Pathophysiology
• JP Advis DVM, Ph.D.
Bartlett Hall, Animal Sciences, Cook,
932 - 9240, advis@aesop.rutgers.edu
09
• Course website: rci.rutgers.edu/~advis
• Lectures, tests, grades, office hours, textbook,
Lectures 1-2: Introduction to Pathophysiology (2)
Lectures 3-4: Mechanisms of Self-Defense and Stress (2)
Lectures 5-8: Endocrine and Nervous System Dysfunctions (4)
Lecture
9: Alterations of Skeletal Muscle Function (1)
REVIEW AND TEST #1
Lectures 12-18: Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Dysfunctions (7)
REVIEW AND TEST #2
Lectures 21-24: Alterations of Digestive Function and Intermediary Metabolism (4)
Lectures 25-26: Alterations of the Reproductive System (2)
REVIEW AND TEST #3
• Material to
be covered:
• About
lecture
slides:
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There are not intended to be the sole source for studying the course material !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Slides are good to review the course material after you have study your course textbook
Slides are a good indicator of the relative importance of lecture topics (see slide # per topic
Group slides by titles when using them to review course material. Match lectures and text.
Motor Function – the basics
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Muscles are classified as skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
Page 1
Motor Function – the basics
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated muscles.
Motor Function – the basics
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
acetylcholine acting on nicotinic receptors.
Page 2
Motor Function – the basics
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Metabolically, muscle fibers are aerobic and anaerobic.
Motor Function – the basics
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Skeletal muscles are controlled from the brain motor
cortex by the somatic peripheral nervous system.
Page 3
Motor Function – the basics
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Muscle stretch and tension is controlled by spinal reflexes
involving muscle spindle and Golgi tension receptors.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Lower motor neuron
Alterations in general
Upper motor neuron
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Alterations in motor function are classified along upper
and lower motor neuron structures.
Page 4
Lower motor neuron
Upper motor neuron
Alterations in motor function are classified along upper and lower motor
neuron structures.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Upper motor neuron pathways
Alterations in motor function are classified along upper
and lower motor neuron structures.
Page 5
Upper motor neuron pathways
Alterations in motor function are classified along upper and lower motor
neuron structures.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
Lower motor neuron
pathways
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Alterations in motor function are classified along upper
and lower motor neuron structures.
Page 6
Lower motor neuron
pathways
Alterations in motor function are classified along upper and lower motor
neuron structures.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of the nerve
cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle
movement. It is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease.
Page 7
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain
and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. It is also known as
Lou Gehrig’s disease.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty
myelin sheets around brain and spinal cord axons are damaged.
Page 8
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin
sheets around brain and spinal cord axons are damaged.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects
muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and dementia.
Page 9
Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects
muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and dementia.
Alterations of Motor Function
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the CNS and is caused
by the death of dopamine containing cells in the substantia nigra.
Page 10
Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the CNS and is caused
by the death of dopamine containing cells in the substantia nigra.
Alterations of Motor Function
control
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
MG
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease. Muscle
weakness is due to circulating antibodies against Ach receptor at NMJ.
Page 11
control
MG
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease. Muscle
weakness is due to circulating antibodies against Ach receptor at NMJ.
Your sixth case study
Structure and Function
motor unit, receptor, fiber,
myofibril, constituents,
contraction, fiber types
Alterations in general
upper motor neuron, lower
motor neuron
SUMMARY:
You examine an 8-year-old male golden retriever. The owner
complains that the dog cannot bear weight on the right rear leg.
On examination, defects are limited to the right rear leg, where
the quadriceps femoris muscles are much smaller than in the
left rear leg. When you tap on the left patellar tendon with a
reflex hammer, the knee briskly extends. However, when you tap
on the right patellar tendon, no movement occurs.
Examples of alterations
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
multiple sclerosis, chorea,
Parkinson, myasthenia gravis
Case studies
examples of case files on
motor function disorders
TENTATIVE DIAGNOSIS:
LAB TESTS:
FINAL DIAGNOSIS:
TREATMENT:
An 8 year old dog with problems in its right rear leg.
Page 12