during the 2007 BAR
National Research Review, October 4,
2007.
Aquino, R.G., Lorenzana, O., Fortin, V and
V.A. Peralta. 2008. Introduction,
Promotion and Efficient Seed
Support System on ICRISAT Asha
Peanut Variety in Region 02,
Philippines. Development Paper
41
Presented during the 2008 BAR
National Research Review, October 2,
2008.
S. Joglloy, B. Toomsan, D. Chodistyangkul,
S. Wongkaew, B. Siri, T.
Sansayavichai. 2002. Development
of Large-Seeded Peanut Production
System in Thailand for Commercial
and Industrial Utilization. Faculty of
Agriculture, khon Kaen University,
Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
Hayat, Rifat. 2005. Sustainable LegumeCereal Cropping System though
Management of Biological Nitrogen
Fixation in Pothwar. PhD thesis,
University of Arid Agriculture,
Rawalpindi.
Manalaysay, E., Buan, R., Alkuino, L.,
Cachuela, R., Lustre, A.O., and
42
Resurrecion, A.V.A. Design of a
Peanut Service Station for
Peanut Farmers. USAID Peanut
Collaborative Research Support
Program USA-PHILIPPINES
S.N. Nigam, R. Aruna, DY Giri, GV Ranga
Rao and AGS Reddy. 2006.
Obtaining Sustainabe Higher
Groundnut Yields: Principles and
Practices of Cultivation. ICRISAT,
India.
S.N. Nigam, DY Giri and AGS Reddy.
2004. Groundnut Seed Production
Manual. International Crops Research
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
T. Mungkunchawkamchaw, B. Toomsan, D.
Jothiyangkoon ans S. Jogloy.2005.
Effect of Phosphorus, Potassium and
Calcium on Yield and Seed Quality of
STBF: A Fast-Moving Techno Transfer Modality ..............
RURAL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH
INNOVATIVE GOAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
(REGION II)1
Wilson A. Cerbito, Jonathan N. Nayga, Diosdado Canete,
Manuel C. Galang, Ricardo Azarcon, Edsel Miguel2
ABSTRACT
Rural-based enterprise development (RED) is a holistic approach to technology commercialization
and enterprise building. A rural-based enterprise consists of three important components: (1) production
system; (2) organization and management; and (3) linkages.
The RED project is implemented in four (4) regions of the country, Region 1,2,3 and 8. In Region 02,
specifically in Isabela, the focal site is located in the municipality of Echague in Barangays Sto. Domingo,
Anafunan and Malitao Alicia as the control site, in Barangays Aurora, Antonino and Del Pilar.
Comparative baseline data on goats’ technical performance indicate that major problems in goat
production are high mortality rates, due to parasitism and diseases, slow growth of kids resulting to goats
getting smaller, including marketing problems. All farmer-partners (100%) adopted the technology options,
which addresse the mentioned problems. Other technology options preferred by farmers include strategic
deworming, pasture/forage establishment for feeding of improved forage, upgrading and concentrate/vitamin
supplementation with 90.0%, 80.0%, 80.0% and 70.8% adoption rate respectively by farmers-partners in the
focal sites. Goat productivity in focal sites gave evidence of a 110% increase in the number of does from 114
does beginning inventory with 5.7 average doe-level to the current inventory of 240 does with 12.0 average
doe-level from the total 20 farmer-partners.
Upgrading through the infusion of superior breeder bucks coupled with the adoption of complementary
technology options significantly improved the quality of offspring and resulted in bigger size. Birth weights of
goats are 2.35 kg, 12.95 kg for weaning weights, and the marketing weight is 26.55 kg. The total targeted
adopters of the project is 80 farmer-partners including spill-over after two years. As of this report, there are
20 farmer-partners involved in the RED project and 60 farmers partners belongs to the spill-over category.
The study realized the Incremental Cost and Return of a 25-Doe Level Goat Enterprise using
Partial Budgeting Analysis of 1-2 cycles (March 2008-March 2009) for PhP 92, 400, PhP 36,960 for 10 Doe
Level and PhP 18,480 for the 5 Doe Level.
Keywords: Goat, enterprise development
Goats are considered as rural
asset. Although not properly quantified,
the contributions of goats to rural farming
communities are well recognized. Goats
have the potential for increased production in
relatively short period of time. They require
little capital investments, can utilize local
feed resources, and provide opportunities for
women and children to participate in building a
1
2
sustainable livestock enterprise while ensuring
food security for the family.
Goats also play other significant socioeconomic and cultural roles, i.e., insurance,
savings, minimal risk accumulation of assets,
diversification of farm resources, and fulfillment
of various socio-cultural obligations of the
underprivileged rural farmers. However, the
2nd Place, Best Development Paper Category, CVARRD 21st RSRDEH Symposium
RED Region II Project Team, Isabela State University University
43
goat’s full economic potentials are yet to be
realized. The wide variability in the production
performance ( e.g., birth weight ranging from
1.7 kg to 3.16 kg; slaughter weight ranging
from 10 kg to 20 kg, etc.) and product quality
(e.g. meatiness) of goats in smallholder farms
is considered a major deterrent to its utilization
as reliable livelihood option for small farmers.
Major causes of these are the low
productivity of existing stocks and low adoption
of improved goat production technologies/
practices. Nevertheless, the experiences and
results of projects previously implemented in
various areas of the country as reported by
Alo (2003), Brown et al. (2003), Venturina et
al. (2003) and PCARRD (2003,2004b, 2005,
2006) have demonstrated that application
of improved packages of technology in
smallholder farms can effectively enhance the
production performance and thus, profitability
of goat production in smallholder farms.
Moreover, through the said projects,
modalities for effective and efficient adoption of
technology packages by smallholder farmers
have been developed and tested on-farm. The
aforesaid successes achieved by smallholder
farmers demonstrated the positive response
of goats in smallholder farms to improved
packages of production technologies. The
increased productivity (e.g., 98% improvement
in growth rate) of goats in these farms presents
smallholder goat production as one of the
potential livelihood options for rural farming
communities to flee from poverty.
This project is anchored on the
successes and learning in enhancing goat
production that were gained from completed
ILRI-IFAD TAG 443 and CASREN projects
and from a CGIAR-funded on-going project
now being implemented in Bambang, Nueva
Viscaya (PCARRD, 2005-2006). It hopes,
among others, to contribute in the attainment
of the technical targets, i.e., reduction of preweaning mortality from 25% to 10% and
increase in slaughter weight from 15 kg to 30
kg by 2020, of the Industry Strategic Plan of the
44
Pasture-Ruminant Cluster.
OBJECTIVES
The primary goal of the project is to contribute
to the Philippine government’s bid to alleviate
poverty in rural areas by transforming goat
raising from a subsistence type of farm activity
into a viable livestock-based rural enterprise.
