Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/10
22-1 Study Guide
Reform in the Gilded Age, pp. 630-632
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
In the 1870s and 1880s, Americans were concerned about corruption in government. Many feared “special
interests”—bankers, industrialists, and other wealthy leaders— had gained control of politicians.
One source of corruption was the spoils system. This practice had grown since the early 1800s. Now many
officeholders lacked the skills to do their jobs correctly. Some stole from the government. In 1881, President James
Garfield was killed by a disappointed office seeker. Garfield’s murder sparked new efforts to end the spoils system.
Reformers called for action. Congress created the Civil Service Commission. The commission conducted tests so
that only qualified people got federal jobs. By 1900, it controlled about 40 percent of all federal jobs.
The government also tried to regulate big business. It set up the Interstate Commerce Commission, or ICC. The ICC
made sure that railroads did not engage in unfair practices, such as reducing competition or keeping prices high.
In 1890, Congress passed a law to regulate trusts. The Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal for businesses to limit
competition. Although the government efforts were weak at first, attempts to control big business slowly gained strength.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
What two political concerns shaped politics during the Gilded Age?
Two political concerns that shaped politics of the Gilded Age were the spoils system and lack of
regulation of big business.
2.
What did President Hayes’ investigation of the New York customhouse find?
President Hayes’ investigation of the New York customhouse found hundreds of appointed officials
receiving high salaries but doing no work.
3.
What business practices did the Interstate Commerce Act ban?
The Interstate Commerce Act forbade unfair business of railroad companies practices such as
pools and rebates.
Directions: Briefly answer the questions that follow based on the information in the textbook. You do not have to use
complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
Gilded Age (p. 630)
the period in American history lasting from the 1870s to the 1890s, marked by political corruption and extravagant spending
4.
Where did the term “Gilded Age” come from? from the title of a book by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley
patronage (p. 631)
the practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters
5.
What did patronage often lead to? corruption
merit (p. 631)
ability
6.
Who thought that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit? President James Garfield
Civil Service Commission (p. 631)
government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit
7.
How does the Civil Service Commission determine a job candidate’s merit for the job? by making candidates
take exams
civil service (p. 631)
all government jobs except elected offices and those in the military
interstate commerce (pp. 346, 632)
business that crosses state lines
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) (p. 632)
government agency organized to oversee railroad commerce
Sherman Antitrust Act (pp. 346, 632)
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
8.
What was the Sherman Antitrust Act supposed to protect (keep from being destroyed)? competition between
businesses
People
9.
Despite his past, what did Chester A. Arthur work for once he was President? reform the spoils system
10. What corrupt act did Collis Huntington do? tried to bribe members of Congress to kill a bill that was
unfavorable to his business interests
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/11
22-2 Study Guide
The Progressives, pp. 633-636
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
During the late 1800s, corruption had become common in many American cities. Many politicians demanded money
from businesses in exchange for city jobs. Reformers tried to replace corrupt officials with honest leaders. These
reformers were called Progressives. They believed that the problems of society could be solved. The late 1800s and early
1900s were called the Progressive Era.
The Progressives were helped by the press. Some reporters began to describe the horrible conditions in poor
areas of the cities. Others exposed the unfair practices of big businesses. These journalists became known as
muckrakers. They helped turn public opinion in favor of reform.
Progressives wanted the government to act for the good of the people. They especially promoted education and
democratic values. Many Progressives wanted voters to have more power. A number of states passed measures to
achieve this goal. Most states began to hold primaries. In the past, party leaders picked candidates. Other changes
included the initiative, referendum, and recall.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
How did political bosses corrupt city governments?
Political bosses corrupted city governments by taking payoffs from businesses (to give
them city work), stealing public funds, influencing officeholders, arranging for no-show
jobs, and exploiting the spoils system.
2.
How did muckrakers help change public opinion?
Muckrakers helped change public opinion by using their journalistic skills to expose social
ills and government corruption (e.g. writing books and articles, drawing political cartoons,
taking photographs). Their works shocked middle-class Americans, who responded by
demanding these problems be fixed.
