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CELLS
Robert Hooke:
 Mid 1600’s
 English scientist who looked at Cork
under a microscope
Early Compound Microscope
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CORK
He described what he saw as a CELL
Another scientist:
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 Dutch
 Used a microscope and saw LIVING
microscopic organisms. He called
these “Animicules”
 He looked at pond water, and the
plaque on his teeth
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Cells: are the basic unit of life
Schleiden:
 German botanist
 ALL PLANTS ARE MADE
OF CELLS
Schwann:
 German Biologist
 ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE
OF CELLS
Virchow:
 German Physician
 NEW CELLS COME FROM
THE DIVISION OF
EXISTING CELLS
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CELL THEORY



All living things are composed of
cells.
All cells come from other cells
Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function of all
living things
Model of a Simple Cell
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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Cell size and shape varies with
function
Nerve cell: can transmit nerve signals quickly
between distant parts of the animal’s body
Red blood Cells (RBC):
Very Small so it can fit through the tiniest blood
vessels. The “dimple” helps it to fold and bend.
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Prokaryotic Cells

 Very small (2-8 µm) [µm = 10-6m]
 NO NUCLEUS
 DNA is coiled in the Nucleoid Region
EX: Bacteria
Cell Wall: rigid &
maintains shape sometimes
surrounded by a STICKY
capsule
Further
protects the cell surface
Ribosomes: assemble
Proteins
Flagella: for movement
Pili (pilus): attaches to surfaces
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Eukaryotic Cells
From the Greek:
EU = True
Karyon =Kernal
NUCLEUS
 Much more complex cell
 Genetic material is separated from the rest of
the cell
 This type of cell can be in :
o Single celled organism
Or
o Multicellular organism
This includes the following Kingdoms:
Plants
fungi
Animals
protists
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Organelles:
Structures within the cell, each with a specific
function
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2 MAJOR CELL PARTS
Cytoplasm
Portion of the
cell outside the
nucleus
Fluid filled region
between the nucleus and
the plasma (cell)
membrane
Where are
organelles
found??
Nucleus
Control center of
the cell
Contains : DNA &
Instructions for protein
synthesis
Also surrounded by
nuclear
membrane/envelope
In the
cytoplasm
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NUCLEUS
Nuclear Envelope
2 membranes with pores that control the
flow of material in and out of the nucleus
Chromatin
 Long
fibers
of
nuclear
DNA
attached to protein
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
During
Cell
Division
chromatin
condenses to form CHROMOSOMES

CHROMOSOMES
carry genetic information
Nucleolus:
A mass of fibers and granules in the nucleus
 Ribosomes assembly begins here
Inside the nucleus there is DNA synthesis,
RNA synthesis and the assembly of the
ribosomes
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Ribosomes:
Small particles of RNA
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
 **Synthesis of MEMBRANE PROTEINS
 Transports proteins and other materials
from one place in the cell to another
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth
ER)
 **Lipid synthesis; detoxification in the
liver
 Transports protein and other material
through out the cell
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Golgi Apparatus (Body)
 Modify, sort and package proteins for
storage or secretion out of the cell
Lysosomes:
 Responsible for digestion:
o Of nutrients,
o damaged organelles,
o destruction of certain cells during
Embryonic development.
Ex. Tay-Sachs disease results from
lysosomes that don’t work properly
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Vacuoles:
 Storage of chemicals, products of
digestion
 Water balance and storage
o There is a large central vacuole in
plants that keep the plant “plump”
 Turgor
Chloroplasts:
 Found in plants and protists
 Convert light energy into chemical
energy of SUGARS
(Look for the “poker chips”)
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Mitochondria:
 “Mighty Mitochondria”
 Conversion of chemical energy stored in
food to chemical energy of ATP
 “POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL
Fun Facts:
 Chloroplasts & Mitochondria have their
own DNA
 Mitochondrial
folds are called
CRISTAE
For more surface
area
 Most of your mitochondria is inherited
from your MOM! (this has genetic
significance)
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Cytoskeleton:
 Includes cilia, flagella, microfilaments,
Microtubules*, and centrioles*,
*Important in cell division
 Maintain cell shape, anchorage for
organelles, movement of organelles in
the cell
 Cell movement
Cell walls (in Plants)
1.
Made of CELLULOSE
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The difference between Plant and Animal
Cells
Plant
Animal
Cell Wall
X
Chloroplast
X
Vacuole
One giant
Many small
Cell Shape
More square
More circular
Centriole
X
Lysosome
X
Kingdom
Plantae
Animalia
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CELL MEMBRANE
A thin flexible barrier that surrounds
a cell.
Made of a lipid bilayer
PROTEIN CHANNEL
In the membrane there are many proteins with
carbohydrates attached
o The cell membrane looks like a
MOSAIC
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CELL WALL
Found in:
 Plants
 Algae
 Fungi
 Prokaryotes (many)
Main function:
 Support the cell
 Protect the cell
Made of CELLULOSE
RIGID
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REGULATING MOVEMENT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE
Some definitions:

Solution: A mixture of 2 or more
substances
Example: Kool-aide and H2O

Solute: The substances dissolved in the
solutions
Example: the Kool-aide powder

Concentration (of a solutions): The
mass of a solute in a given volume
Example: 12 g NaCl in 3 L of H2O= 12g/3L
4g/L
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How do you think the food you eat gets to the
cells in your body?
(answer in the space below)
“Molecule” demonstration
Write your observations of what happened after Dr.
D. released the “molecules”
 _____________________
 ______________________
 _____________________
Why do you think your observations happened?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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DIFFUSION:
The movement of molecules from an area of HIGH
CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW
CONCENTRATION across a SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
 Molecules move down the Concentration
Gradient
 The difference in
concentration of
molecules
***Molecules continue to move until EQUILIBRIUM is
reached
What is the
concentration
of the
molecules on
each side of the
membrane?
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How much energy is needed to reach EQUALIBRIUM?