Specifically, the project aims to:
1. Increase goat productivity by about
50% in the focal sites and improve the
profitability of goat production in this
areas;
2. Enhance market access of
smallholder goat producers by
improving the quality of their products
to match consumer preferences;
3. Enhance adoption of improved goat
production technologies by
smallholder rural farmers through
action learning strategies;
4. Develop a community-based selection
and breeding system that suits to
rural farmers’ resources and
capacities for a continual goat genetic
improvement and sustained supply of
high quality goats;
5. Determine the productive and
reproductive performance of improved
goat genotypes raised under
smallholder farm conditions; and
6. Determine the benefits and costs
accruing from the adoption of
improved production systems and
technologies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pre-implementation
implementers
Meeting
of
project
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
An
inception
meeting-workshop
between LRD-PCARRD and the implementers
were held to discuss the project’s concept,
methodology, expected outputs, and other
pertinent issues. Concerns such as criteria for
site and farmer selection, data to be gathered
for site characterization, data/information to be
gathered during regular monitoring activities,
roles/responsibilities of project partners, etc.
were discussed and firmed up.
Selection of project sites
Prior to project site selection, secondary
data in terms of goat population and largest
goat-producing municipalities in Cagayan Valley
were gathered from the Provincial Veterinary
Office of the Isabela Provincial Government.
On the basis of the secondary data,
Echague and Alicia Isabela were the top two
municipalities with the highest concentration
of goat population.
Field validation was
undertaken to validate the secondary data
gathered and to determine the villages which
will serve as focal and control sites. Echague
Isabela was selected as the project focal sites
while, Alicia Isabela was identified to serve as
the control site. Meeting with the officers of
Echague Goat Raisers/Producers Association
was also done for possible collaboration.
The selection of project sites/focal
villages was based on the following general/
indicative criteria: (a) high goat density, (b)
goat production recognized as economically
important, (c) accessibility, (d) high radiation
effect, (e) presence of support system, among
others. The final site selection criteria used by
all implementers was decided on the project’s
inception meeting-workshop.
Selection of farmer-partners
The farmer-partners were selected based on
the following criteria:
a. Willingness to participate in the project
J.N. Nayga, et. al
b.
Smallholders with at least 5-doe level
goats per family
c.
Positive receptivity to innovative
technologies/development projects
d.
Have some knowledge and
understanding of feeds, animal
performance, production/management
systems, e.g. deworming, housing,
etc.
e.
Enterprising
Characterization of focal sites, farm
households, and selected farmer-partners
Using structured questionnaires, the
focal sites, farm household, and selected
farmer-partners were characterized.
The
characterization activity was conducted to:
(a) generate baseline information/data for
future impact assessment studies; (b) identify
constraints in the system being practiced,
as well as define researchable issues; and
(c) provide basis in the selection of farmerpartners.
The site selection focused on
biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional
characteristics. The biophysical characteristics
determined were climate, vegetation, soil type,
topography, length of growing period, cropping
pattern, among others.
The socioeconomic data gathered were
average farm size, tenure status, per capita
income, average household size, average age
and educational level, contribution of livestock
to household income, access to market
indicators, among others.
On institutional characteristics, data/
information collected were on access to R&D
institutions engaged in livestock R&D and R&D
facilities, access to credit, farmers’ groups/
cooperatives,
marketing
infrastructures,
presence of product processing facilities,
among others. On the characterization of the
45
selected farmer-partners, data/information
collected were on household information,
animal systems and labor allocation, crop/foodfeed systems, constraints to production, postharvest practices, agricultural decision making,
among others.
Capability building
Technology trainings, cross visits/
lakbay-aral/field days, exhibit to existing
goat farms, training on entrepreneurial skills
development, participation in goat shows were
46
some of the project activities already conducted
to empower the project’s farmer-partners. The
formation of farmers’ association and activities
towards enterprise development will still be
done. The capability building strategy used
was patterned from the process adopted by
CASREN Philippines (2003). The mentioned
activities encouraged the farmer-partners to
adopt improved goat production systems and
other related technologies (Table 1) through
action learning strategies developed through
the ILRI-IFAD and CASREN projects (Alo,
2003; Venturina et al., 2003; CASREN, 2003).
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
1Table 1. List of some technologies/improved practices introduced, their description, benefits,
and the science behind the practice.
J.N. Nayga, et. al
47
Specific activities focused on enabling
strategies for he farmer-partners to gain access
to technologies and develop innovations to befit these technology inputs into their resources
and capabilities and enhance their access to
markets by producing animals that possess
characteristics preferred by consumers as described by Orden and Jamandre (2003). Community-based selection and breeding strategies
will also be presented as an option to improve
productivity and quality of goats.
Project market development and business
components
The market development and business
aspect were conducted by the project. To discuss the market and business plan of the RED
project, it is best to situate them within an enterprise network. The framework is shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Framework for Technology-based Rural Enterprise Development Process
Rural-based enterprise development
(RED) is a holistic approach to technology
commercialization and enterprise building.
A rural-based enterprise consists of three
important components: (1) production system;
(2) organization and management; and (3)
linkages.
Technology-based rural enterprises
are those where the outputs of R&D, in
terms of technology or information, become
prominent and integral to the whole enterprise
operation. Such outputs may serve as inputs
to the production system which may be used
to alter existing practices/processes (e.g. use
of controlled breeding to allow selection and
pairing of breeder stocks to produce offspring of
desired genetic and phenotypic characteristics).
The goal of the R&D system is to generate and
utilize this technologies/information to improve
the enterprise system.
In this project, the focal sites, farm
household, and the selected farmer-partners
48
need to be characterized. Based on the
baseline information, it will be known whether
the technologies and input systems are well in
place or are insufficient. The insufficiency or
unavailability will then be addressed through the
project intervention activities. The technology/
information needed to support/improve
production systems to enhance performance
and enhance the quality of the products is laid
out for the farmers to choose from.
Technology trainings, cross visits/
lakbay-aral/field days, exhibit to existing
goat farms, training on entrepreneurial skills
and development and formation of farmers’
association, participation in goat shows form
part of the project activities to empower the
project’s farmer-partners who will operate the
production systems and manage the enterprise.
Specific activities focus on enabling strategies
for the farmer-partners to gain access to
technologies and develop innovations to befit
these technology inputs into their resources
and capabilities and enhance their access to
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
markets by producing animals that possess
characteristics preferred by consumers.
The goat raisers were encouraged to
form an association. The goat enterprise will then
be organized and managed by the association.
It will discuss plans on what products to sell
– slaughter goats (per head or per kilogram
live weight). Pricing of the products will be
discussed and standardized during meetings.
