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Learning Objectives
Chapter 8
1. Recognize or write the functions of the respiratory
system.
2. Recognize or write the meanings of Chapter 8 word
parts and use terms to build and analyze terms.
3. Write terms for selected structures of the respiratory
system or match them with their descriptions.
4. Write the names of the diagnostic terms and
pathologies related to the respiratory system when
given their descriptions or match terms with their
meanings.
5. Match surgical and therapeutic interventions for the
respiratory system or write the names of the
interventions when given their descriptions.
6. Spell terms for the respiratory system correctly.
Respiratory System
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 8-1 The organs of respiration.
1) nasal cavity
2) oral cavity
3) pharynx (throat)
4) larynx (voice box)
5) trachea
6) bronchus
7) bronchioles
8) alveoli –air sacs where O2 is
exchanged for waste CO2
Functions of the Respiratory System
Breathing consists of inspiration and expiration
of air into and out of the lungs.
 (in-, in; ex-, out; spir/o, to breathe)
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inspiration=inhalation
expiration= exhalation
diaphragm- the muscular wall that
separates the abdomen from the
thoracic cavity. The diaphragm
contracts and relaxes with each
inspiration and expiration.
phrenic-pertaining to the diaphragm or
mind
pulmonologist- lung specialist
pulmon/o=lung
logist=specialist
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eupnea- normal respiration (eu- = normal) 15-20 bpm
dyspnea- labored/difficult breathing (dys- = bad/difficult)
apnea- temporary absence of breathing(a- = no/without)
orthopnea- uncomfortable breathing in any position
except sitting erect or standing (orth/o= straight)
bradypnea- abnormally slow breathing (<12 bpm)
(brady- = slow)
tachypnea-fast rate of breathing which may lead to
hyperventilation (tachy- = fast)
(hyper- = excessive)
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Terms
-pnea=breathing
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2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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spirometry-process of measuring of the amount of air taken into
and expelled from the lung
spirometer=instrument to measure air capacity of lungs
 spir/o=to breathe, metry= process of measuring,
meter=instrument
vital capacity - the largest volume of air taken into and expelled
from the lungs
respiratory failure- inability of the lungs to perform leading to
hypoxia or anoxia.
hypoxia= below normal oxygen caused by high altitude, anemia,
or both. Anoxia=without oxygen (extreme hypoxia)
 (hypo-) = below normal, ( an-) = no, not, without,
 ox/o=oxygen, -ia=condition
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Respiratory Tract
Structures of the Respiratory System
Upper respiratory tract:
nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
larynx
pleura- membrane that surrounds each lung and the
thoracic cavity
nares = nostrils, the external opening of the nose
nasal septum- the partition between the 2 nasal cavities
Lower respiratory tract:
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
lungs
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2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
paranasal sinuses- cavities that open into the nasal
cavities
para- means beside ; paranasal=beside the nose
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Structures of the Respiratory System, cont.
eustachian tube/auditory tube/otopharyngeal tubeconnects the middle ear to the pharynx & helps the
ears drain fluid
 ot/o=ear, pharyng/o=pharynx
laryngopharynx- the lower part of the pharynx where it
divides into the larynx and the esophagus
 larynx-air passes
 esophagus-food passes
glottis is the vocal apparatus of the larynx
epiglottis is the lidlike structure that covers the larynx
during the swallowing of food.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Combining Forms: Respiratory Structures, cont.
lob/o
lobe
nas/o, rhin/o
nose
phren/o
diaphragm (sometimes mind)
pleur/o
pleura
pharyng/o
pharynx
Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info
Combining Forms: Respiratory Structures
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alveol/o
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
alveolus (pl. alveoli)
bronchus (pl. bronchi)
bronchiole
epiglottis
larynx
words formed from the combining forms:
 alveolar
 bronchopneumonia, bronchiectasis
 bronchiolitis
 epiglottitis
 laryngalgia
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Quick Quiz!