3.
Explain three major goals of Progressive reformers.
Goals of the Progressives included limiting the power of big business, ending political
corruption, solving social ills, and giving voters more power.
Directions: Briefly answer the questions that follow based on the information in the textbook. You do not have to use
complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
political bosses (p. 633)
powerful politicians who control work done locally and demands payoffs from businesses
4.
Who was the infamous political boss of New York City in the 1860s and 1870s? William “Boss” Tweed
muckraker (p. 634)
journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s
5.
What did Jacob Riis photograph and write about? life in the slums and tenements (How the Other
Half Lives)
6.
What did Ida Tarbell write about? the abuses of big business, e.g. about John D. Rockefeller and
the Standard Oil Trust
7.
What did Upton Sinclair write about? the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry
Progressive (p. 634)
reformer in late 1800s and early 1900s who wanted to improve American life
8.
What did John Dewey think that schools should teach? democratic values by example
9.
What two things did John Dewey think students should do? ask questions and work together to solve
problems
public Interest (p. 634)
the good of the people
Wisconsin Idea (p. 635)
series of progressive reforms introduced in the early 1900s by Wisconsin Gov. Robert La Follette
primary (p. 635)
election in which voters chose their party’s candidate for the general election
initiative (p. 636)
process by which voters can put a bill directly before the state legislature
referendum (p. 636)
process by which people vote directly on a bill
recall (p. 636)
process by which voters can remove an elected official from office
graduated income tax (p. 636)
tax on earnings, which charges different rates, for different income levels
10. What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution created a graduated income tax? Sixteenth Amendment
11. What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution the direct election of U.S. Senators? Seventeenth Amendment
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/7
22-3 Study Guide
Progressives in the White House, pp. 638-643
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
When President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt took office.
Roosevelt thought that trusts could be good or bad. He wanted the government to stop bad trusts. Bad trusts abused
workers or cheated the public. In 1902, he had the government bring a lawsuit against Northern Securities. The
lawsuit charged that the company was trying to limit trade. Such actions were illegal according to the Sherman
Antitrust Act. The Supreme Court agreed with Roosevelt. It ordered the trust to be broken up. The President then
took similar actions against other trusts.
President Roosevelt supported a number of other reforms. Unlike earlier Presidents, he sided with labor unions
in their disputes with big businesses. When he ran for President in 1904, Roosevelt promised Americans a Square
Deal. By this, he meant that all Americans should have the same opportunities to succeed. He sent government
inspectors into meatpacking houses. He attacked drug companies that made false claims. Roosevelt also believed in
conservation, the protection of natural resources. While Roosevelt was President, the government set aside 170,000
acres of land to create national parks.
Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft, had the support of Progressives until he agreed to raise tariffs.
Progressives also accused him of blocking conservation efforts. In the election of 1912, Roosevelt ran against Taft
and Woodrow Wilson. Because Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, Wilson won.
Wilson’s main goal was to increase competition in the economy. He persuaded Congress to create the Federal Trade
Commission, or FTC. The FTC had the power to investigate businesses and order them to stop using practices that
destroyed their competition. Wilson also supported laws that regulated banks.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
Describe three accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal.
President T. Roosevelt Square Deal accomplishments included doing away with some "bad"
trusts, regulating railroads, supporting laws strengthening inspection procedures for food
and drugs, putting limits on lumbering, and setting aside land for national parks.
2.
Why did the Republican Party split in the 1912 election?
The Republican Party split in 1912 because Taft lost the support of the Progressives over
the tariff and conservation issues. Roosevelt and the Progressives split off from Taft and
the mainstream Republican Party. Roosevelt ran for President as the Progressive Party
candidate.
3.
Identify two pieces of progressive legislation enacted during Wilson presidency.
Progressive legislation passed during Wilson's presidency includes setting up the Federal
Trade Commission and establishing the Federal Reserve.