Arrangements with prospective buyers (traders,
middlemen, private institutions, and co-farmers)
and promotion of products will be handled by
the association. By educating these producers,
and by promoting opportunities within the goat
industries, producers have an opportunity
to earn extra income and thus improve the
economic status of their household.
As shown in the same Fig., baseline
data that were gathered through the site
characterization, access to support systems
or if there is difficulty in getting such services
will be determined. Linkages that will enhance
complementation and cooperation among
different institutions will be established and
promoted. A strong partnership among the local
institutions and the project implementers will be
initiated. Multi-level linkage will be established
starting from the barangay level up to the
provincial level and regional levels. Linkages
with R&D institutions, financial institutions,
other government support agencies, nongovernmental organizations and private
institutions like restaurant and meat shop
owners, trader, middlemen which are possible
market of slaughter/breeder goats will also be
established and strengthened.
Participatory approaches
The project followed a framework based
on the premise that any development endeavor,
to be truly participatory, must first and foremost
takes into account the farmers’ realities – their
situation, aspirations, and capabilities. The
project basically employed participatory
approaches in identifying and grounding of
interventions as well as in evaluating results of
the said interventions (CASREN Philippines,
2001 with modification, Lanting, 2007; Figure
2). The specific approaches used were firmed
up by the project implementers and other
partners.
Figure 2. Participatory methodology (CASREN Philippines, 2001with modification,
Lanting, 2007)
J.N. Nayga, et. al
49
In monitoring, the farmer-partners will
fill-out a monthly monitoring form to establish
data/information on goat inventory, productive
and reproductive performance, health practices,
marketing practices, technology adoption, and
economic data of the farm for the month.
A participatory resource appraisal-focus
group discussion (PRA-FGD) was conducted
with the farmers to validate the results of the
survey and determine the problem-technologyresource match.
Data analysis
Analysis of data was carried out by
comparing the performance of adopters and
non-adopters. Data on monthly body weight of
animals and mortality rate were analyzed by
t-test to compare the performance of animals
raised between the adopters and non-adopters.
Likewise, economic benefits/feasibility will
be determined using the “before and after”
approach, with due consideration of the time
dimension. Other data will be subjected to
statistical analysis (to be determined by the
different project implementers). A partial budget
analysis will also be done to determine the
incremental benefits and costs from adopting
the introduced production systems.
Implementing strategy for the project’s
success and sustainability
The project is being managed by a
Project Management Team (PMT), chaired
by the Program Leader of DA-RFU 8 in
cooperation with a network of partners from
DA-RFU I, Isabela State University (ISU) in
Region 2, and Central Luzon State University
(CLSU) in Region 3. It is being implemented by
the Project Working Group (PWG) in farmers’
fields where farmers themselves play an active
role in decision-making and implementation
of project activities. The final set of roles and
responsibilities were firmed up during the
inception meeting-workshop for the project.
As linkaging were done, linkages that
50
will enhance complementation and cooperation
among different institutions were established
and promoted. A strong partnership among the
local institutions and the project implementers
will be initiated. Multi-level linkage will be
established starting from the barangay level
up to the municipal, provincial, and regional
levels.
Linkages with R&D institutions,
financial institutions, other government support
agencies, and non-governmental organizations
will also be established and strengthened. The
linkages and partnership with various key
players for development are deemed necessary
to ensure the following:
� Support and legitimization of the
project;
� Provide technical and support
services;
� Provide technical and support
services;
� Facilitate information dissemination
and exchange;
� Smooth monitoring of project
activities; and
� Sustainability of the project.
Timely
information
dissemination
system were likewise developed by the
project management team in cooperation
with its partners. Similar to the ILRI-IFAD and
CASREN projects, farmer-partners will be
tapped in the promotion of technology mixes
and other relevant information to other farmers
in the community.
Target beneficiaries
� Smallholder goat producers
� The focal villages/communities
� The goat industry and allied industries
(e.g. those trading veterinary
products, other inputs, etc.)
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Characterization of Project Sites, Farm
Households and Farmer-partners
The project focal and control sites
(Echague and Alicia Isabela, respectively;
(Figure 3), farm households (30) and farmer
partners (20) were characterized using
structured questionnaires, key informants
interview, and participatory planning and
diagnosis. Secondary data were also used in
site characterization. Focus group discussion
(FGD) was also done to enhance the data
gathered. The baseline information focused
on the biophysical, socio-economic, and
institutional characteristics useful in future
impact assessment; in identifying constraints,
and defining researchable issues and project
interventions.
Figure 3. RED Project Pilot (Echague) and Control (Alicia) Sites in Isabela, Region II.
J.N. Nayga, et. al
51
Site characterization.
The focal and control sites belong to
Type I climatic condition with distinct wet and
dry seasons in a year. The average temperature
and rainfall is 27.2 0C and 184.1mm per month,
respectively with a relative humidity of 79 to
85%. The focal site (Echague) has the bigger
land area as compared to the control (Alicia)
with an area of 3,404 hectares and 1,462.29
hectares, respectively. Agricultural land is the
largest land used of both sites with 1,771.46
hectares for Echague and 1,211 hectares for
Alicia.
Clay loam soil type is observed in both
sites but in Echague has mixture with sandy.
The land is considered flat ranging from 3% to
5% land slope. Echague farmers had practicing
corn-corn cropping pattern while Alicia has
been practicing a rice-rice cropping pattern for
the whole-year round. The major crop-animal
production system of focal site is corn-goatmango-banana-chicken whereas rice goatswine-poultry-fishpond in all areas for the
control site.
Socio-economic Characteristics
Echague has a highest population for
all barangay sites (4915) than Alicia barangay
sites (2462). The population density of the
control site has 1.68 greater than to the focal
site with 1.44. More number of households
(885) is observed in the Echague than in
Alicia (559). Echague farm households have
greater average farm size (2.93 hectares) as
compared to Alicia farmers (4.58 hectares).
Both sites have the same tenurial status with
CLT owners, EP owners and leaseholder’s
farmers. Farmers in Echague are older of 46.6
year old than Alicia farmers with 40.03 year old.
They obtained college education as the highest
educational attainment for both sites with 90%
for control sites and 66% for focal site. Income
from raising chicken has contributed much to
the total family income with 12.33% in Echague
and 15.3% in Alicia and followed by goat with
10% in Echague and 12.4% in Alicia. Both sites
52
are accessible to market with 1.7 km away from
the market of Echague and 1.36 km away from
the market of Alicia.
The selling price of goat ranging from
P1,300.00 to P2,500.00 per head during market
days and P1,200.00 per head for regular days.
Cattle is priced ranging from P13,000.00 to
P35,000.00 per head, carabao had priced as
much as P15,000 to P48,000 per head while,
pigs are marketed at P120.00 per kilo live
weight in the focal site. On the other hand,
the control site had observed with P1,200 to
P2,500 per head of goat during market days
and P1,200 per head during regular days.