Works by
random particle
movement!!
Osmosis:
The diffusion of H2O molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane
Definition: membrane that only allows certain
substances through. Also called semipermeable
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Solute
molecules
Water molecules move in the direction where there are
fewer (lower concentration) of water molecules
***Be careful to look at the number of molecules of
H20**
Definitions to know
Isotonic:
The concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside
of the cell
Hypertonic:
Solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell.
(number of molecules of solute is higher in the solution)
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Hypotonic:
Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell.
(number of molecules of solute is lower in the solution)
Here’s what happens in the animal cell in solution
Isotonic Solution:
water in
water out
NO change
In the cell
Hypertonic Solution:
water out
Cell
shrinks
Hypotonic Solution:
water in
Cell
Bursts
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PLANT CELL:
Hypertonic:
VACUOLE
COLLAPSES
Hypotonic:
VACUOLE
SWELLS
Isotonic:
NO CHANGE IN
VACUOLE
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Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion using Protein channels
 Fast and specific but still Diffusion
 PASSIVE TRANSPORT = NO ENERGY
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Requires
ENERGY
 Usually uses pumps
 Molecules can be located in cells
 Move against the
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
(Moving from LOW to HIGH)
(ACTIVE TRANSPORT VIDEO)
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Note%20Packets/06%20Transport/00%20Tr
ansport--WHOLE.htm
http://www.phschool.com/
web code: cbe-3076
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
ENDOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
EXOCYTOSIS
Endocytosis:
 Take material into the cell by folding
and engulfing
 Vacuole formed inside the cell
Two types:
1.
Phagocytosis= “cell eating”
Cytoplasm surrounds the
particle and engulfs it
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2. Pinocytosis = “cell drinking”
Liquid filled pockets along the
membrane pinch off inside to
form vacuoles inside the cell
Exocytosis
 Membrane
of the vacuole fuses
with the cell membrane and forces
its contents
out
of the cell
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html
(video)
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So how large is a cell?
The Levels of Cell Organization:
Single
Cell
- smallest
structural
unit of an
organism
that is
capable of
independent
function.
Example White Blood
Cell
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Tissue
A group of
cells that all
do the same
work
Example Muscle
Organs:
A group of tissues that work
together to perform a function
Example: Heart, lungs,
kidneys
A
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
E
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Organ
System
A group of
organs that
do a certain
job.
Examples Circulatory
System,
Digestion
System,
Lymphatic
System
(immune
System)
Important Point:
Cells in an organism may differ in appearance and function,
but they all work together to keep the organism alive
Unicellular = Single cell
These organisms
out number multicellular organisms
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Multicellular = Many cells
Cell specialization:
Cells can develop to do different tasks
CELL DIVISION
2 MAIN STAGES
MITOSIS
CELLULAR
DIVISION OF
BODY CELLS
SIMILAR TO
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
CYTOKINESIS
DIVISION OF
THE CYTOPLASM
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The nuclear material =DNA
Starts as chromatin=
CONDENSES
CHROMOSOME
(THICKENS)
REPLICATES
Chromatin
Thread like
coils
Sister
Chromatids
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The human body cell has 46 chromosomes each
with 2 Sister Chromatids
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1 HR
2HRs
10
HRS
9
HRS.
Interphase:
 G1, S, G2
 Chromosomes copied
 DNA & Centrioles
Replicate(copied)
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Begins…………….
PROPHASE
 Chromatin
Chromosome
 Centrioles separate
 Spindles begin to form
 ***Nuclear membrane breaks down***
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METAPHASE
 Chromosomes line up across the MIDDLE of
the cell (equatorial plate)
 Chromosome connected to spindle fiber at
its CENTROMERE
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ANAPHASE
 Centromeres SPLIT
 Chromatids SEPARATE
 each becomes a
NEW CHROMOSOME
 New chromosomes move to the ends
 Cell stretches
 SHORTEST PHASE!!
 LASTS ONLY A FEW MINUTES

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TELOPHASE
 Nuclear membrane REFORMS
 Chromosomes lose distinct
shape
 LAST PHASE OF MITOSIS
CYTOKINESIS
 2 DAUGHTER CELLS are formed
 Cell membrane pinches off completely
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Mitosis in Plant Cells
A CELL PLATE develops and begins by being fused
with the cell membrane
Then later it will separate from the cell membrane
and fuse with the parental cell wall. Now there are
2 daughter cells
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