Directions: Briefly answer the questions that follow based on the information in the textbook. You do not have to use
complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
trustbuster (p. 640)
a person who wanted to destroy all trusts
4.
What type of trusts did T. Roosevelt want to get rid of? bad trusts, trusts that hurt the consumer
Square Deal (p. 640)
Theodore Roosevelt’s campaign promise that all groups would have an equal opportunity to succeed
5.
What was the main target of T. Roosevelt’s Square Deal? railroads
Pure Food and Drug Act (p. 641)
a 1906 law that requires all food and drug makers to list ingredients on packages
6.
What had caused T. Roosevelt to send inspectors into the meatpacking houses? Roosevelt was disgusted by the
unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry he had read about in The Jungle by Upton
Sinclair
conservation (p. 641)
protection of natural resources
national park (p. 641)
area set aside by the federal government for people to visit
Bull Moose Party (p. 642)
progressive Republicans who supported Theodore Roosevelt during the election of 1912
New Freedom (p. 64)
President Wilson’s program to break up trusts and restore American economic competition
Federal Reserve Act (p. 643)
a 1913 act that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (p. 643)
government agency created in 1914 to ensure fair competition
7.
What was the Clayton Antitrust Act? a stronger anti-trust law and one which could not be used
against unions
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/5
22-4 Study Guide
Women Win Reforms, pp. 645-648
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, women continued their efforts to win the right to vote. They organized
marches, met with elected officials, picketed, and even went to jail. Suffragists, or people who campaigned for
women’s right to vote, were active all around the country. Their work resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment in 1919. This amendment guaranteed women the right to vote in national elections.
Besides the vote, women won new opportunities in a number of other areas. More colleges were accepting
women as students. Professions such as medicine and law were beginning to open up to women. By 1900, 1,000
woman lawyers and 7,000 woman doctors were in practice. Women were entering the sciences, too.
Women also took part in the reform movement. Women were leaders in the temperance movement, fighting
against alcohol abuse. Many wives and mothers believed that alcohol abuse was a threat to their families. In 1917,
Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment, which made the sale of alcoholic drinks illegal.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
What new opportunities in jobs and education did women win during this period?
More women went to college. Women managed to attain higher education and earn degrees,
but it was a struggle to be able to practice law or medicine.
2.
Why were women active in the crusade against alcohol?
Women were more active in the crusade against alcohol because they saw and experience
firsthand what a danger drinking could be to their families.
Directions: Briefly answer the questions that follow based on the information in the textbook. You do not have to use
complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
National Woman Suffrage Association (p. 645)
group set up in 1869 to work for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote
3.
Who set up the National Women’s Suffrage Association?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
suffragist (p. 646)
person who worked for women's right to vote
4.
States in which regions of the U.S. first allowed women to vote?
West
Nineteenth Amendment (pp. 241, 646)
a 1919 amendment to the U.S. Constitution that gives women the right to vote
WCTU (Women’s Christian Temperance Union) (p. 648)
group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.
5.
How did Carrie Nation fight “demon rum”?
Nation would go into bars wielding a hatchet and smash bottles and split kegs
Eighteenth Amendment (p. 648)
a 1917 Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made it illegal to sell alcoholic drinks
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/6
22-5 Study Guide
Other Americans Seek Justice, pp. 649-653
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
In general, white Progressives had little concern for nonwhites. African Americans and other minorities had to
fight for justice themselves.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, life for African Americans remained difficult. In the South, segregation was a
way of life. In both North and South, African Americans faced discrimination. They found it difficult to find wellpaying jobs or to rent homes in white neighborhoods. When whites lost their jobs, some took out their anger on
African Americans. In the 1890s, angry mobs murdered more than 1,000 African Americans.
African American leaders had different ideas about how to fight discrimination. Booker T. Washington urged
African Americans to learn trades and earn money. Equality, he believed, would come later. In the meantime, he
accepted segregation. Other leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois, disagreed. Du Bois believed African Americans
should insist immediately on their rights. Du Bois and others founded the NAACP, or the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People, in 1909.