Cattle is priced at P14,000 to 45,000 per head,
Carabao with a price of P18,000 to P55,000.00
per head and pigs are sold at P110 per kilo live
weight. It has noted for both sites that goat,
cattle and carabao prices did not established
price trends. However, pigs selling price
established an increasing trend for both sites.
Focal site harvested corn with an average of
7 tons per hectare during the main cropping
season while, 7.5 tons per hectare during the
second cropping. The control sites harvested
rice with an average of 95 cavans per hectare
during main cropping season while, 110 cavans
per hectare during the second cropping. Almost
the same proportion of agricultural land to the
total land area for both sites (Echague and
Alicia) with 96.73% and 97.46%, respectively.
Non-farm activities that are prevalent in both
sites are sari-sari store, vulcanizing, tricycle
operator, furniture, construction workers and
helpers.
Institutional Characteristics
Both sites are within the service area
of Cagayan Valley in Agriculture Research,
Resources and Development (CVARRD) and
Isabela State University (ISU) in which they
can access the research and development
programs. They have also in common sources
of credit/funds for the development of their
household enterprises that is from the informal
sources like friends, relatives and input
merchants. Lending institutions are likewise
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
tapped for credit like banks and cooperatives
for both sites.
Both sites have complete educational
facilities particularly day care, elementary and
high school. For health care facilities, Alicia has
while in focal site in Echague had none. They
are members in Small Ruminant Association
(SRA). Some farmers in Echague are members
in ISU Credit Cooperative whereby the source
of their funding. Alicia farmers are members
of Agrarian Beneficiaries Association (ARBA).
Both sites are with passable and cement farmto-market roads in almost all areas while some
feather roads are earth but passable anytime.
Most farmers in both sites used cellular phones
in contacting product buyers and farm product
suppliers. In Alicia, farmers some times sell
their bulk products to the auction market. The
focal and control sites have abattoirs equipped
in slaughtering all kinds of animals. Echague
has feed processing plant that buys farm
products like cereals in the locality while, Alicia
has dressing plant that caters to the broiler
contract growers in the area.
Household Characterization
Results show that more male and
female household members in both sites
belong to age ranging from 16 to 60 year old
with 31 and 27 family members, respectively
for Echague while, 25 and 29 family members,
respectively for Alicia. Control site has older
farmer cooperators with 31.6 year old as
compared to the focal site with 28.30 year
old. Both sites have obtained highest college
educational attainment with 40.63% for Echague
and 41.65% for Alicia. They have obtained the
same trainings in livestock production like swine,
poultry and small ruminant raising except for
the focal site which they availed large ruminant
training. The focal site has greater in household
size (5 heads) as compared to the control site
(4 heads). Chicken (15 heads) has the highest
number of heads raised by the farmers in focal
site while, ducks (21 heads) for control site. For
small ruminant production, focal site has more
in numbers (6 heads) kept while, control site
J.N. Nayga, et. al
has less (5 heads).
Production performance of goat in
two sites, control has older (10.4 month old)
age that comments its first parturition while,
the focal site obtained with younger age (10.2
month old). Both sites have the same average
kidding rate of 2 heads per kidding. Alicia had
higher average weaning weight of 6.13 kg
while, Echague obtained with 5.2 kg per head.
They have almost the same weaning age of 3.5
month old and 3.6 month old for Echague and
Alicia, respectively. The highest average age
marketed is noticed to the focal site with 12.52
month old while, control site has 12.2 month
old. Both sites have the same type of housing
and breeding system used with shed house
and natural breeding, respectively. Goat raisers
don’t practice vaccination in both sites. Both
wet and dry seasons in two sites practiced the
same feeding system which is the combination
of tethering and grazing. They have the same
type of basal feed like grasses and legumes for
both sites. Some farmers in control site gave
food concentrates and rice bran to their goat
animals. The source of feeds are from own and
communal pastures in wet and dry seasons
for both sites. Feeding is done twice a day
which means that the tethered animals are
transferred in two places during the day. They
have adequate good grasses and legumes
as feeds to the animals in both sites. Control
site has heavier slaughter average weight of
15.2 kg per head than in focal site with 12.3
kg per head. Neighbors and traders are most
prominent buyers of goats at P120.00 per kilo
live weight for both sites.
Control sites have an average land
holdings of 2.6 hectares while, 1.3 hectares
for the focal sites. Land ownership is owned,
rented and leasehold for both sites. Some land
owners have mortgaged their farm to acquired
loans in the banks while, for leasehold they pay
a fixed rental after harvest. Farmers in both
sites grow crops like corn, rice and vegetables.
They used manure as fertilizer to the crops.
On the other hand, they used crop residues as
feeds to the animals but others they burn it right
53
in the field in both sites.
Farmers engaged in goat raising
encountered common problems in both sites
such as scouring, poor forage and housing.
The cited causes of these problems are
parasitism and bacterial infections, no enough
funds for capital, inferior quality of forage
and not properly designed goat housing. As
there suggestions, they recommended for the
following solutions: 1) enrich their knowledge in
goat management through training or “lakbay
aral” activities, 2) provide good sources of fresh
and nutritious forage, 3) better goat houses,
and 4) government will provide financial and
technical assistance.
On the other hand, farmers in both
sites encountered problems in crop production
like higher prices of farm inputs, occurrence of
calamities, outbreak of pests and diseases and
lack of capital. The causes of these problems
are due to high markup price of farm inputs
by the middlemen, typhoons and draught for
calamities, incidence of pests and diseases,
insufficient access to credit particularly coming
from the government, and not enough technical
assistance from local or national government.
The suggested possible solutions of these
problems are provide subsidies for farm inputs,
changing cropping pattern (from mono crop to
diversified farming system), apply right amount
of insecticide and other farm chemicals, and
government will provide more credit windows
accessible to farmers anytime.
Technology Options Adopted by FarmerPartners in the RED Project Sites
Table 1 shows the technology options
adopted by farmer-partners after a series
of capability-building processes conducted
in the project sites. After a year of project
implementation, results indicated that the most
adopted technologies by farmer-partners are
the provision of housing and/or improvement
of housing, stall feeding and the use of multipurpose tree species as feed supplementation.
Out of the 20 farmer-partners in the 4 RED
54
project sites, all farmers (100%) adopted these
top 3 technology options. Other technology
options preferred by farmers include strategic
deworming, pasture development and feeding
of improved forage, upgrading and concentrate/
vitamin supplementation with 90%, 85%, 80%
and 70% adoption rate by farmers-partners in
focal sites.
Table 1. Technology Options Adopted by
Farmer-Partners in the RED Project
Focal Sites
* UMMB, Vaccination and Urea-Treated Rice
Straw are the less-adopted and/or not-adopted
technology options by Farmer-partners.