The vocal apparatus of the larynx is
A. the pharynx
B. the glottis
C. the epiglottis
D. the alveolus
words formed from the combining forms:
 lobar pneumonia
 rhinoplasty
 phrenic
 pleural effustion
 nasopharyngeal
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Combining Forms: Respiratory Structures, cont.
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pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o, pulmon/o = lung
pneum/o sometimes means air
trache/o
=
trachea (windpipe)
words formed from the combining forms:
 pneumatic
 pneumonitis
 pulmoaortic
 bronchopulmonary
 pneumothorax-build up of air in space b/w lung and chest wall
 tracheotomy
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 8-2 Select patterns of respiration.
Pattern of normal respiration compared with respiratory patterns seen in bradypnea, tachypnea,
and hyperpnea.
-pnea
= breathing
eu= normal
brady= slow
tachy= fast
hyper= greater than normal (hyperpnea= resp. rate deeper than normal hyperventilation)
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 8-4 Two abnormal conditions of the chest cavity.
A, Pneumothorax is air or gas in the chest cavity, usually caused by blunt injury
or an open wound in the chest wall. A normal left lung is shown for comparison.
Fig. 8-3 Spirometry.
A spirometer is used to evaluate the air capacity of the lungs. It measures and
records the volume of inhaled and exhaled air.
pneum/o= air or lungs
-meter=instrument used to measure
-metry=process of measuring
spir/o=to breathe
thorax=chest
B, Hemothorax, or blood in the pleural cavity, may be associated with
pneumothorax and is a common problem associated with chest trauma or
penetrating injuries.
hem/o=blood
thorax=chest
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic
Terms
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pulmonologist-a physician who specializes in
the lungs.
Pneumon + ia, or pneumon + itis means
inflammation of the lungs. There are many
causes of pneumonia, but it is caused
primarily by bacteria, viruses, or chemical
irritants
Fig. 8-5 Pulmonary embolism. This blood clot broke loose and traveled from a lower
extremity and is now located in a branch of the pulmonary artery. A pulmonary embolism
obstructs blood flow in the pulmonary artery.
embolus=foreign body or blood clot that travels in the
bloodstream and then lodges in a blood vessel and obstructs
circulation
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic
Terms, cont.
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pneumocentesis-surgical puncture of the lung
pulmonary edema- effusion (escape) of fluid which
accumulates in the lungs.
edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in
tissue.
rhinorrhea-runny nose
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 8-6 Paranasal sinuses. These air-filled, paired cavities in various bones
around the nose are lined with mucous membranes. Their openings into the
nasal cavity are easily obstructed.
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Voice and Speech Disorders/Diseases
phon/o=voice
laryngitis- inflammation of the larynx(voice box)
dysphonia- difficultly speaking or weak voice (hoarseness)
aphonia- absence of voice
laryngitisdysphoniaaphonia
phas/o=speech
dysphasia- speech impairment (difficult speech) resulting from
brain lesion.
aphasia – inability to communicate (absence of speech) caused
by improper brain function
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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laryngalgia

bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis

sputum-material that is raised from inflamed
mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
and expelled by coughing.

shortness of breath (SOB)
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2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 8-8 Bronchoscopy. Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree using a
bronchoscope. Other uses for this procedure include suctioning, obtaining a biopsy
specimen or fluid, or removing foreign bodies.
Fig. 8-7 A laryngeal polyp. This hemorrhagic polyp (arrow) on the vocal cord
occurs most often in adults who smoke, have many allergies, live in dry climates,
or abuse their voice.
From Ignatavicius MS, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum,
ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders-Elsevier.
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bronch/o= bronchus
-scopy= process of visually examining
-scope= instrument
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms, cont.
Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms, cont.
sputum-material that is raised from inflamed mucous membranes of
the respiratory tract and expelled by cough
asthma- sudden, periodic attacks of dyspnea (difficult breathing) an
wheezing (whistling sound) caused by spasm of the bronchial
tubes or swellling of mucous membranes
asphyxiation- suffocation
atelectasis- incomplete stretching of a lung or part of it
atel/o=imperfect
-ectasis= stretching
lung cancer (carcinoma) the leading cause of cancerrelated deaths. Smoking plays a predominant role in
the development of lung cancer. Don’t smoke!
emphysema – difficultly breathing due to destructive
changes in alveoli
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) decrease in the lungs ability to perform their
ventilatory function. Also called chronic obstructive
lung disease (COLD)
bronchiectasis- chronic dilation of a bronchus or the bronchi
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms, cont.
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Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms, cont.
influenza- acute contagious respiratory infection
pleuritis(pleurisy) – inflammation of the pleura causing
sharp pain on inspiration
pleura- membrane that surrounds each lung and the
thoracic cavity
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)- sudden unexpected
death of an apparently normal and healthy infant that
occurs during sleep and with no physical or autopsic
evidence of disease.
tuberculosis (TB) – chronic infectious disease caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosisis
 named for tubercles (small, round nodules) produced in
the lungs by the bacteria.
pulmonary embolism- the blockage of a pulmonary
artery by foreign matter (such as fat, air, tumor, or a
blood clot).
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Heimlich maneuver. The rescuer grasps the choking person from behind, placing
the thumb side of the fist against the victim’s abdomen, in the midline, slightly above
the navel and well below the breastbone. Abruptly pulling the fist firmly upward will
often force the obstruction up the windpipe.
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Fig. 8-10 Comparison of endotracheal intubation and a tracheostomy tube
Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of an airway tube through the mouth or nose into
the trachea.
A, Orotracheal intubation for short-term airway management. (through mouth)
B, Nasotracheal intubation for short-term airway management. (through nose)
end/o= inside
or/o=mouth
nas/o=nose
trache/o= trachea
Fig. 8-9 The Heimlich maneuver is a maneuver used on a choking person to force
an obstruction up the windpipe.
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C, Tracheostomy -formation of an opening in the trachea . A tracheostomy tube is for
long-term airway maintenance
-tome=instrument
-tomy=incision
-stomy=formation of an aopning.
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Surgical and Therapeutic
Interventions
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Fig. 8-11 Administration of oxygen.
•A, Simple oxygen mask is used for short-term oxygen therapy or in an
emergency.
• B, Nasal cannula delivers oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted
into the nostrils and is frequently used for long-term oxygen maintenance.
•C, Transtracheal oxygen is a more efficient long-term method of delivering
oxygen and is an alternative to the nasal cannula.
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decongestants- reduce swelling or congestion
(Sudafed)
antitussives- relieve coughing (Robitussin DM)
antihistamines- treat colds and allergies (Benadryl,
Claritin)
bronchodilators – used in asthma and COPD to cause
dilation of the bronchi (Proventil)
mucolytics- destroy or dissolve mucus (Mucinex)
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Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions, cont.
Quick Quiz!
lung biopsy-removal of small pieces of lung tissue for the
purpose of diagnosis
The inability to communicate through speech is
A. aphasia
B. dysphasia
C. atelectasis
D. laryngalgia
pneumonectomy, pneumectomy-removal of all or part of
the lung
pneumon/o, pneum/o=lung, -ectomy=surgical removal
lobectomy-a lobe of the lung is removed
rhinoplasty- plastic surgery of the nose.
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Additional Word Parts
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Thoracocentesis/Throracenteis/Thoracic paracentesis: surgical puncture of the chest cavity
to remove fluid
Fig. 8-12 Insertion of the needle in thoracentesis. The insertion site depends on the location of the
fluid. The term thoracocentesis is frequently shortened to thoracentesis.
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
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atel/o
coni/o
embol/o
home/o
-ole
ox/o
-pnea
silic/o
spir/o
imperfect
dust
embolus
sameness
little
oxygen
breathing
silica
to breath
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Additional Word Parts, cont.
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


ox/o
-pnea
silic/o
spir/o
oxygen
breathing
silica
to breathe
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