Other groups faced challenges in the early 1900s. Thousands of Mexicans had moved north to the American
Southwest. They lived in neighborhoods called barrios. They found jobs harvesting crops and building roads. The
West Coast became home to many immigrants from Asian countries. Many Japanese immigrants were farmers, but
they were not allowed to own land in California. Immigrants from Mexico, Japan, and other countries met
discrimination and sometimes violence in the United States. Native Americans were, once again, cheated out of their
reservation land. Speculators would often trick them into selling their land at very low prices.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
What problems did African Americans face during this era?
During this era African Americans faced many problems. These included segregation (Jim Crow
laws), discrimination in housing and employment, lynchings, and unequal wages.
2.
How did Mexican Americans protect their welfare in the U.S.?
To help themselves Mexican Americans formed mutual aid societies (mutualistas) so that they could
pool money to buy insurance, pay for legal advice, and help the needy and sick.
3.
What problems did Asian Americans face during the Progressive Era?
During the Progressive Era Asian Americans faced many problems. These included poor pay, poor
working conditions, and racial prejudice – in California Japanese were barred from owning land and
in San Francisco Japanese children had to attend separate school.
Vocabulary
Directions: Briefly answer the questions below. You do not have to use complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also
responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
lynch (p. 649)
for a mob to illegally seize and execute someone
4.
Ida B. Wells was outraged by the lynchings of African Americans. What actions did she call for to protest the
lynchings? Wells called for a boycott of streetcars and white-owned stores.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) (p. 650)
organization founded in1909 to work for equal rights for African Americans
5.
Who were the three founders of the NAACP mentioned in the textbook? W.E.B. DuBois, Jane Addams, and
Lincoln Steffens
barrio (p. 651)
Mexican neighborhood in the United States
mutualista (p. 651)
Mexican American mutual aid group
“Gentlemen’s Agreement” (p. 652)
a 1907 agreement between the United States and Japan to limit Japanese immigration
Society of American Indians (p. 653)
group that worked for social justice and tried to push Native Americans into the American mainstream
6.
What did the Society of American Indians want to do about reservations? the Society of American Indians wanted
to abolish reservations to force Native Americans into mainstream society
Chapter 22 Review
Government corruption was a serious problem in the late 1800s. With the help of Congress, reforming
Presidents worked to clean up the national government and control big business.
Other abuses were exposed by reporters in the cities across America . Their shocking accounts sparked
demands for action.
Reformers, known as Progressives, fought to clean to clean up city government, and give voters more
power, and protect consumers.
By the early 1900s, reformers won control of national politics. Theodore Roosevelt worked hard to break
up bad trusts, protect consumers, and conserve natural resources. William Taft and Woodrow Wilson also
supported many Progressive causes.
Women reformers were a major force in the movement to ban the sale of alcohol and to grant women the
right to vote. In 1917, the Eighteenth Amendment made the sale of alcoholic beverages illegal. In 1920,
the Nineteenth Amendment granted women suffrage.
The Progressives, however, largely ignored the interests and needs of minority groups. Blacks, Asian
Americans, Mexicans Americans, and Native Americans continued to be victims of prejudice and
discrimination.
TOPICS AND TERMS
Gilded Age, patronage & spoils system The late 1800s were known as the Gilded Age,. It was a time
period marked by political corruption and extravagant spending. People grew increasingly concerned
about political corruption, patronage / spoils system (practice of awarding government jobs to political
supporters which led to more corruption), and “special interests” such as big businesses controlling
government.
The Civil Service Commission was established to insure that members of the civil service (public
employees other than elected officials or the military) got their jobs based upon merit (ability) rather than
as a political payback.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was established to regulate interstate commerce (business that
crosses state lines) and in particular to end abuses by the railroad industry such as rebates and pools.