Provision of Housing/Improvement
Existing Housing
of
Farmers confirmed that establishment
of housing provides easier and more convenient
raising of goats. With housing, goats are kept
under confinement or semi-confinement
system with stall feeding and concentrate
supplementation as a complimentary technology
option given the available feed resources in
the farm. Animals are also protected from
rain, adverse weather conditions, and natural
predators, and minimize social problems such
as destruction of crops. Mortalities are reduced
because goats have limited access to the
infective stage of the parasite usually found in
grazing areas.
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
Stall-feeding
On stall feeding, animals are confined
or semi-confined and fed cut-and carry with
available fodder resources during night time
and rainy season. Farmers believed that with
stall feeding reduces parasite infestation,
hence, lesser mortality rates due to internal
parasitism and better performance of goats.
Concentrate Supplementation & Salt Stake
Feeding
supplementation
with
concentrates optimizes use of locally available
feed materials such as rice and corn bran and
improves nutrition requirements of goats, thus,
goats grow faster and weigh heavier with better
performance and resistance to diseases.
Upgrading through the Use of Quality
Breeder Buck
Upgrading is one of the technology
options in breeding management to produce
goats with improved potentials for growth
rate, increase in body size, and thus increase
productivity and profitability of goat enterprise.
Superior and quality breeder bucks either
Anglo-Nubian or Boer were introduced to the
existing stocks of farmer-partners in all the
RED project focal sites.
This technology option is complemented
with basket of options on housing, stallfeeding
with tree legumes, concentrate supplementation
and strategic deworming to attain the desired
effect on the over-all performance of goats.
The results of upgrading technology option are
manifested by the initial performance of kids
born to superior quality breeder bucks infused
in the RED project sites.
Establishment of Forage Area & Pasture
Development
In Region II, the farmer-partners
adopted a communal area for pasture
establishment and development as source of
forage for cut and carry supplemental feeding.
J.N. Nayga, et. al
However, some individual farmers also
establish their own forage area or garden. It is
noted that most of them planted napier grass,
although there are abundant grasses and
multi-purpose tree species in the area as feed
resources. As observed, there is no problem
on feed resources since the farmers adopt the
food-feed-system technology
Goat Productivity Performance of FarmerPartners in Focal and Control Sites
Population Inventory
Table 2 shows the changes in the goat
population inventory in the focal and control
sites. With the 20 initial farmer-partners of
the RED project in Isabela, the beginning
population inventory of the focal sites started
with 144 heads of goats.
After a year of implementation, the
number of goats totaled 411 with an increase
of 267 head goats or 185% increase in the
population inventory, while an increase of 63%
was observed in the control site from the initial
inventory of 92 to 150 heads of goats involving
20 goat farmers.
In Region II, a remarkable increase of
185% in the population inventory of the focal site
from 144 to 411 head of goats while the control
site also revealed 63% in goat population. The
increase in population was due to kiddings
and the purchase of additional breeder stocks
by some farmers both in the focal and control
sites.
Doe-Level Inventory
In Region II, similarly an increase of
110% (114 does to 240 does) in the number of
does in the focal site due to additional breeders
infused by some farmer-partners to augment
their stocks aside from their own produced
breeders on farm. The control site also indicated
a slight increase of 63% (92 does to 150 does)
in the doe-level population.
55
Table 2. Doe Level and Population Inventory of Farmer-Partners (Pilot and Control Sites)
As of October 15, 2008
Performance of Experimental Goats in
terms of weight in different stages
The initial data on birth weights,
weaning weights and slaughter weights of
experimental goats in the focal and control sites
of the RED project is summarized in Tables 3.
Birth weight of goats in the focal site
obtained with average of 2.35 kg while 1.58
kg birth weight in the control site with 0.77 kg
difference favor to the focal site. For average
weaning weight, focal site goat has obtained
with 12.95 kg while, 7.28 kg for control site goat.
It shows that focal site goat has higher weaning
weight of 5.67 kg as compared to control site
goat. Pertaining to slaughter weight goat, the
focal site had obtained with 26.55 kg which is
higher as compared to slaughter weight goat in
control site with 12.98 kg.
Table 3. Birth weight, 3 months and 8 months of Experimental Goats in Pilot and
Control Sites.
56
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
Generally, the effect of upgrading
through the infusion of superior breeder bucks
to an existing stock significantly improved the
quality of offspring and resulted in bigger size
and heavier kids in the focal sites.
Apparently, these results are complimented with technology options adopted by
farmer-partners. These technologies are the
provision of housing or improvement of housing facilities, stall feeding, strategic deworming,
concentrate supplementation, and the application of other important management practices
on goat production systems.
Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the focal and the control sites in relation to birth weights, weaning
weights and slaughter weights.
Results show that mortality rate was
45% in the Control sites. The cause of mortality
rate was mainly due to the effect of diarrhea
and pneumonia. Other causes of mortalities include weakness at birth. Mortality rates (7%) in
the focal sites were lower compared to that of
the control sites of the RED project.
Data on kidding interval is not yet included due to insufficient information generated
as of this report. However, an initial data shows
that breeder does get in-heat and are rebred
earlier than before as observed by some farmers which can be traced due to the presence
or availability of breeder bucks at all times.
The over-all improvement in the management
systems from traditional to innovative practices is clearly manifested in the performance of
goats.
n= number of observations; *
Significant: AN=Anglo-Nubian; B=Boer
Table 4. Performance of Experimental Goats in the Focal Site by Bloodline (N x B; Upgrades x
B; Upgrades x AN x Boer)
Organizational and Enterprise Development
Formation of Goat Raisers Association
One of the expected outputs of the RED project is to empower the project’s farmer-partners in the operation and management of
goat-based enterprises. As revealed in the
results of the FGD, farmers agreed to organize themselves for purposes of marketing
of their products. However, they still believe
J.N. Nayga, et. al
that as backyard goat raisers, it is more effective and efficient to produce goats by individual
raiser. The RED project focal sites have organized by themselves as goat raisers/producers
association and named “Echague Goat Raisers Association”. The formation of the association shows form a part of the project activities to empower the project’s farmer-partners
who will operate the production systems and
manage the enterprise. It was form in order to
57
strengthen their participation and involvements
in the project.
Enterprise Development and Identified
Priority Goat-Based Enterprises
The RED projects’ concept goes beyond production with evolving process toward developing goat-based enterprises as an innovative
approach in livestock enterprise development,
thereby transforming traditional backyard goat
raising into a viable and profitable agribusiness venture.
Although the first year of the RED
project implementation focused more on the
introduction of technology options to enhance the productivity of goats, there were a
number of activities conducted on enterprise
development. Organizing the farmers into an
association is an initial step towards promoting opportunities in the thriving and promising
goat-based industries.
In Isabela, Region II, entrepreneurial
activities such as marketing of slaughter goats
and chevon processed products (one of the
breakthroughs/strengths of ISU technology
generated/developed) were the main focused
of the enterprise project on the second year of
the RED project implementation.
Table 5. Goat-Based Enterprises identified by Farmer-Partners/Goat Raisers
Association
* Enterprise Development either by individual farmer-partner or by the Goat Raisers
/Producers Association as a group.
Spill-over activities in pilot site
Spill-over is one of the outputs of the
project as indicated in the proposal. There
were 80 spill-over goat raisers coming from
several groups who signify their interests to
join the group and get involved in goat raising
when they observed the existing performance
58
of our RED farmer partners with a total of. To
mention, they are the following groups and presented in Appendix H.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Backyard Raisers in Echague, Isabela
World Vision Farmer Partners
DOLE Farmer Partners
Heifer Farmer Partners
Rural Enterprise Development Through Innovative ..............
5. Expected 5 Municipalities in Isabela
a. Echague Isabela
b. Jones Isabela
c. Cauayan Isabela
d. Santiago City
e. Alicia Isabela
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The project followed a framework
based on the premise that any development
endeavor, to be truly participatory, must first
and foremost takes into account the farmers’
realities – their situation, aspirations, and capabilities. The specific approaches used were
firmed up by the project implementers and other partners.
Specific activities will focus on enabling strategies for the farmer-partners to gain
access to technologies and develop innovations to befit these technology inputs into their
resources and capabilities and enhance their
access to markets by producing animals that
possess characteristics preferred by consumers.
Recognizing that the effective implementation of a certain modalities such participatory enterprises will work well at the local levels and it will result into the following scene:
• Address food security;
• Increase income to smallhold farmers;
• Create more job opportunities in the
rural areas;
• A good means to improve the status
quo of rural folks; and
• Establish a sustainable industry for
goat and sheep.
product cum marketing cycle needed to establish a sustainable industry for goat and sheep.
REFERENCES CITED
Alo, A.M.P. 2003. ILRI-IFAD TAG 443. Development and testing of an integrated approach
to the control of gastrointestinal parasites in
small ruminants. Participatory diagnosis in the
Philippines. (Progress Report). PCARRD, Los
Banos, Laguna.
Beltran, M.A.G., Pagatpatan, L. Tablarain,
R., Briones, R.C. and Data, T. 2006. Enhancing goat productivity through the adaptation of
technologies of the Farmer Livestock School
on Integrated Goat Management. Paper presented during the PCARRD NSARRD, November 2006. Los Banos, Laguna. 40 p.
Brown, E.O., Alo, AM.P., Cruz, E.M. Venturina, V.M., Villar, E.C. Gabunada, Jr., F.G.
and Lambio, E.T. 2003. Financial analysis of
the basket of technology options for goat worm
control. Paper presented during the 2003 Philippine Society Of Animal Science National
Convention, 23-24 October 2003. Heritage Hotel, Metro Manila.
PCARRD, 2003. Improving crop-livestock production systems in rainfed areas of Southeast
Asia. A country report of the Philippines (Progress Report). PCARRD, Los Banos, Laguna.
With the initial pilot projects conducted, the team has proven that such participatory
enterprises work well at the local levels. The
integration of small ruminants farming systems
with meat products processing and packaging and application of different technology options complements the necessary production to
J.N. Nayga, et. al
59
ACHIEVING INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH
SEED PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING1
Elbert A. Sana, Ma. Cecilia. Salas, and Agustin B. Lunag2
ABSTRACT
The NVSU Seed Foundation Project (NSFP) strengthened institutional linkage and expanded its
seed production and processing operations. These two major activities contributed to institutional development through capacity building, facilities development, and inter-phasing research and development (R&D)
with instruction and entrepreneurship.
NSFP’s collaboration with the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB), and the Bureau of Post-Harvest Research and Extension (BPRE) facilitated access to high quality
seeds of improved rice and corn varieties, market of seeds, and a seed drying facility grant. Continuous
inbred rice seed production and corn contract growing generated income for the project which financed training and monetary incentives for workers.
In addition, mature technologies on seed production (including seeds) as experienced and showcased in the project have been extended to NVSU’s own rice production in an inter-phasing scheme with the
Business Affairs Program of the university. NSFP also started involving agriculture students in the project.
Two (2) Bachelor of Agriculture Technology (BAT) students are currently preparing their microproject proposal involving a hectare for production of certified rice seeds based on NSFP’s production practices and
management. The scheme is supportive of the present endeavor of PCARRD to motivate students of agriculture, forestry, and natural resources through enhancement of curriculum and entrepreneurial experiential
learning.
Future activities of the project will include hybrid corn and vegetable seed production, consignment
on seed market, and the up scaling of corn contract growing.
Keywords: Rice, seed production, institutional development
Public agency’s production and processing of high quality seeds offers a lot of
opportunities for achieving institutional development. State universities (SUCs) like NVSU
operate in collaboration with other government
units in program or project implementation, involving priority commodities which secure various forms of support including funds, equipment, expertise, and marketing arrangement.
Rice and corn are among the agricultural crops with sustained demand for high
quality seeds across the country. Thus, they
are always among the priority commodities in
any place of the Philippines.
In Nueva Vizcaya, production of rice
is continuous. Seed growers always have buyers throughout the year. For corn, farmers are
always in need of high quality seeds of yellow
and white varieties. NVSU has started its seed
production project of rice and corn only in 2007
through the NVSU Seed Foundation Project
(NSFP). From experience, NSFP has realized
two aspects proving very strategic for institutional development: strong linkage with other
government units and income generation.
1 3rd Place, Best Development Paper, 21st CVARRD RSRDEH Symposium, DA-ATI-RTC, San
Mateo, Isabela, August 12, 2009
2 Faculty Researchers, Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture, NVSU.
60
Through collaboration with other institutions, the NSFP commenced with an initial
external funding, technical support on seed
production of rice and corn, full cooperation of
farmer clients, and commitments for facilities
improvement. Income generated now backs
up operations and the two aspects complement each other in sustaining and expanding
operations of the project. With proper management, the NSFP can direct its course towards a
whole program for seed production of agricultural crops including vegetables, with building
and vehicle facilities and manpower. All these
for the development of NVSU and for increased
level of technology, quality of services, and enhanced productivity of Filipino farmers.
OBJECTIVES
NSFP endeavored to contribute to institutional development as it engaged in regular
seed production and processing and achieved
the following objectives:
1) capacity building by continuous seed
production, processing, and market
ing, and through participation of work
ers to relevant seminars and trainings;
2) development of facilities and improve
ment of the quality of services to
farmer clients;
3) integration and utilization of sciencebased technologies on seed produc
tion and processing in an inter-phasing
scheme with instruction and entrepre
neurship.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For achieving institutional development, NSFP
further strengthened institutional linkage, continued income generation from seed production and processing services, and extended
seed production technologies in an inter-phasing scheme with instruction and the business
affairs program. This portion discusses how
NSFP engaged in the process.