The public wanted corporations that cheated the public or tried to limit competition regulated. Sherman
Antitrust Act was meant to stop trusts and monopolies because they limited competition, but was
initially used against unions. It was later replaced by the Clayton Antitrust Act. Supporters of the 17th
Amendment sought to increase democracy and reduce the influence of trusts and monopolies on the
national government by establishing the direct election of U.S. Senators.
Political bosses were powerful politicians who control work done locally and demands payoffs from
businesses. The most infamous was William “Boss” Tweed of New York City. Muckraker (journalist
who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s to motivate the public to
take action) Thomas Nast drew cartoons of Tweed exposing his wrongdoings. Some other muckrakers
were Jacob Riis (photographs of slums & tenements), Ida Tarbell (book about Rockefeller’s unfair
business practices), and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle about the unsanitary conditions in the meat
packing industry).
Progressives were reformer sin late 1800s and early 1900s who wanted to improve American life. They
believed that the government should work for the good of all the people (the public interest). Many
Progressives came to support the reforms in the Wisconsin Idea (series of progressive reforms introduced
in the early 1900s by Wisconsin Gov. Robert La Follette) such as the primary (election in which voters
chose their party’s candidate for the general election), the initiative (process by which voters can put a
bill directly before the state legislature) the referendum (process by which people vote directly on a bill),
and the recall (process by which voters can remove an elected official from office).
In an effort to promote economic fairness Progressives supported the 16th Amendment, the graduated
income tax (tax on earnings, which charges different rates, for different income levels).
T. Roosevelt was nicknamed trustbuster (a person who wanted to destroy all trusts). However he only
wanted to break up “bad” trusts, ones that hurt the consumer or business competition. T. Roosevelt’s
campaign promise that all groups would have an equal opportunity to succeed was known as the Square
Deal. During his presidency he the Pure Food and Drug Act (a 1906 law that requires all food and drug
makers to list ingredients on packages) was passed,. T. Roosevelt also promoted conservation (protection
of natural resources) by establishing national parks (areas set aside by the federal government for people
to visit and to preserve wilderness) and national monuments.
In 1912 T. Roosevelt chose to run for President again. When his delegates were blocked from the
Republican nominating convention Roosevelt and his supporters created the Progressive Party, also
known as the Bull Moose Party. Taft ran on the Republican ticket and Wilson ran on the Democratic
ticket. President Wilson’s program to break up trusts and restore American economic competition was
known as the New Freedom. Accomplishments of Wilson’s presidency include the Federal Reserve Act
(a 1913 act that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money
supply) and the Federal Trade Commission (government agency created in 1914 to ensure fair
competition).
The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 called for women to have the right to vote. In 1869 the National
Women's Suffrage Association was formed to work for a constitutional amendment to give women the
right to vote. I was made up of suffragists (people who worked for women's right to vote ). Some
Suffragists protested outside the White House in 1917. Eventually the 19th Amendment (amendment to
the U.S. Constitution that gives women the right to vote) ratified.
The temperance movement sought to ban alcohol. Many leaders of the temperance movement were
women because wives and mothers feared the effect of alcohol on their families. The WCTU, Women’s
Christian Temperance Union , a group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the
U.S. were instrumental in the passage of the 18th Amendment (a 1917 Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution that made it illegal to sell alcoholic drinks).
During this period 1000s of African Americans were lynched (murdered by mobs, usually by hanging).
Muckraker Ida B. Wells exposed these in her writings. African Americans also experience discrimination
in housing and jobs as well as the
segregation of the Jim Crow Laws. Booker T. Washington advised fellow African Americans to learn a
trade, get an education, gain economic power, and wait for equality. The NAACP was formed to work for
equal rights for African Americans. W.E.B. DuBois, one of its founders believed African Americans
should demand equality immediately.
Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans also experience discrimination in jobs,
housing, schools, and more. Mexicans neighborhoods in the U.S were known as barrios. Mexican
Americans formed mutual aid groups known as mutualistas. Under the “Gentlemen's Agreement” (1907)
Japan agreed to to limit Japanese immigration to the U.S. The Society of American Indians worked for
social justice and tried to push Native Americans into the American mainstream.