Institutional Linkaging
E.A Sana, et. al
This strategy was further strengthened
in the continuing implementation of NSFP.
Close supervision by NEDA, Region 02 as the
funding source imparted not only close monitoring of the progress of the project but inputs
on how to go about process documentation.
NEDA, Region 02 sponsored series of writeshops in 2008 for sharpening capability specifically of the local project officer and core staff of
the project in process documentation.
Linkage with PhilRice focused on working out the accreditation of NVSU as a member
the SeedNet for rice. NSFP sent three participants to the National Seed Production Network
Congress in Cebu City in September, 2008 for
discussions on the status of the Rice Seed Industry of the Philippines and the possible organization of a seed growers’ consortium.
The institutional marketing arrangement with the Institute of Plant Breeding involving contract growing in corn was implemented
for the second batch of registered seeds. The
contract covered six hectares, twice the production area reported in the previous paper.
New cooperators from various towns as far as
Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya also joined the contract.
A high quality protein maize (QPM), Obatanpa
(meaning, “nursing mother”), introduced from
Africa was IPB’s variety for production. This is
a white dent corn with grains possessing lysine
and tryptophan at levels more than twice the
amount of a regular corn .
NSFP, pursued the facility donation
from the Bureau of Postharvest Research and
Extension (BPRE) involving a flatbed dryer.
The dryer was installed in October, 2008 at the
NVSU Central Experiment Station and was inaugurated in January 16, 2009 during a farmers’ field day. The facility currently serves both
NVSU and farmer clients.
Income Generation from Seeds and
Services
Income was again generated from the
continuous production of seeds. From the pe61
riod of August, 2008 to January, 2009, covering
two seasons of planting and harvesting, NSFP
produced certified seeds of improved inbred
rice varieties .This season from April to August
2009, NSFP engages in the production of registered seeds of NSICRc138 and 156 for seed
growers. Income was also generated from
services offered to clients through the flatbed
dryer. Payment for processed corn seeds from
IPB is still to be processed and collected.
Interphasing R&D with Instruction and Entrepreneurship.
NSFP involved agriculture students
by adopting the concept of the microproject of
the BAT curriculum. This on-going endeavor
involves a scheme where the microproject, to
be managed by students, ventures on production of certified seeds of improved inbred rice
varieties. NSFP supervises the students in the
conduct of the microproject specifically in application of technologies for seed production. For
this semester, two BAT students are preparing
their proposals.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This portion discusses accomplishments of
NSFP in contributing to institutional development through linkaging and income generation.
The contribution takes the form of capacity
building for workers, facilities development for
improved services and enhanced seed production, and interphasing technologies with instruction and entrepreneurship .
Capacity Building
Institutional linkage and the NSFP’s
effort to continually strengthen it resulted in the
sharpening of manpower skills for workers in
the project. NSFP sponsored attendance of its
workers to the following important undertakings:
� National Seed Production Network
Congress organized by PhilRice and
held at Cebu City on September 2
2-24,2008.
� Process documentation writeshop for
62
Kennedy Round 2 (KR2)-NEDA funded projects coordinated by NEDA, Region 02
at Tuguegarao, Cagayan on October 22-23,
2008.
� Training on utilization and mainte
nance of the flatbed dryer coordinated
by BPRE and held at the Farmers
Training Center of NVSU, Bayom
bong, Nueva Vizcaya on November 89, 2008.
� Northern Luzon Showcase of Innova
tions and Best Practices coordinat
ed by the Commission on Higher Edu
cation (CHED), the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST), and
NEDA, Region 2 held at Benguet
State University, La Trinidad, Benguet
on November 16-19, 2009. The NVSU
Seed Foundation Project was present
ed in this forum as one of NVSU’s
Best Practices. Full paper on the proj
ect is due for publication this year by
the same organizers.
� Seed Growers’ Forum by IPB held at
IPB, University of the Philippines at
Los Baños, College, Laguna on June
4, 2009
PhilRice facilitated last year the official
membership of NVSU to the SeedNet, granting
authority to NVSU to access foundation seeds
and produce registered seeds of improved rice
varieties. Production of registered seeds for
growers in Nueva Vizcaya is a niche for NSFP
since the production of certified seeds has been
handed down to the rice production workers of
NVSU through the inter-phasing scheme with
BAP. Production of registered seeds requires
more careful supervision and operations since
the certification process provides higher standards for registered seeds. In light of capacity
building, this means sharpening further production and management skills of those involved in
the project.
The farmers’ field day on January 16,
2009 brought over a 100 participants composed of farmers, researchers, extension workAchieving Institutional Development Through ..............
ers, and partners from PhilRice, BPRE, and the
Department of Agriculture, Region 02 (Figure
4). In this occasion, the flatbed dryer was inaugurated, the seed production area of the NSFP,
shown to farmers, and collaborative research
endeavors with PhilRice, showcased.
Quality Seeds and Income Generation
Table 1 presents the new batch of inbred rice seeds produced in NVSU, farmers
who availed the seeds and the gross sales
from seeds. Four varieties were produced giving a total of 96.25 bags, gross income of P105,
800.00 and 36 farmer beneficiaries. NVSU
bought 10 bags of NSICRc148 from NSFP for
its own rice production covering about 8 hectares. Rice farmers as far as Dupax Del Norte
and Lagawe, Ifugao also bought seeds from
the project. Part of NSICRc140 which had
problems with drying and germination due to
rains was sold to NVSU constituents as milled
rice. Income from seeds and rice contributed to
other needs of the project.
Table 1. Inbred rice varieties produced and farmer beneficiaries who availed of certified seeds
of NSFP (November, 2008 and January, 2009).
Seven (7) new cooperators from various towns of Nueva Vizcaya entered the corn
contract growing with NSFP (Table 2). A total
of 10 bags of foundation seeds of Obatanpa,
for 10 hectares, were distributed to farmers
E.A Sana, et. al
but only 6.3 hectares were actually planted. Of
these, 11.08 tons of corn-on-cobs amounting
to P88, 460.00 were bought by NSFP from cooperators. The seeds were dried, shelled, and
63
cleaned at NVSU and sold to IPB. The experience in handling the second batch of corn contract growing has brought lessons on prompt
processing of seeds and closer supervision of
cooperators to enhance yield and ensure high
quality of seeds in terms of germination and
purity. Payment for seeds from IPB is yet to be
collected and remitted to the project.
Table 2. Corn contract growing of Obatanpa in Nueva Vizcaya through the NVSU Seed
Foundation Project (October, 2008 to April, 2009)
A total of P70,000.00 was also provided as monetary incentives to the core group
of NSFP and administrative workers of NVSU.
This has motivated the workers and has inspired better performance of work in the project. The giving of incentive after at least two cycles of seed production is planned to become a
regular component of project implementation.
Facilities Development
Since NSFP started is operations, it
has engaged in facilities development through
acquisition of needed equipment for seed production and processing, upgrading of irrigation
facilities of the university, and maintenance of
64
the rice area allotted for seed production. Table
3 lists the equipment NSFP procured for seed
production and processing. NSFP provided
funds for repairing the water pump assembly
and the construction of the concrete pavement
utilized as main platform for the flatbed dryer.
Moreover, starting January, 2009, the flatbed
dryer was utilized for servicing farmer clients in
Bayombong and Villaverde.
To date, a total of 1,113 bags of palay
(over 50 tons) in about 10 batches had been
dried using the donated facility (Table 4). Drying through the flatbed has become an income
generating component of the project. In addition, the actual experience on grain drying of
Achieving Institutional Development Through ..............
the NSFP workers who previously acquired
hands-on training from BPRE has provided op-
portunities for skills development.
for research as well. Income generation from
seeds and services will also continue for the
benefit of both NSFP workers and farmers.
The monetary incentives for workers shall
become a regular component of project
implementation. The NSFP will upscale its
operations as regards corn contract growing to
cover yellow flint and sweet corn hybrids. The
project will also explore production, processing, and marketing arrangement for vegetable
seeds.
The NSFP plans to involve NVSU
constituents through a scheme that will allow
small-farm holders with less than a hectare
rice area to produce certified seeds. NSFP
will coordinate and supervise production and
processing and will handle all requirements
for certification. The venture will be a form of
expansion to address the high demand for
certified seeds in the province, while generating income for all partners and providing quality services to clients.
Table 3. Equipment for seed production and
processing procured by NSFP.
REFERENCES CITED
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The NVSU Seed Foundation Project
in its second phase of implementation has
provided opportunities for institutional development. NVSU’s established and continuously
growing linkage with government agencies
contributed a lot to this goal. Income generation from seeds and services addressed
needs of the project including capacity building and continuous upgrading of facilities.
With sharpening of skills in management and
in handling seed production and processing,
efficient and sustainable operations in the next
phases are assured.
NSFP provided and will continue to
create opportunities for institutional development. The partnership with two of the premier
breeding institutions in the country is an asset
that brings in not only technologies, quality
seeds, and sure market, but opportunities
E.A Sana, et. al
National Cooperative Testing Manual for
Rice. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija.
Sana, E. A., M.C. Salas, and A. B. Lunag.
2008. NVSU Seed Foundation Project: empowering farmers though access to seeds
and technologies. Paper presented during the
CVARRD 20th Regional Symposium on RDE
Highlights.
Seed Growers Forum. 2009. Institute of Plant
Breeding. Crop Science Cluster, University of
the Philippines at Los Baños.
Internet Source: http://www.grain.org
65
CVARRD RDE Journal Style Guide
Maximum number of characters : 30, 000
Minimum total number of words : 5, 000
• Abstract : 250
• GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: Articles qualified to be published are
results of studies on AFNR presented in annual CVARRD RSRDEH.
These articles are reviewed by the Editorial Board composed of technical
evaluators, the editorial staff and the chair and members of the board.
• MANUSCRIPTS - Manuscripts should be submitted in three hard copies
and one electronic copy (e.g. email attachments, floppy diskettes, or cd).
Number all pages except the first page. Observe the following content
format sequence:
- Title (information on footnote)
- Author/s (information on footnote)
- Abstract
- Keywords
-Introduction
- Methodology
- Results and discussion
- Conclusion and recommendations
- References cited
•
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT – Use the measurements and weights and
the decimal system rather than fractions. The System International Units
(SI) is adopted. Use measurement symbol if attached to a numeric value;
otherwise, spell-out measurement.
• PARENTHETIC CITATIONS – References cited within the text should
appear in parenthesis in this format: (author surname/organization abbre
viation, year published)
• TABLES and FIGURES – Number tables and figures in separate conse
cutive order. Insert each table or figure right after its textual discussion
• REPORTING TIME and DATES – Use the 24 hour time system with four
digits. Dates are reported with day of the month first, then month,
followed by the year (e.g., 25 Apr 1975)
66
• ABBREVIATIONS and SYMBOLS – Do not begin a sentence with an
abbreviation. Months accompanied by day and year are abbreviated
using the first three letters except May, June, and July. The month is
spelled out when used alone. Use % sign with numerals; otherwise, spell
out percent or percentage. Use recognized symbols for
chemical elements. Other abbreviations and acronyms may be used if
already identified for the first time in articles.
• TITLE – A goof title briefly identified the subject, indicates the purpose of
the study and contains key words. The common name of crops should
also be used where possible. The length of the title should not exceed 12
words
• ABSTRACT – The abstract must completely self-explanatory. It must
include the reasons for conducting the study, objectives, methods used,
results and a conclusion. The length should not exceed 250 words for
regular papers and 125 words for notes in reviews.
• REFERENCES – References should be arranged alphabetically by
seniorauthor. They should include names of all authors, complete title,
publication, volume number, and inclusive pages. For books, give the
author, if any, publisher and place of publication. Only literature that
is available through libraries can be cited. Material not available through
libraries, such as personal communication should be given in the text as
parenthetical matter e.g. (S.R. Obien, 1986, personal communication).
Authors are encouraged to cite only significant, published references.
• MAILING ADDRESS – Send three (3) hard copies of manuscript and
one (1) e-copy (email attachment, cd or diskette) to:
vane_villegas@yahoo.com. Or
Vanessa Villegas-Carriedo
Editor-in-Chief, CVARRD RDE Journal
CVARRD, ISU Main Campus, 3309 Echague, Isabela
67
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chairman
Romeo R. Quilang
Members
Edmundo C.Gumpal
Jose D. Guzman
Editorial Staff
Editor-in-Chief
Vanessa Villegas-Carriedo
Circulation Manager
Jocelyn M. Castillo
Cover Design Artist
Alexander F. Ritua
Lay-Out Artists
Encoders
Ralph Jefferson Cortez
Vermond Joey Almonte
Roda Paz Raymundo
Melanie Jane Boniel
Cherielou Jamias
Technical Evaluators
Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development Council
Los Banos, Laguna
Arturo S. Arganosa
Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development Council
Los Banos, Laguna
Johny Batalon
Philippine Rice Research Institute
San Mateo, Isabela
Bonah Inez Martinez
Philippine Rice Research Institute
San Mateo, Isabela
Ryan Wil Baldovino